cingulate cortex

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a psychiatric disorder, specifically, an anxiety disorder. OCD is manifested in a variety of forms, but is most commonly characterized by a subject's obsessive drive to perform a particular task or set of tasks, compulsions commonly termed rituals. OCD should also be distinguished from the similarly named but notably different obsessive-compulsive personality disorder, which psychiatric guidelines def ...

Including:

• Obsessive-compulsive disorder - Symptoms and prevalence
• Obsessive-compulsive disorder - Causes and related disorders
• Obsessive-compulsive disorder - Treatment
• Obsessive-compulsive disorder - Neuropsychiatry
• Obsessive-compulsive disorder - OCD in literature and film
• Obsessive-compulsive disorder - Famous/celebrity OCD sufferers

Read more here: » Obsessive-compulsive disorder: Encyclopedia - Obsessive-compulsive disorder

Affective neuroscience is the study of the neural mechanisms of emotion. This interdisciplinary field combines neuroscience with the psychological study of personality, emotion, and mood. Affective neuroscience - Brain areas related to emotion. Emotions are thought to be related to activity in brain areas that direct our attention, motivate our behavior, and determine the significance of what is going on around us. Pioneering work by Broca (1878), Papez (1937), and MacLean (1952) suggested that emotion is r ...

Including:

• Affective neuroscience - Brain areas related to emotion
• Affective neuroscience - Relationship to cognitive neuroscience

Read more here: » Affective neuroscience: Encyclopedia - Affective neuroscience

Anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) is the frontal part of the cingulate cortex and includes Brodmann's area 24 (ventral ACC) and 32 (dorsal ACC). The ACC forms a collar around the corpus callosum, which relays neural signals between the right and left hemispheres. The ACC appears to play a role in a wide variety of autonomic functions, such as regulating heart rate and blood pressure, and is vital to cognitive functions, such as reward anticipation, decision-making, empathy, and emotion. Neuroscientists indicate the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex is primarily related to rational cog ...

Including:

• Anterior cingulate cortex - See Also:

Read more here: » Anterior cingulate cortex: Encyclopedia - Anterior cingulate cortex

Brodmann area 11, or BA11, is part of the frontal cortex in the human brain. BA11 covers the medial part of the ventral surface of the frontal lobe. Prefrontal area 11 of Brodmann-1909 is a subdivision of the frontal lobe in the human defined on the basis of cytoarchitecture. Defined and illustrated in Brodmann-1909, it included the areas subsequently illustrated in Brodmann-10 ...

See also:

Brodmann area 11, Brodmann area 11 - Human, Brodmann area 11 - Guenon

Read more here: » Brodmann area 11: Encyclopedia II - Brodmann area 11 - Human

As with other primary sensory cortical areas, auditory sensations only reach perception if received and processed by a cortical area. Neurons in the auditory cortex are organised according to the frequency of sound to which they respond best. Neurons at one end of the auditory cortex respond best to low frequencies, neurons at the other respond best to high frequencies. There are multiple auditory areas (much like the multiple areas in the visual cortex) which can be distinguished anatomically and on the basis that they contain a comp ...

See also:

Primary auditory cortex, Primary auditory cortex - Function of primary auditory cortex, Primary auditory cortex - Brodmann area 41, Primary auditory cortex - Brodmann area 42

Read more here: » Primary auditory cortex: Encyclopedia II - Primary auditory cortex - Function of primary auditory cortex

Modern research has revealed that OCD is much more common than previously thought. An estimated two to three percent of the population of the United States is thought to have OCD or display OCD-like symptoms. Because of the condition's personal nature, and the lingering stigma that surrounds it, there may be many unaccounted-for OCD sufferers, and the above percentages could be even higher. The typical OCD sufferer performs tasks (or compulsions) to seek relief from obsessions. To others, these tasks may appear simple and unnecessary. ...

See also:

Obsessive-compulsive disorder, Obsessive-compulsive disorder - Symptoms and prevalence, Obsessive-compulsive disorder - Causes and related disorders, Obsessive-compulsive disorder - Treatment, Obsessive-compulsive disorder - Neuropsychiatry, Obsessive-compulsive disorder - OCD in literature and film, Obsessive-compulsive disorder - Famous/celebrity OCD sufferers

Read more here: » Obsessive-compulsive disorder: Encyclopedia II - Obsessive-compulsive disorder - Symptoms and prevalence

In the human this area is known as dorsal anterior cingulate area 32, and it refers to a subdivision of the cytoarchitecturally defined cingulate region of cerebral cortex. In the human it forms an outer arc around the anterior cingulate gyrus. The cingulate sulcus defines approximately its inner boundary and the superior rostral sulcus (H) its ventral boundary; rostrally it extends almost to the margin of the frontal lobe. Cytoarchitecturally it is bounded internally by the ventral anterior cingulate area 24, externally by medial mar ...

