For any arbitrary length , the fine-structure constant is the ratio of two energies: (i) the energy needed to bring two electrons from infinity to a distance of against their electrostatic repulsion, and (ii) the energy of a single photon of wavelength . Historically, the first physical interpretation of the fine-structure constant, , was the ratio of the velocity of the electron in the first circular orbit of the Bohr atom to the speed of light in vacuum. It appears naturally in Sommerfeld's analysis and determines the size o ...

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Fine-structure constant, Fine-structure constant - Physical interpretation, Fine-structure constant - Is the fine structure constant really constant?, Fine-structure constant - Anthropic explanation, Fine-structure constant - Numerological explanations

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pdf over the states in the ensemble should reflect their equilibrium pdf. Gibbs state. Ergodicity Time-averages of macroscopic quantities of interest will only have a chance of being the same as ensemble-averages, if the system evolving over time can actively explore close to all of the state space possibilities included in the ensemble (ergodicity). Otherwise the probability density o ...

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Statistical ensemble mathematical physics, Statistical ensemble mathematical physics - Principal Ensembles of Statistical Thermodynamics, Statistical ensemble mathematical physics - Properties of good ensembles, Statistical ensemble mathematical physics - Ensembles in quantum statistical mechanics, Statistical ensemble mathematical physics - Operational interpretation, Statistical ensemble mathematical physics - Ergodicity

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pdf over the states in the ensemble should reflect their equilibrium pdf. Gibbs state. Ergodicity Time-averages of macroscopic quantities of interest will only have a chance of being the same as ensemble-averages, if the system evolving over time can actively explore close to all of the state space possibilities included in the ensemble (ergodicity). Otherwise the probability density o ...

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Statistical ensemble mathematical physics, Statistical ensemble mathematical physics - Principal ensembles of statistical thermodynamics, Statistical ensemble mathematical physics - Properties of good ensembles, Statistical ensemble mathematical physics - Ensembles in quantum statistical mechanics, Statistical ensemble mathematical physics - Operational interpretation, Statistical ensemble mathematical physics - Ergodicity

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The barrier is longer than the Israeli West Bank barrier and the Berlin Wall. It consists of sand and stone walls about three meters in height, with bunkers, fences and landmines throughout. Military bases, artillery posts and airfields dot the interior behind the wall at regular intervals, and radar masts and other electronic surveillance equipment scan the areas in front of it. It was gradually built beginning in 1983, with its main function being to protect the Moroccan-controlled portions of Western Sahara against the guerrilla fi ...

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Moroccan Wall, Moroccan Wall - Physical structure, Moroccan Wall - International reaction, Moroccan Wall - Construction of the wall, Moroccan Wall - External links

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Einstein's "aether of general relativity" can be visualised as having the following properties: The medium is denser where the gravitational field is stronger , causing light-signals to take longer to traverse a region of higher gravity (Shapiro effect) and causing light and matter to be deflected towards the region of nominally-slowest lightspeed (conventional gravitation, gravitational lensing). Accelerated motion of a body through the medium is resisted ...

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Aether and general relativity, Aether and general relativity - The gravitational field considered as a medium, Aether and general relativity - Einstein on GR's aether, Aether and general relativity - Physical properties of the GR aether, Aether and general relativity - Utility of the GR aether concept, Aether and general relativity - Validity of the GR aether description

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Definition and meaning of Physical Damage :

Physical Damage: A generic term indicating actual damage to property. (PR)

(Source: InsWeb)

Also see these pages: Physical Damage , Property Insurance, Property Insurance Sitemap,  Insurance, Insurance Sitemap, Insurance Dictionary - P

Carbon dioxide is a colorless gas which, when inhaled at high concentrations (a dangerous activity because of the associated asphyxiation risk), produces a sour taste in the mouth and a stinging sensation in the nose and throat. These effects result from the gas dissolving in the mucous membranes and saliva, forming a weak solution of carbonic acid. Its density at 25 °C is 1.98 kg m−3, about 1.5 times that of air. The carbon dioxide molecule (O=C=O) contains two double bonds and has a linear shape. It has no electrical dipole. As it is fully o ...

