Hepatitis C virus is transmitted by blood-blood contact. In developed countries, it is estimated that 90% of persons with chronic HCV infection are current and former injecting drug users and those with a history of transfusion of unscreened blood or blood products. In developing countries where unscreened blood and blood products are still being used, the major means of transmission are unsterilized injection equipment and unscreened blood transfusions. In addition, people who use traditional scarification and circumcision practices are at risk if they use or re-use unsterilized tools.

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Hepatitis C, Hepatitis C - Signs and symptoms, Hepatitis C - Acute Hepatitis C, Hepatitis C - Chronic Hepatitis C, Hepatitis C - Diagnosis, Hepatitis C - Virology, Hepatitis C - Transmission, Hepatitis C - Vertical transmission, Hepatitis C - Risk factors for horizontal transmission, Hepatitis C - Epidemiology, Hepatitis C - Co-infection with HIV, Hepatitis C - Treatment, Hepatitis C - During pregnancy and breastfeeding, Hepatitis C - Alternative therapies, Hepatitis C - Experimental treatments, Hepatitis C - History, Hepatitis C - Prominent patients

Read more here: » Hepatitis C: Encyclopedia II - Hepatitis C - Transmission

Silent Bob speaks at least one line in each of the View Askewniverse films (usually near the close of the movie). They include the following: Jay and Silent Bob - Clerks. "There's a million fine looking women in the world, dude, but not all of them bring in lasagna at work. Most of them just cheat on you." Silent Bob says this to the character Dante in regards to trouble he's having with his girlfriend. In actuality, Silent Bob was never meant to speak this line; Jay was supposed to. J ...

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Jay and Silent Bob, Jay and Silent Bob - Appearances, Jay and Silent Bob - Backstory, Jay and Silent Bob - Sexuality?, Jay and Silent Bob - Alternate Silent Bob History, Jay and Silent Bob - Bluntman and Chronic, Jay and Silent Bob - Silent Bob quotes, Jay and Silent Bob - Clerks, Jay and Silent Bob - Mallrats, Jay and Silent Bob - Chasing Amy, Jay and Silent Bob - Dogma, Jay and Silent Bob - Jay and Silent Bob Strike Back, Jay and Silent Bob - Etymology of Jay's Vocabulary

Read more here: » Jay and Silent Bob: Encyclopedia II - Jay and Silent Bob - Silent Bob quotes

Hepatitis C infects an estimated 170 million persons worldwide and 4 million persons in the United States. There are around 35,000 to 185,000 new cases of infections a year in the United States. Co-infection with HIV is common and rates among HIV positive populations are higher. 10,000-20,000 deaths a year in the United States are from HCV; expectations are that this will increase, as those who were infected by transfusion before HCV test are expected to become apparent. An August 2003 Harper's article estimated that "somewhere between 20 an ...

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Hepatitis C, Hepatitis C - Signs and symptoms, Hepatitis C - Acute Hepatitis C, Hepatitis C - Chronic Hepatitis C, Hepatitis C - Diagnosis, Hepatitis C - Virology, Hepatitis C - Transmission, Hepatitis C - Vertical transmission, Hepatitis C - Risk factors for horizontal transmission, Hepatitis C - Epidemiology, Hepatitis C - Co-infection with HIV, Hepatitis C - Treatment, Hepatitis C - During pregnancy and breastfeeding, Hepatitis C - Alternative therapies, Hepatitis C - Experimental treatments, Hepatitis C - History, Hepatitis C - Prominent patients

Read more here: » Hepatitis C: Encyclopedia II - Hepatitis C - Epidemiology

Homeopathy - Theory of disease. The conventional theory of disease in Hahnemann's time was based on the four humours. Mainstream medicine focused on restoring the balance in the humours, either by attempting to remove an excess of a humour (by such methods as bloodletting and purging, the use of laxatives, enemas and nauseous substances that made patients vomit) or by suppressing symptoms associated with the humours causing trouble, such as giving feverish (and so hot and wet) pa ...

