Main article: History of physics. See also Famous physicists and Nobel Prize in Physics. Since antiquity, people have tried to understand the behavior of matter: why unsupported objects drop to the ground, why different materials have different properties, and so forth. Also a mystery was the character of the universe, such as the form of the Earth and the behavior of celestial objects such as the Sun and the Moon. Several theories were proposed, most of which were wrong. These theories were largely couched in philosophical ter ...

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Physics, Physics - Overview of physics research, Physics - Central theories, Physics - Major fields of physics, Physics - Related fields, Physics - Theoretical and experimental physics, Physics - Fringe theories, Physics - History, Physics - Future directions, Physics - Notes

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Alkane - Physical properties. The molecular structure, particularly the surface area of the molecule, determines the boiling point of the alkane: the smaller the surface, the lower the boiling point, as the van der Waals forces between the molecules are weaker. A reduction of the surface area can be achieved by chain-branching or by a circular structure. This means in practice that alkanes with higher number of carbon atoms usually have higher boiling points than those with lower numbers of carbon atoms, and that ...

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Alkane, Alkane - Isomerism, Alkane - Nomenclature of alkanes, Alkane - Alkanes with unbranched carbon chains, Alkane - Alkanes with branched carbon chains, Alkane - Trivial names, Alkane - Occurrence, Alkane - Purification and use, Alkane - Preparation, Alkane - Molecular geometry, Alkane - Bond lengths and bond angles, Alkane - Conformation, Alkane - Properties, Alkane - Physical properties, Alkane - Chemical properties, Alkane - Thermochemistry, Alkane - Spectroscopic properties, Alkane - Reactions, Alkane - Reactions with oxygen, Alkane - Reactions with halogens, Alkane - Cracking and reforming, Alkane - Other reactions, Alkane - Hazards, Alkane - Alkanes in nature, Alkane - Bacteria and archaea, Alkane - Fungi and plants, Alkane - Animals, Alkane - Ecological relations

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Sodium sulfate is chemically very stable- it does not decompose, even if heated, and it does not react with oxidising or reducing agents at normal temperatures. At high temperatures, it can be reduced to sodium sulfide. It is a neutral salt, with a pH of 7 when dissolved in water, because it is derived from a strong acid (sulfuric acid) and a strong base (sodium hydroxide). In aqueous solution, some reactions are possible. Sodium sulfate reacts with an equivalent amount of sulfuric acid to give an equilibrium concentration of acid salts, such as sodium hydrogen sulfate: Na2SO4See also:

Sodium sulfate, Sodium sulfate - History, Sodium sulfate - Physical and chemical properties, Sodium sulfate - Occurrence, Sodium sulfate - Manufacture, Sodium sulfate - Uses, Sodium sulfate - Precautions, Sodium sulfate - Suppliers/Manufacturers, Sodium sulfate - Laboratory suppliers, Sodium sulfate - Manufacturers

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The main part of a Bladderwort plant always lies below the surface of its substrate. Terrestrial species sometimes produce a few photosynthetic leaf-shoots which lie unobtrusively flat against the surface of their soil, but in all species only the flowering stems rise above and are prominent. This means that the terrestrial species are generally visible only while they are in flower, although aquatic species can be observed below the surfaces of ponds and streams. ...

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Bladderwort, Bladderwort - Physical description, Bladderwort - Plant structure, Bladderwort - Flowers and reproduction, Bladderwort - Distribution and habitat, Bladderwort - Trapping mechanism, Bladderwort - Physical description of the trap, Bladderwort - Trapping mechanism, Bladderwort - Lloyd's experiments, Bladderwort - The ingestion of larger prey, Bladderwort - Species, Bladderwort - Footnotes

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The luster of a diamond is described as adamantine, which simply means diamond-like. It is the highest luster possible bar that of metal (metallic), and is due to diamond's superlative hardness. Reflections on a properly cut diamond's facets are undistorted, due to their flatness. The refractive index of diamond (as measuried via sodium light, 589.3 nm) is 2.417; because it is cubic in structure, diamond is also isotropic. Its high dispersion of 0.044 (B-G interval) manifests in the perceptible fire of cut diamonds. This ...

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Material properties of diamond, Material properties of diamond - Hardness and crystal structure, Material properties of diamond - Toughness, Material properties of diamond - Optical properties, Material properties of diamond - Electrical properties, Material properties of diamond - Thermal properties, Material properties of diamond - Composition and color

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Below, some of the most active areas of inquiry in cosmology are described, in roughly chronological order. This does not include all of the big bang cosmology, which is presented in cosmological timeline. Physical cosmology - The very early universe. While the early, hot universe appears to be well explained by the big bang from roughly 10-33 seconds onwards, there are several problems. One is that there is no compelling reason, using current particle physics, to expect the universe to be flat, ...

