Marcus Tullius Cicero (standard English pronunciation [ˈsɪsərəʊ]; Classical Latin pronunciation [ˈkikero]) (January 3, 106 BC – December 7, 43 BC) was an orator and statesman of Ancient Rome, and is generally considered the greatest Latin orator and prose stylist. Cicero - Biography. Cicero was born in Arpinum and killed at Formia while fleeing from political enemies. "It is no exaggeration", ...

Including:

• Cicero - Biography
• Cicero - Early life
• Cicero - Consul
• Cicero - Exile and return
• Cicero - Opposition to Mark Antony and death
• Cicero - Works
• Cicero - Speeches
• Cicero - Philosophy
• Cicero - Letters
• Cicero - Sources
• Cicero - Notes

Read more here: » Cicero: Encyclopedia - Cicero

Read more here: » Brutus Cicero: Encyclopedia - Brutus Cicero

Cicero was born in Arpinum and killed at Formia while fleeing from political enemies. "It is no exaggeration", wrote Taylor (as cited in "References"), "to say that the most brilliant era of Roman public life was ushered in by Cicero and closed by his death—he stood at its cradle and he followed its hearse." His family, the Tullii, were one of the landed gentry in Arpinum and resented the fame and fortunes of the other great Arpinate families, the Marii. Throughout his life, the conservative Cicero loathed being compared to the then more f ...

See also:

Cicero, Cicero - Biography, Cicero - Early life, Cicero - Consul, Cicero - Exile and return, Cicero - Opposition to Mark Antony and death, Cicero - Works, Cicero - Speeches, Cicero - Philosophy, Cicero - Letters, Cicero - Sources, Cicero - Notes

Read more here: » Cicero: Encyclopedia II - Cicero - Biography

The latter half of the first century BCE witnessed the close of the Republican era. Cicero was idealistic regarding his aspirations for the continuation of the Republic. He was a practical statesman however his career was marked by inconstancies and policy shifts to suit the changing political climate he remained the Republic’s genuine champion. This is not surprising though for a politician in turbulent times. This inconsistency was a constant theme throughout his life, as he often equated “his own problems with the ills of the republic ...

Including:

• Cicero and the Roman Republic - Cicero's Background and its Political Effects
• Cicero and the Roman Republic - Cicero's Vision
• Cicero and the Roman Republic - Problems in Rome
• Cicero and the Roman Republic - Political Instability
• Cicero and the Roman Republic - Economic Factors
• Cicero and the Roman Republic - Rome's Political Structure and its effects
• Cicero and the Roman Republic - The Civil War
• Cicero and the Roman Republic - The Effects of the Civil War and Cicero
• Cicero and the Roman Republic - The Philipics
• Cicero and the Roman Republic - A Summation of Cicero's Relationship with the Republic

Read more here: » Cicero and the Roman Republic: Encyclopedia - Cicero and the Roman Republic

De re publica is a dialogue by Cicero, written in six books between 54 and 51 BC. It is written in the format of a Socratic dialogue; that is to say, Scipio Africanus Minor (who had died a few decades before Cicero was born) takes the role of a wise old man — an obligatory part for the genre. The dialogue is imagined as taking place between Romans, several centuries after Socrates' death. Cicero's treatise was politically controversial — by choosing the format of a philosophical dialogue, Cicero avoided naming his political ...

Including:

• De re publica - Setting and dramatis personæ
• De re publica - Setting
• De re publica - Participants
• De re publica - What's in a title
• De re publica - Cicero and Plato
• De re publica - English translations of the title of Cicero's De re publica
• De re publica - Content
• De re publica - A brief summary of each book
• De re publica - Bibliography

Read more here: » De re publica: Encyclopedia - De re publica

In 63 BC Marcus Tullius Cicero (106–43 BC), orator, statesman and patriot, attained the rank of consul and in that capacity exposed to the Roman Senate the plot of Lucius Sergius Catilina (approx. 108–62 BC) and his friends to overthrow the government of Rome. Catiline Orations - The plots the orations by Cicero. Catiline, who was running for the consulship a second time after having lost the first time around, tried to ensure his victory by resorting to blatant and excessive bribery. Cicero in self-righteous ...