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Carbon dioxide, Carbon dioxide - Chemical and physical properties, Carbon dioxide - Uses, Carbon dioxide - Dry Ice, Carbon dioxide - Uses, Carbon dioxide - Handling, Carbon dioxide - Biology, Carbon dioxide - Atmosphere, Carbon dioxide - Variation in the past, Carbon dioxide - Oceans, Carbon dioxide - History

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...

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Aluminium oxide data page, Aluminium oxide data page - Material Safety Data Sheet, Aluminium oxide data page - Structure and properties, Aluminium oxide data page - Thermodynamic properties, Aluminium oxide data page - Spectral data

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PP-waves enjoy numerous striking properties. Some of their more abstract mathematical properties have already been mentioned. In this section we can discuss only a few additional properties. Consider an inertial observer in Minkowski spacetime who encounters a sandwich plane wave. Such an observer will experience some interesting optical effects. If he looks into the oncoming wavefronts at distant galaxies which have already encountered the wave, he will see their images undistorted. This must be the case, since he cannot know ...

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Pp-wave spacetime, Pp-wave spacetime - Introduction, Pp-wave spacetime - Mathematical Definition, Pp-wave spacetime - Physical Interpretation, Pp-wave spacetime - Relation to Other Classes of Exact Solutions, Pp-wave spacetime - Relation to Other Theories, Pp-wave spacetime - Geometrical and Physical Properties, Pp-wave spacetime - Examples

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In adult humans the entire retina is 72% of a sphere about 22 mm in diameter. At the centre of the retina is the optic nerve. This spot is known as the blind spot as it lacks photoreceptors. It appears as an oval white area of 3 mm2. Temporal (in the direction of the temples) to this disc is the macula. At its center is the fovea, a pit that is most sensitive to light and is responsible for our sharp central vision. Human and non-human primates possess one fovea as opposed to certain bird species such as the hawk who actually are ...

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Retina, Retina - Retinal anatomy, Retina - Physical structure of human retina, Retina - Physiology, Retina - Diseases and disorders, Retina - Diagnosis and treatment, Retina - Difference between vertebrate and cephalopod retinas, Retina - Research, Retina - Bibliography

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234 pm (Bridging Au-Cl) 90° (Outer Cl-Au-Cl) 86° (Bridging Cl-Au-Cl) ...

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GoldIII chloride data page, GoldIII chloride data page - Thermodynamic properties, GoldIII chloride data page - Spectral data, GoldIII chloride data page - Structure and properties data, GoldIII chloride data page - Material Safety Data Sheet

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Definition and meaning of Appurtenant Structures :

Appurtenant Structures: Buildings on the same premises as the main building insured under a Property Insurance policy. Most Dwelling Property Insurance policies cover appurtenant structures under most circumstances. (PR)

(Source: InsWeb)

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Definition and meaning of Other Structures :

Other Structures: Structures, such as a garage or storage shed, which are separated from an insured dwelling by a clear space, or are connected only by a fence or utility line. Dwelling and Homeowner policies provide coverage for other structures. (PR)

(Source: InsWeb)

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The 4-tuple γμ = (γ0,γ1,γ2,γ3) has the same numerical values regardless of reference frame, so it is not a vector but a scalar quantity with the trivial transformation . On the other hand, if λ is the spinor representation of an arbitrary Lorentz transformation Λ, then we have the identity γμ = ΛμνSee also:

Gamma matrices, Gamma matrices - Mathematical structure, Gamma matrices - Physical structure, Gamma matrices - Feynman notation, Gamma matrices - Expressing the Dirac equation, Gamma matrices - γ5, Gamma matrices - Other representations, Gamma matrices - Dirac basis, Gamma matrices - Weyl basis, Gamma matrices - Majorana basis, Gamma matrices - Euclidean Dirac matrices, Gamma matrices - Chiral representation, Gamma matrices - Non-relativistic representation, Gamma matrices - Identities

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At the disk level, ODS represents the filesystem as an array of blocks, a block being 512 contiguous bytes on one physical disk (volume). Disk blocks are assigned in clusters (originally 3 contiguous blocks but later increased with larger disk sizes). A file on the disk will ideally be entirely contiguous, i.e. the blocks which contain the file will be sequential, but disk fragmentation will sometimes require the file to located in discontiguous clusters in which case the fragments are called 'extents'. Disks may be comb ...