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Physical cosmology, Physical cosmology - History of physical cosmology, Physical cosmology - Areas of study, Physical cosmology - The very early universe, Physical cosmology - Big bang nucleosynthesis, Physical cosmology - Cosmic microwave background, Physical cosmology - Formation and evolution of large-scale structure, Physical cosmology - Dark matter, Physical cosmology - Dark energy, Physical cosmology - Other areas of inquiry, Physical cosmology - External references, Physical cosmology - From groups, Physical cosmology - From individuals

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Modern cosmology developed along tandem observational and theoretical tracks. In 1915, Albert Einstein developed his theory of general relativity. At the time, physicists were prejudiced to believe in a perfectly static universe without beginning or end. Einstein added a cosmological constant to his theory to try to force it to allow for a static universe with matter in it. The so-called Einstein universe is, however, unstable. It is bound to eventually start expanding or contracting. The cosmological solutions of general relativity were found by Alexander Friedmann, whose equations describe the Friedman ...

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Physical cosmology, Physical cosmology - History of physical cosmology, Physical cosmology - Areas of study, Physical cosmology - The very early universe, Physical cosmology - Big bang nucleosynthesis, Physical cosmology - Cosmic microwave background, Physical cosmology - Formation and evolution of large-scale structure, Physical cosmology - Dark matter, Physical cosmology - Dark energy, Physical cosmology - Other areas of inquiry, Physical cosmology - External references, Physical cosmology - From groups, Physical cosmology - From individuals

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Physics - Central theories. While physics deals with a wide variety of systems, there are certain theories that are used by all physicists. Each of these theories is believed to be basically correct, within a certain domain of validity. For instance, the theory of classical mechanics accurately describes the motion of objects, provided they are much larger than atoms and moving at much less than the speed of light. These theories continue to be areas of active research; for instance, a remarkable aspect of classi ...

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Physics, Physics - Overview of physics research, Physics - Central theories, Physics - Major fields of physics, Physics - Related fields, Physics - Theoretical and experimental physics, Physics - Fringe theories, Physics - History, Physics - Future directions, Physics - Notes

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Emergent structures are patterns not created by a single event or rule. There is nothing that commands the system to form a pattern, but instead the interactions of each part to its immediate surroundings causes a complex process which leads to order. One might conclude that emergent structures are more than the sum of their parts because the emergent order will not arise if the various parts are si ...

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Emergence, Emergence - Emergent properties, Emergence - Emergence in games, Emergence - Emergent structures in nature, Emergence - Emergence in culture and engineering, Emergence - Emergence in physics, Emergence - Bibliography

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Process physics uses the concept of a random matrix that describes the strengths of connections between nodes. By iterating this matrix by adding its inverse and adding random noise a tree structure emerges with strongly connected nodes exhibiting a three dimensional structure. This is used to model space. Connections also decay over many iterations but more new connections are formed than are lost causing a dynamic but expanding space. Within this tree structure topological defects emerge that have more connectivity that normal and are ther ...

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Process physics, Process physics - History, Process physics - Modelling process physics, Process physics - Time, Process physics - Matter, Process physics - Gravity

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Definition and meaning of Dwelling Property 3 :

Dwelling Property 3: Property insurance policy that covers the dwelling and other structures against direct physical loss from any peril except for those perils otherwise excluded. However, personal property is covered on a named-perils basis.

(Source: The Haskayne School of Business at the University of Calgary )

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Definition and meaning of Property Insurance :

Property Insurance: Insurance that indemnifies a person with an interest in physical property for its loss or the loss of its income producing abilities. This definition encompasses all lines of insurance written by Property and Inland Marine insurers and can also include certain kinds of insurance written by Casualty insurers, e.g., Burglary and Plate Glass coverages. (PR)

(Source: InsWeb)

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It is a white, crystalline odorless solid, with melting point 260.5 °C and boiling point 276 °C at 30 mm Hg. It is also known under names Hercules P 6, monopentaerythritol, tetramethylolmethane, THME, PETP, pentaerythrite, Pentek. Its CAS number is 115-77-5[1] and its SMILES structure is OCC(CO)(CO)CO. ...