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Homeopathy, Homeopathy - Basic principles, Homeopathy - Theory of disease, Homeopathy - The Law of Similars, Homeopathy - The Theory of Infinitesimals, Homeopathy - Chronic disease, Homeopathy - History, Homeopathy - Homeopathy around the world, Homeopathy - Diversity, Homeopathy - Pragmatism versus mysticism, Homeopathy - Classical versus non-classical homeopathy, Homeopathy - The popularity of homeopathy, Homeopathy - The scientific validity of homeopathy, Homeopathy - The status quo, Homeopathy - Misconceptions about homeopathy, Homeopathy - Composition of homeopathic remedies, Homeopathy - Homeopathy and vaccination, Homeopathy - Safety of homeopathic treatment

Read more here: » Homeopathy: Encyclopedia II - Homeopathy - Basic principles

Cats and dogs may in some cases have their mealtimes strictly scheduled and planned to match with injection times. In other cases where the pet free-feeds and normally eats little bits all day or night, it may be best to remain on this schedule and try to use a very slow-acting insulin to keep a constant level of blood glucose. Consult your veterinarian. Note that some veterinarians still use the outdated recommendation of using Humulin "N" or NPH insulin for cats. This insulin is too fast-acting for most cats (though fine for dogs and human ...

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Diabetes in cats and dogs, Diabetes in cats and dogs - Symptoms, Diabetes in cats and dogs - Treatment, Diabetes in cats and dogs - Diet, Diabetes in cats and dogs - Pills, Diabetes in cats and dogs - Insulin injections, Diabetes in cats and dogs - Neuropathy in cats, Diabetes in cats and dogs - Blindness in dogs, Diabetes in cats and dogs - Dosage and regulation, Diabetes in cats and dogs - Blood sugar guidelines, Diabetes in cats and dogs - Detecting and avoiding chronic somogyi rebound, Diabetes in cats and dogs - Hypoglycemic episode, Diabetes in cats and dogs - Remission in cats

Read more here: » Diabetes in cats and dogs: Encyclopedia II - Diabetes in cats and dogs - Dosage and regulation

The two characters have appeared in the following movies: Clerks. Mallrats Chasing Amy Dogma Scream 3 (cameo appearance) Jay and Silent Bob Strike Back Clerks II (to be released in 2006) The characters were among the stars of the animated television series, Clerks: The Animated Series. In non-View Askewniverse continuity, they appeared in several episodes of the Canadian teen drama, Degrassi: The Next Ge ...

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Jay and Silent Bob, Jay and Silent Bob - Appearances, Jay and Silent Bob - Backstory, Jay and Silent Bob - Sexuality?, Jay and Silent Bob - Alternate Silent Bob History, Jay and Silent Bob - Bluntman and Chronic, Jay and Silent Bob - Silent Bob quotes, Jay and Silent Bob - Clerks, Jay and Silent Bob - Mallrats, Jay and Silent Bob - Chasing Amy, Jay and Silent Bob - Dogma, Jay and Silent Bob - Jay and Silent Bob Strike Back, Jay and Silent Bob - Etymology of Jay's Vocabulary

Read more here: » Jay and Silent Bob: Encyclopedia II - Jay and Silent Bob - Appearances

When filming Dogma, actor Ben Affleck, during the third take of the train fight, shouted "Schueller Bob!" (schüler meaning schoolboy in German). When told that they could not use the line (It was an inside joke between Smith and Affleck), Ben Affleck created a reason for it: Throughout time, his character, Bartleby, had been thwarted in his evil plots (Affleck forgetting that Bartleby is relatively well-behaved until mid part of the movie) by the same mysterious warrior, whom he never got to see. When he is finally ready to kill the ...

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Jay and Silent Bob, Jay and Silent Bob - Appearances, Jay and Silent Bob - Backstory, Jay and Silent Bob - Sexuality?, Jay and Silent Bob - Alternate Silent Bob History, Jay and Silent Bob - Bluntman and Chronic, Jay and Silent Bob - Silent Bob quotes, Jay and Silent Bob - Clerks, Jay and Silent Bob - Mallrats, Jay and Silent Bob - Chasing Amy, Jay and Silent Bob - Dogma, Jay and Silent Bob - Jay and Silent Bob Strike Back, Jay and Silent Bob - Etymology of Jay's Vocabulary

Read more here: » Jay and Silent Bob: Encyclopedia II - Jay and Silent Bob - Alternate Silent Bob History

Current standard of care treatment is a combination of (pegylated) interferon alpha and the antiviral drug ribavirin. Current indication for treatment include patients with proven hepatitis C virus infection through qualitative and quantitative confirmation of the RNA of the virus with persistent abnormal liver tests. Studies have shown sustained cure rates (sustained viral response) of 75% or better in people with genotypes HCV 2 or 3 in 24 weeks of combination therapy, and about 50% in those with genotype HCV 1 and 65% for those with genot ...