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Files-11, Files-11 - History, Files-11 - Overview, Files-11 - Directory layout, Files-11 - Disk organization and naming, Files-11 - File security: protection and ACLs, Files-11 - Logical names, Files-11 - Record-oriented I/O: Record Management Services, Files-11 - Physical layout: the On-Disk Structure, Files-11 - Directories, Files-11 - The Master File Directory

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UHMWPE is a type of olefin and, despite relatively weak Van der Waals bonds between its molecules, derives ample strength from the length of each individual molecule. It is made up of extremely long chains of polyethylene, which all align in the same direction. Each chain is bonded to the others with so many Van der Waals bonds that the whole can support great tensile loads. When formed to fibers, the polymer chains can attain a parallel orientation greater than 95% and a level of crystallinity of up to 85%. In contrast ...

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Ultra high molecular weight polyethylene, Ultra high molecular weight polyethylene - Structure and properties, Ultra high molecular weight polyethylene - Production

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An emergent behaviour or emergent property can appear when a number of simple entities (agents) operate in an environment, forming more complex behaviours as a collective. If emergence happens over disparate size scales, then the reason is usually a causal relation across different scales. In other words there is often a form of top-down feedback in systems with emergent properties. These are two of the major reasons why emergent behaviour occurs: intricated causal relations across different scales and feedback. The property it ...

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Emergence, Emergence - Emergent properties, Emergence - Emergence in games, Emergence - Emergent structures in nature, Emergence - Emergence in culture and engineering, Emergence - Emergence in physics, Emergence - Bibliography

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Physical, Physicalization The physical plane of matter is that one of the many planes in universal nature which is coordinated with our physical senses; and the physical plane of consciousness is therefore the plane on which our consciousness functions when we are using those senses.

It is characterized by the familiar qualities which science studies under the name of properties of matter. In order to understand biological evolution, it is necessary to admit the existence of the next plane above -- the astral plane. The passage of the astral prototypes of organisms from the astral plane to the physical is called physicalization. Differentiation on the physical plane is caused by the psychological and astral life-agents acting in the protyle of the physical plane. Temporary and abnormal physicalization takes place in a spiritualistic materialization.

The quaternary is said, in the Pythagorean numerical system, to be the ideal root of all numbers and things on the physical plane, because the quaternary is projected downwards, so to speak.

(See also: Physical, Physicalization, Mysticism, Mysticism Dictionary, Occultism, Occultism Dictionary)

In physics, emergence is used to describe a property, law, or phenomenon which occurs at macroscopic scales (in space or time) but not at microscopic scales, despite the fact that a macroscopic system can be viewed as a very large ensemble of microscopic systems. Some examples include: Color. Elementary particles such as protons or electrons have no color; it is only when they are arranged in atoms that they absorb or emit specific wavelengths of light and thus be said to have a color. (Note that while quarks have a characterist ...

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Emergence, Emergence - Emergent properties, Emergence - Emergence in games, Emergence - Emergent structures in nature, Emergence - Emergence in culture and engineering, Emergence - Emergence in physics, Emergence - Bibliography

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List of publications in physics - The Collected Works of Irving Langmuir 1961. Irving Langmuir Vol.3: Thermonic Phenomenon: papers from 1916-1937 Vol.4: Electrical Discharges: papers from 1923-1931 These two volumes from Nobel Prize winning scientist Irving Langmuir, include his early published papers resulting from his experiments with ionized gases (ie. plasma). The books summarise many of the basic properties if plasmas. Langmuir coined the wor ...