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Pentaerythritol, Pentaerythritol - Properties and description, Pentaerythritol - Preparation

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No nilpotent element can be a unit (except in the trivial ring {0} which has only a single element 0 = 1). All non-zero nilpotent elements are zero divisors. An n-by-n matrix A with entries from a field is nilpotent if and only if its characteristic polynomial is Tn, which is the case if and only if An = 0. The nilpotent elements from a commutative ring form an ideal; this is a consequence of the binomial theorem. This ideal is the nilradical of the ring. Ev ...

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Nilpotent, Nilpotent - Examples, Nilpotent - Properties, Nilpotent - Nilpotency in physics

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List of publications in physics - Theory of superconductivity. J. Bardeen, L. N. Cooper, and J. R. Schrieffer Phys. Rev. 108 (5), 1175 (1957). Description: The BCS theory of usual (not high T_c) superconductivity, relating the interaction of electrons and the phonons of a lattice. The authors were awarded with the Nobel prize. Importance: Breakthrough, Influence ...

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List of publications in physics, List of publications in physics - Classical mechanics, List of publications in physics - Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica, List of publications in physics - Special theory of relativity, List of publications in physics - On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies, List of publications in physics - General theory of relativity, List of publications in physics - The Foundation of the General Theory of Relativity, List of publications in physics - Quantum theory, List of publications in physics - On the Law of Distribution of Energy in the Normal Spectrum, List of publications in physics - Thermodynamics, List of publications in physics - An Experimental Enquiry Concerning the Source of the Heat which is Excited by Friction, List of publications in physics - On the Equilibrium of Heterogeneous Substances, List of publications in physics - Statistical mechanics, List of publications in physics - On the Motion—Required by the Molecular Kinetic Theory of Heat—of Small Particles Suspended in a Stationary Liquid, List of publications in physics - Scaling laws for Ising models near Tc, List of publications in physics - The renormalization group: critical phenomena and the Kondo problem, List of publications in physics - Electromagnetism, List of publications in physics - A Dynamical Theory of the Electromagnetic Field, List of publications in physics - Fluid dynamics, List of publications in physics - An experimental investigation of the circumstances which determine whether the motion of water shall be direct or sinuous and of the law of resistance in parallel channels, List of publications in physics - The local structure of turbulence in incompressible viscous fluid for very large Reynolds numbers, List of publications in physics - Statistical fluid mechanics, List of publications in physics - Nonlinear dynamics and chaos, List of publications in physics - Deterministic nonperiodic flow, List of publications in physics - Quantum field theory, List of publications in physics - Space-Time approach to Quantum Electrodynamics, List of publications in physics - Cosmology, List of publications in physics - The Early Universe, List of publications in physics - Condensed matter physics, List of publications in physics - Theory of superconductivity, List of publications in physics - Standard Model, List of publications in physics - Computational physics, List of publications in physics - Accelerator physics, List of publications in physics - Acoustics, List of publications in physics - Astrophysics, List of publications in physics - Cryogenics, List of publications in physics - Polymer physics, List of publications in physics - Optics, List of publications in physics - Materials physics, List of publications in physics - Nuclear physics, List of publications in physics - Plasma physics, List of publications in physics - The Collected Works of Irving Langmuir 1961, List of publications in physics - Cosmical Electrodynamics 2nd ed. 1963, List of publications in physics - Particle physics, List of publications in physics - Vehicle dynamics, List of publications in physics - Astronomy, List of publications in physics - Biophysics, List of publications in physics - Cycles, List of publications in physics - Geophysics, List of publications in physics - Mathematical physics, List of publications in physics - Medical physics, List of publications in physics - Physical chemistry, List of publications in physics - Physics of computation

Read more here: » List of publications in physics: Encyclopedia II - List of publications in physics - Condensed matter physics

Of central interest with respect to chemical properties of mushrooms is the fact that many species produce secondary metabolites that render them toxic, mind-altering, or even bioluminescent. Toxicity likely plays a role in protecting the function of the basidiocarp: the mycelium has expended considerable energy and protoplasmic material to develop a structure to efficiently distribute its spores. One defense against consumption and premature destruction is the evolution of chemicals that render the mushroom inedible, either causing the consumer to regurgitate (see emetics) the meal or avoid ...

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Mushroom, Mushroom - Types of mushrooms, Mushroom - Mushroom structure, Mushroom - Chemical properties

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Let V be a vector space over a field K, and let Q : V → K be a quadratic form on V. In most cases of interest the field K is either R or C (which have characteristic 0) or a finite field. A Clifford algebra Cℓ(V,Q) is a unital associative algebra over K together with a linear map i : V → Cℓ(V,Q) defined by the following universal property: Given any associative algebra A over K a ...