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Hepatitis C, Hepatitis C - Signs and symptoms, Hepatitis C - Acute Hepatitis C, Hepatitis C - Chronic Hepatitis C, Hepatitis C - Diagnosis, Hepatitis C - Virology, Hepatitis C - Transmission, Hepatitis C - Vertical transmission, Hepatitis C - Risk factors for horizontal transmission, Hepatitis C - Epidemiology, Hepatitis C - Co-infection with HIV, Hepatitis C - Treatment, Hepatitis C - During pregnancy and breastfeeding, Hepatitis C - Alternative therapies, Hepatitis C - Experimental treatments, Hepatitis C - History, Hepatitis C - Prominent patients

Read more here: » Hepatitis C: Encyclopedia II - Hepatitis C - Treatment

The Kevin Smith movies (particularly Jay and Silent Bob Strike Back) play on the question of both characters' sexuality, mostly Jay's, even though Jay himself insists in Dogma that the two are "hetero lifemates." Both have had relationships with women at one time or another, such as Jay's relationship with Shannon Elizabeth's character Justice in J&SBSB and Bob's mention of a relationship with a girl named Amy in Chasing Amy and having sex with a ...

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Jay and Silent Bob, Jay and Silent Bob - Appearances, Jay and Silent Bob - Backstory, Jay and Silent Bob - Sexuality?, Jay and Silent Bob - Alternate Silent Bob History, Jay and Silent Bob - Bluntman and Chronic, Jay and Silent Bob - Silent Bob quotes, Jay and Silent Bob - Clerks, Jay and Silent Bob - Mallrats, Jay and Silent Bob - Chasing Amy, Jay and Silent Bob - Dogma, Jay and Silent Bob - Jay and Silent Bob Strike Back, Jay and Silent Bob - Etymology of Jay's Vocabulary

Read more here: » Jay and Silent Bob: Encyclopedia II - Jay and Silent Bob - Sexuality?

We tend to think of biological effects of radiation in terms of their effect on living cells. For low levels of radiation exposure, the biological effects are so small they may not be detected. The body repairs many types of radiation and chemical damage. Biological effects of radiation on living cells may result in four outcomes: Injured or damaged cells repair themselves, resulting in no residual damage. Cells die, much like millions of body cells do every day, being replaced through normal biological processes. ...

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Ionizing radiation, Ionizing radiation - Types of radiation, Ionizing radiation - Example: Electromagnetic radiation, Ionizing radiation - Sources of ionizing radiation, Ionizing radiation - Natural background radiation, Ionizing radiation - Man-made radiation sources, Ionizing radiation - The effects of ionizing radiation on animals, Ionizing radiation - Chronic radiation exposure, Ionizing radiation - Acute radiation exposure, Ionizing radiation - Radiation levels, Ionizing radiation - Minimizing health effects of ionizing radiation

Read more here: » Ionizing radiation: Encyclopedia II - Ionizing radiation - The effects of ionizing radiation on animals

Glomerulonephritis - Acute diffuse proliferative GN. Histopathology: the majority of glomeruli present hypercellularity due to proliferation of endothelial and mesangial cells, inflammatory infiltrate with neutrophils and with monocytes. The Bowman space is reduced (compressed). Tubules are not affected. Glomerulonephritis - Rapidly progressive GN Crescentic GN. Histopathology: The majority of glomeruli present "crescents". Formation of crescents is initiated by passage of fibr ...