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List of publications in physics, List of publications in physics - Classical mechanics, List of publications in physics - Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica, List of publications in physics - Special theory of relativity, List of publications in physics - On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies, List of publications in physics - General theory of relativity, List of publications in physics - The Foundation of the General Theory of Relativity, List of publications in physics - Quantum theory, List of publications in physics - On the Law of Distribution of Energy in the Normal Spectrum, List of publications in physics - Thermodynamics, List of publications in physics - An Experimental Enquiry Concerning the Source of the Heat which is Excited by Friction, List of publications in physics - On the Equilibrium of Heterogeneous Substances, List of publications in physics - Statistical mechanics, List of publications in physics - On the Motion—Required by the Molecular Kinetic Theory of Heat—of Small Particles Suspended in a Stationary Liquid, List of publications in physics - Scaling laws for Ising models near Tc, List of publications in physics - The renormalization group: critical phenomena and the Kondo problem, List of publications in physics - Electromagnetism, List of publications in physics - A Dynamical Theory of the Electromagnetic Field, List of publications in physics - Fluid dynamics, List of publications in physics - An experimental investigation of the circumstances which determine whether the motion of water shall be direct or sinuous and of the law of resistance in parallel channels, List of publications in physics - The local structure of turbulence in incompressible viscous fluid for very large Reynolds numbers, List of publications in physics - Statistical fluid mechanics, List of publications in physics - Nonlinear dynamics and chaos, List of publications in physics - Deterministic nonperiodic flow, List of publications in physics - Quantum field theory, List of publications in physics - Space-Time approach to Quantum Electrodynamics, List of publications in physics - Cosmology, List of publications in physics - The Early Universe, List of publications in physics - Condensed matter physics, List of publications in physics - Theory of superconductivity, List of publications in physics - Standard Model, List of publications in physics - Computational physics, List of publications in physics - Accelerator physics, List of publications in physics - Acoustics, List of publications in physics - Astrophysics, List of publications in physics - Cryogenics, List of publications in physics - Polymer physics, List of publications in physics - Optics, List of publications in physics - Materials physics, List of publications in physics - Nuclear physics, List of publications in physics - Plasma physics, List of publications in physics - The Collected Works of Irving Langmuir 1961, List of publications in physics - Cosmical Electrodynamics 2nd ed. 1963, List of publications in physics - Particle physics, List of publications in physics - Vehicle dynamics, List of publications in physics - Astronomy, List of publications in physics - Biophysics, List of publications in physics - Cycles, List of publications in physics - Geophysics, List of publications in physics - Mathematical physics, List of publications in physics - Medical physics, List of publications in physics - Physical chemistry, List of publications in physics - Physics of computation

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Clifford algebra - Relation to the exterior algebra. Given a vector space V one can construct the exterior algebra Λ(V), whose definition is independent of any quadratic form on V. It turns out that if F does not have characteristic 2 then there is a natural isomorphism between Λ(V) and Cℓ(V,Q) considered as vector spaces. This is an algebra isomorphism if and only if Q = 0. One can thus consider the Clifford algebra Cℓ(V,Q) ...

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Clifford algebra, Clifford algebra - Introduction and basic properties, Clifford algebra - Universal property and construction, Clifford algebra - Basis and dimension, Clifford algebra - Examples: Real and complex Clifford algebras, Clifford algebra - Properties, Clifford algebra - Relation to the exterior algebra, Clifford algebra - Grading, Clifford algebra - Antiautomorphisms, Clifford algebra - The Clifford scalar product, Clifford algebra - Structure of Clifford algebras, Clifford algebra - The Clifford group Γ, Clifford algebra - Spin and Pin groups, Clifford algebra - Spinors, Clifford algebra - Applications, Clifford algebra - Differential geometry, Clifford algebra - Physics, Clifford algebra - Footnotes

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Several general properties of physical laws have been identified (see Davies (1992) and Feynman (1965) as noted, although each of the characterizations is not necessarily original to them). Physical laws are: true. By definition, there have never been repeatable contradicting observations. universal. They appear to apply everywhere in the universe. (Davies) simple. They are typically expressed in terms of a single mathematical equation. (Davies) absolute. Nothing in the universe appears to affect them. ...

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Physical law, Physical law - Description, Physical law - Examples, Physical law - Laws as approximations, Physical law - Necessity origin and existence, Physical law - History and religious influence, Physical law - Significance and renown of discoverers, Physical law - Other fields

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