Including:

• Catiline Orations - The plots the orations by Cicero
• Catiline Orations - ORATIO IN CATILINAM PRIMA IN SENATU HABITA
• Catiline Orations - ORATIO IN CATILINAM SECUNDA AD POPULUM
• Catiline Orations - ORATIO IN CATILINAM TERTIA AD POPULUM
• Catiline Orations - IN L. CATILINAM ORATIO QVARTA HABITA IN SENATV

Read more here: » Catiline Orations: Encyclopedia - Catiline Orations

Arpinum was an ancient Roman town in southern Latium, now Arpino. It holds the dual honor of being the birth place of both Marius (157 BC) and Cicero (106 BC). Other related archives106 BC, 157 BC, Arpino, Cicero, Latium, Marius, Roman

Read more here: » Arpinum: Encyclopedia - Arpinum

Commentariolum Petitionis was written by Cicero's brother Quintus as a guide to speaking and oratory. Other related archivesCicero, Quintus, oratory, speaking

Read more here: » Commentariolum Petitionis: Encyclopedia - Commentariolum Petitionis

Cicero's De Divinatione (Latin, "Concerning Divination") is a philosophical treatise in two books written in 45 BC . It takes the form of a dialogue whose interlocutors are Marcus Tullius Cicero himself (speaking primarily in Book II) and his brother Quintus Tullius Cicero. Cicero concerns himself in some detail with the types of divination, dividing them into the "inspired" type (Latin furens, Gk. mania, "madness"), especially dreams, and the type which occurs via some form of skill of interpretation (i. ...

Read more here: » De Divinatione: Encyclopedia - De Divinatione

Convivio is a work written by Dante Alighieri roughly in a ten year period between 1294 and 1307. It contains details of the author's growing interest in philosophy, particularly in reference to the works of Cicero and Boethius. It also includes philosophical commentary by the author. Other related archives1294, 1307, Boethius, Cicero, Dante Alighieri

Read more here: » Convivio: Encyclopedia - Convivio

Zeno of Sidon, Epicurean philosopher of the 1st century BC and contemporary of Cicero. In the De Natura Deorum (1. 34), Cicero states that Zeno was contemptuous of other philosophers, and even called Socrates "the Attic Buffoon." Nevertheless, Diogenes Laërtius and Cicero both speak of Zeno with respect, and describe him as an accurate and polished thinker. Zeno held that happiness is not merely contingent upon present enjoyment and prosperity, but also on a reasonable expectation of their continuance. His views were m ...

Read more here: » Zeno of Sidon: Encyclopedia - Zeno of Sidon

Clodius Aesopus, the Roman tragedian, flourished during the time of Cicero, but the dates of his birth and death are not known. The name seems to show that he was a freedman of some member of the Clodian gens. Cicero was on friendly terms with both him and Roscius, the equally distinguished comedian, and did not disdain to profit by their instruction. Plutarch (Cicero, 5) mentions it as reported of Aesopus, that, while representing Atreus deliberating how he should revenge himself on Thyestes, the actor forgot himself so far in the heat of action that with his truncheon he str ...

Including:

• Clodius Aesopus - Reference

Read more here: » Clodius Aesopus: Encyclopedia - Clodius Aesopus

Aulus Caecina, son of Aulus Caecina who was defended by Cicero (69 BC) in a speech still extant, took the side of Pompey in the civil wars, and published a violent tirade against Caesar, for which he was banished. He recanted in a work called Querelae, and by the intercession of his friends, above all, of Cicero, obtained pardon from Caesar. Caecina was regarded as an important authority on the Etruscan system of divination (Etrusca Disciplina), which he endeavoured to place on a scientific footing by harmon ...