See also:

Brodmann area 32, Brodmann area 32 - Human, Brodmann area 32 - Guenon

Read more here: » Brodmann area 32: Encyclopedia II - Brodmann area 32 - Human

Brodmann area 18, or BA18, is part of the occipital cortex in the human brain. It accounts for the bulk of the volume of the occipital lobe. This area is also known as parastriate area 18. It is a subdivision of the cytoarchitecturally defined occipital region of cerebral cortex. In the human it is located in parts of the cuneus, the lingual gyrus and the lateral occipital gyrus (H) of the occipital lobe. Cytoarchitecturally it is bounded on one side by the striate area 17, from which it is distinguished by absence of a band of Gennari, and on the other b ...

See also:

Brodmann area 18, Brodmann area 18 - Human, Brodmann area 18 - Guenon

Read more here: » Brodmann area 18: Encyclopedia II - Brodmann area 18 - Human

Brodmann area 20, or BA20, is part of the temporal cortex in the human brain. The region encompasses most of the ventral temporal cortex, a region believed to play a part in high-level visual processing and recognition memory. This area is also known as inferior temporal area 20, and it refers to a subdivision of the cytoarchitecturally defined temporal region of cerebral cortex. In the human it corresponds approximately to the inferior temporal gyrus. Cytoarchitecturally it is bounded medially by the ectorhinal area 36 ...

See also:

Brodmann area 20, Brodmann area 20 - Human, Brodmann area 20 - Guenon

Read more here: » Brodmann area 20: Encyclopedia II - Brodmann area 20 - Human

In the guenon this area is referred to as area 24 of Brodmann-1905. It includes portions of the cingulate gyrus and the frontal lobe. The cortex is thin; it lacks the internal granular layer (IV) so that the densely distributed, plump pyramidal cells of sublayer 3b of the external pyramidal layer (III) merge with similar cells of the internal pyramidal layer (V); the multiform layer (VI) is very thin (Brodmann-1905). Note that Brodmann later divided this area into two areas, area 24 of Brodmann-1909 an ...

See also:

Brodmann area 24, Brodmann area 24 - Human, Brodmann area 24 - Guenon

Read more here: » Brodmann area 24: Encyclopedia II - Brodmann area 24 - Guenon

The area has been subdivided further: In the macaque (Macaca fascicularis) the following subdivisions have been suggested1: 23i (internal) 23e (external) 23v (ventral), the most caudalventral (inferior) portion and with most highly developed layer IV. An other suggestion is for macaque (Macaca mulatta)2 23a, adjacent to the callosal sulcus thus closest to B ...

See also:

Brodmann area 23, Brodmann area 23 - Human, Brodmann area 23 - Guenon, Brodmann area 23 - Subdivisions

Read more here: » Brodmann area 23: Encyclopedia II - Brodmann area 23 - Subdivisions

Brodmann area 22 is a region of the human brain (the 22nd numbered Brodmann area). On the left side of the brain this area helps with generation and understanding of individual words. On the right side of the brain it helps tell the difference between melody, pitch, and sound intensity. Researchers believe this part of the brain is active in processing language. This area is also known as superior temporal area 22, and it refers to a subdivision of the cytoarchitecturally defined temporal region of cerebral cortex. In th ...

See also:

Brodmann area 22, Brodmann area 22 - Human, Brodmann area 22 - Guenon

Read more here: » Brodmann area 22: Encyclopedia II - Brodmann area 22 - Human

Brodmann area 21, or BA21, is part of the temporal cortex in the human brain. The region encompasses most of the lateral temporal cortex, a region believed to play a part in auditory processing and language. Language function is left lateralized in most individuals. BA21 is superior to BA20 and inferior to BA40 and BA41. This area is also known as middle temporal area 21. It is a subdivision of the cytoarchitecturally defined temporal region of cerebral cortex. In the human it corresponds approximately to the middle temp ...

See also:

Brodmann area 21, Brodmann area 21 - Human, Brodmann area 21 - Guenon

Read more here: » Brodmann area 21: Encyclopedia II - Brodmann area 21 - Human

Brodmann area 40 - Anatomy. This region, forming the superior bank of the sylvian fissure, as studied in the cat, contains the secondary somatosensory representation, 'S-II', and a second somatotopic representation (parietal ventral, or PV). Anatomically, primate S-II receives inputs from area 3 and area 1, and projects to PV and area 7. PV has projections to area 5 and premotor areas. Brodmann area 40 - Function. Single cell recording in primates show neurons with larger receptive fields than primary somatosensory cortex, responding to ...