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Glomerulonephritis, Glomerulonephritis - Acute glomerulonephritis, Glomerulonephritis - Acute diffuse proliferative GN, Glomerulonephritis - Rapidly progressive GN Crescentic GN, Glomerulonephritis - Mesangial proliferative GN, Glomerulonephritis - Minimal change GN, Glomerulonephritis - Chronic glomerulonephritis

Read more here: » Glomerulonephritis: Encyclopedia II - Glomerulonephritis - Acute glomerulonephritis

Topical anesthesia, in the form of EMLA cream is most commonly used to enable relatively painless venipuncture (blood collection) and placement of intravenous cannulae (or 'drip') in children. It may also be suitable for other kinds of punctures such as ascites drainage and amniocentesis. Surface anesthesia also facilitates some endoscopic procedures such as bronchoscopy (visualization of the lower airways) or cystosco ...

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Local anesthesia, Local anesthesia - Techniques, Local anesthesia - Uses in surgery, Local anesthesia - Uses in acute pain, Local anesthesia - Uses in chronic pain, Local anesthesia - Miscellaneous uses, Local anesthesia - History

Read more here: » Local anesthesia: Encyclopedia II - Local anesthesia - Miscellaneous uses

Rejection is prevented with a combination of drugs including: Calcineurin inhibitors Cyclosporine Tacrolimus mTOR inhibitors Sirolimus Everolimus Anti-proliferatives Azathioprine Mycophenolate mofetil Corticosteroids Prednisolone Hydrocortisone Antibodies Monoclonal anti-IL-2Rα receptor antibodies Basiliximab Dacl ...

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Transplant rejection, Transplant rejection - Types of rejection, Transplant rejection - Hyperacute rejection, Transplant rejection - Acute rejection, Transplant rejection - Chronic rejection, Transplant rejection - Prevention of rejection, Transplant rejection - Treatment of rejection

Read more here: » Transplant rejection: Encyclopedia II - Transplant rejection - Prevention of rejection

Acute pancreatitis - Amylase and lipase. Serum amylase rises 2 to 12 hours from the onset of symptoms, and normalises within 1 week Serum lipase rises 4 to 8 hours from the onset of symptoms and normalises within 8 to 14 days. Serum amylase may be normal (in 10 % of cases) for cases of acute on chronic pancreatitis (depleted acinar cell mass) and hypertriglyceridemia Reasons for false positive elevated serum amylase include salivary gland disease (elevated salivary amylase) and ma ...

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Acute pancreatitis, Acute pancreatitis - Symptoms and signs, Acute pancreatitis - Causes, Acute pancreatitis - Most common causes, Acute pancreatitis - Less common causes, Acute pancreatitis - Causes by demographic, Acute pancreatitis - Pathogenesis, Acute pancreatitis - Investigations, Acute pancreatitis - Amylase and lipase, Acute pancreatitis - CT abdomen, Acute pancreatitis - Balthazar scoring, Acute pancreatitis - Classification by severity, Acute pancreatitis - Progression of pathophysiology, Acute pancreatitis - Prognostic indices, Acute pancreatitis - Treatment, Acute pancreatitis - General measures, Acute pancreatitis - ERCP, Acute pancreatitis - Surgery, Acute pancreatitis - Complications, Acute pancreatitis - Epidemiology, Acute pancreatitis - Reference

Read more here: » Acute pancreatitis: Encyclopedia II - Acute pancreatitis - Investigations

The degree of severity of mitral regurgitation can be quantified by the percentage of the left ventricular stroke volume that regurgitates into the left atrium (the regurgitant fraction). Methods that have been used to assess the regurgitant fraction in mitral regurgitation include echocardiography, cardiac catheterization, fast CT scan, and cardiac MRI. The echocardiographic technique to measure the regurgitant fraction is to determine the forward flow through the mitral valve (from the left atrium to the left ventricle) durin ...

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Mitral regurgitation, Mitral regurgitation - Etiology, Mitral regurgitation - Pathophysiology, Mitral regurgitation - Acute phase, Mitral regurgitation - Chronic compensated phase, Mitral regurgitation - Chronic decompensated phase, Mitral regurgitation - Symptoms, Mitral regurgitation - Diagnostic studies, Mitral regurgitation - Chest x-ray, Mitral regurgitation - Echocardiography, Mitral regurgitation - Quantification of mitral regurgitation, Mitral regurgitation - Treatment, Mitral regurgitation - Indication for surgery

Read more here: » Mitral regurgitation: Encyclopedia II - Mitral regurgitation - Quantification of mitral regurgitation