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Clifford algebra, Clifford algebra - Introduction and basic properties, Clifford algebra - Universal property and construction, Clifford algebra - Basis and dimension, Clifford algebra - Examples: Real and complex Clifford algebras, Clifford algebra - Properties, Clifford algebra - Relation to the exterior algebra, Clifford algebra - Grading, Clifford algebra - Antiautomorphisms, Clifford algebra - The Clifford scalar product, Clifford algebra - Structure of Clifford algebras, Clifford algebra - The Clifford group Γ, Clifford algebra - Spin and Pin groups, Clifford algebra - Spinors, Clifford algebra - Applications, Clifford algebra - Differential geometry, Clifford algebra - Physics, Clifford algebra - Footnotes

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Protein - Structure. Main article: Protein structure Proteins are amino acid chains that fold into unique 3-dimensional structures. The shape into which a protein naturally folds is known as its native state, which is determined by its sequence of amino acids. Thus, proteins are their own polymers, with amino acids being the monomers. Biochemists refer to four distinct aspects of a protein's structure: Primary structure: the amino acid sequence Secondary structure ...

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Protein, Protein - Properties of Protein, Protein - Structure, Protein - Working with proteins, Protein - Protein regulation, Protein - Diversity, Protein - Role of Protein, Protein - Functions, Protein - Within Nutrition, Protein - History

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Unlike hardness, which only denotes resistance to scratching, diamond's toughness or tenacity is only fair to good. Toughness relates to its ability to resist breakage from falls or impacts: due to diamond's perfect and easy cleavage, it is vulnerable to breakage. Ballas and carbonado diamond are exceptional, as they are polycrystalline and therefore much tougher than single-crystal diamond; they are used for deep-drilling bits and other demanding industrial applications. Particular cuts of diamonds are more prone to breakage—such as marqu ...

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Material properties of diamond, Material properties of diamond - Hardness and crystal structure, Material properties of diamond - Toughness, Material properties of diamond - Optical properties, Material properties of diamond - Electrical properties, Material properties of diamond - Thermal properties, Material properties of diamond - Composition and color

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A gyroscope exhibits a number of behaviours including precession and nutation. Gyroscopes can be used to construct gyrocompasses which complement or replace magnetic compasses (in ships, aircraft and spacecraft, vehicles in general), to assist in stability (bicycle, Hubble Space Telescope, ships, vehicles in general) or be used as part of an Inertial guidance system. Gyroscopic effects are used in toys like yo-yos and dynabees. Many other rotating devices, such as flywheels, behave gyroscopically although the gyroscopic effect is not used. The fundamental equation describing the behaviour o ...

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Gyroscope, Gyroscope - Simple Diagram and Description, Gyroscope - History, Gyroscope - Properties, Gyroscope - Gyrostat

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Specifically, a Clifford algebra is a unital associative algebra which contains and is generated by a vector space V equipped with a quadratic form Q. The Clifford algebra Cℓ(V,Q) is the "freest" algebra generated by V subject to the condition1 If the characteristic of the ground field K is not 2, then one can rewri ...

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Clifford algebra, Clifford algebra - Introduction and basic properties, Clifford algebra - Universal property and construction, Clifford algebra - Basis and dimension, Clifford algebra - Examples: Real and complex Clifford algebras, Clifford algebra - Properties, Clifford algebra - Relation to the exterior algebra, Clifford algebra - Grading, Clifford algebra - Antiautomorphisms, Clifford algebra - The Clifford scalar product, Clifford algebra - Structure of Clifford algebras, Clifford algebra - The Clifford group Γ, Clifford algebra - Spin and Pin groups, Clifford algebra - Spinors, Clifford algebra - Applications, Clifford algebra - Differential geometry, Clifford algebra - Physics, Clifford algebra - Footnotes

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As of the early twenty-first century, the chemical and physical properties of fullerenes are still under heavy study, in both pure and applied research labs. In April 2003, fullerenes were under study for potential medicinal use — binding specific antibiotics to the structure to target resistant bacteria and even target certain cancer cells such as melanoma. In the October 2005 issue of Chemistry and Biology, an article [1] describing the use of fullerenes as light-activ ...

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Fullerene, Fullerene - Naming, Fullerene - Buckminsterfullerene, Fullerene - Prediction and discovery, Fullerene - Properties, Fullerene - Possible dangers, Fullerene - Fullerene extract mixture C60/C70 solubility, Fullerene - Diffraction of fullerene, Fullerene - Notes, Fullerene - Mathematics of Fullerenes, Fullerene - Media

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