Read more here: » Aulus Caecina: Encyclopedia - Aulus Caecina

Annals (Latin Annales, from annus, a year) are a concise form of historical writing which record events chronologically, year by year. The chief sources of information in regard to the annals of ancient Rome are two passages in Cicero (De Oratore, ii. 12. 52) and in Servius (ad Aen. i. 373) which have been the subject of much discussion. Cicero states that from the earliest period down to the pontificate of Publius Mucius Scaevola (c. 131 BC), it was usual for the pontifex maximus to record on a whit ...

Including:

• Annals - Other works

Read more here: » Annals: Encyclopedia - Annals

De Officiis (On Duties or On Obligations) is an essay by Marcus Tullius Cicero divided into three books, where Cicero explains his view on the best way to live. De Officiis - Origin. It was written in the year 44 BC, Cicero's last year alive, when he was 62 years old. Cicero was at this time still active in politics, trying to stop revolutionary forces from taking control of the Roman empire. This did none the less happen the following year, when Cicero himself was killed ...

Including:

• De Officiis - Origin
• De Officiis - Legacy
• De Officiis - Quotes
• De Officiis - Resources and further reading

Read more here: » De Officiis: Encyclopedia - De Officiis

In the first century B.C. the conservative senator Cicero wrote a work bearing the same name as Plato’s famous dialogue, The Laws. In his dialogue, Cicero says the following about the tribunate (later explained). Cicero is speaking in response to his brother Quintus. Quintus, you see the definiciencies of the tribunate very clearly, but it is unfair when criticizing an institution to omit its advantages and pick only on its weaknesses. By this method the consulshop could be condemned if we were to just emphasize the bad deeds of some peopl ...

Read more here: » De Legibus: Encyclopedia - De Legibus

43 BC - Events. April 14 - Battle of Forum Gallorum: Mark Antony, besieging Caesar's assassin Decimus Brutus in Mutina, defeats the forces of the consul Pansa, but is then immediately defeated by the army of the other consul, Hirtius. Both consuls are killed (Hirtius did not die until after the Battle of Mutina; Octavian takes command of their armies. April 21 - Cicero's 14th and last Philippic. April 21 - Antony is again defeated in the Battle of Mutina by a coalition of Octavian, Decimus ...

Including:

• 43 BC - Events
• 43 BC - Births
• 43 BC - Deaths

Read more here: » 43 BC: Encyclopedia - 43 BC

Aether ("upper air"), in Greek mythology, was the personification of the "upper sky", space and heaven. He is the pure, upper air that the gods breathe, as opposed to "aer", which mortals breathed. In Hesiod's Theogony he was the son of Erebus and Nyx, and brother of Hemera, both noted in passing in Cicero's De Natura deorum. He is the soul of the world and all life emanates from him. The aether was also known as Zeus' defensive wall; the bound that locked Tartaros from the cosmos. Category:

Read more here: » Aether mythology: Encyclopedia - Aether mythology

75 BC - Events. In Rome, the tribune Quintus Opimius speaks out against Sullan restrictions on the tribunate, in orations noted for sarcasm against conservatives. Cicero is quaestor in Rome. Start of Golden Age of Latin Literature Nicomedes III of Bithynia bequeathed his kingdom to Rome on his death, angry by the arrangement, Mithridates VI of Pontus declared war on Rome and invaded Bithynia, Cappadocia and Paphlagonia, thus starting the Third Mithridatic War Third Mithri ...

Including:

• 75 BC - Events
• 75 BC - Births
• 75 BC - Deaths

Read more here: » 75 BC: Encyclopedia - 75 BC

70 BC - Events. August - In Rome, Cicero prosecutes former governor Verres; Verres exiles himself to Marseille before the trial is over. Pompey and Marcus Licinius Crassus become consul. The office of censor is reinstated in the Roman Republic. Lucullus captures Sinop, then invades Armenia. Phraates III becomes the King of Parthia 70 BC - Births. October 15 - Virgil, Roman poet (d. 19 BC) December - Cleopatra VII o ...

Including:

• 70 BC - Events
• 70 BC - Births
• 70 BC - Deaths

Read more here: » 70 BC: Encyclopedia - 70 BC