See also:

Brodmann area 40, Brodmann area 40 - The parietal operculum PO, Brodmann area 40 - Anatomy, Brodmann area 40 - Function

Read more here: » Brodmann area 40: Encyclopedia II - Brodmann area 40 - The parietal operculum PO

The primary visual cortex is the most well-studied visual area in the brain. It is the part of the cerebral cortex that is responsible for processing visual stimuli. It is the simplest, earliest cortical visual area. It is highly specialized for processing information about static and moving objects and is excellent in pattern recognition. The functionally defined primary visual cortex is approximately equivalent to the anatomically defined striate cortex. The name "striate cortex" is derived from the stria of Gennari ...

See also:

Visual cortex, Visual cortex - Primary visual cortex V1, Visual cortex - Function, Visual cortex - Current research, Visual cortex - V2, Visual cortex - V3, Visual cortex - V4, Visual cortex - V5

Read more here: » Visual cortex: Encyclopedia II - Visual cortex - Primary visual cortex V1

Modern research has revealed that OCD is much more common than previously thought. An estimated two to three percent of the population of the United States is thought to have OCD or display OCD-like symptoms. Because of the condition's personal nature, and the lingering stigma that surrounds it, there may be many unaccounted-for OCD sufferers, and the actual percentages could be even higher. The typical OCD sufferer performs tasks (or compulsions) to seek relief from obsessions. To others, these tasks may appear simple and unnecessary ...

See also:

Obsessive-compulsive disorder, Obsessive-compulsive disorder - Symptoms and prevalence, Obsessive-compulsive disorder - Causes and related disorders, Obsessive-compulsive disorder - Treatment, Obsessive-compulsive disorder - Neuropsychiatry, Obsessive-compulsive disorder - OCD in literature and film, Obsessive-compulsive disorder - Famous/celebrity OCD sufferers, Obsessive-compulsive disorder - Refrences.

Read more here: » Obsessive-compulsive disorder: Encyclopedia II - Obsessive-compulsive disorder - Symptoms and prevalence

In the human brain, the central sulcus separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe along the top of each cerebral cortex. The lateral sulcus separates the inferior frontal gyrus of lower frontal lobes from the temporal lobes. The frontal lobe can be divided into a lateral, polar (frontalmost), orbital (above the orbit; also called basal), and medial part. Each of these parts consists of particular gyri: Lateral part: Precentral gyrus, lateral part of the superior frontal gyrus, middle frontal gyrus, inferior frontal ...

See also:

Frontal lobe, Frontal lobe - Anatomy, Frontal lobe - Function, Frontal lobe - Psychosurgery

Read more here: » Frontal lobe: Encyclopedia II - Frontal lobe - Anatomy

Brodmann area 6, or BA6, is part of the frontal cortex in the human brain. Situated just anterior to the primary motor cortex (BA4), it is sometimes called premotor cortex. The medial part of BA6 is also referred to as supplementary motor area. This large area of the frontal cortex is believed to play a role in the planning of complex, coordinated movements. Brodmann area 6 is also called agranular frontal area 6 in humans because it lacks in internal granular cortical layer (layer IV). It is a subdivision of the cytoarc ...

See also:

Brodmann area 6, Brodmann area 6 - Human, Brodmann area 6 - Guenon

Read more here: » Brodmann area 6: Encyclopedia II - Brodmann area 6 - Human

The main differences between traditional Chinese and Western medical acupuncture are as follows. The traditional theory of "points" and "meridians" is either ignored altogether or is radically reinterpreted. The concepts of disease are derived from modern Western pathology instead of Chinese medical theory. Medical acupuncture is understood to work via the modern understanding of anatomy, physiology and biochemistry. The principal di ...

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Medical acupuncture, Medical acupuncture - History of medical acupuncture, Medical acupuncture - Differences between traditional and medical acupuncture, Medical acupuncture - Choosing where to needle, Medical acupuncture - Mechanism

Read more here: » Medical acupuncture: Encyclopedia II - Medical acupuncture - Differences between traditional and medical acupuncture

Brodmann area 25 (BA25) is an area in the cerebral cortex of the brain and delineated based on its cytoarchitectonic characteristics. It is also called the subgenual area or area subgenualis. It is the 25th "Brodmann area" defined by Korbinian Brodmann (thus its name). BA25 is located in the cingulate region as part of the subcallosal area. One study has noted that BA25 is metabolically overactive in treatment-resistant depression and has found that chronic deep brain stimulation in the white matter adjacent to the area were a su ...

See also:

Brodmann area 25, Brodmann area 25 - Human, Brodmann area 25 - Guenon, Brodmann area 25 - External reference

Read more here: » Brodmann area 25: Encyclopedia II - Brodmann area 25 - Human