The exact cause of leukemia is unknown but is influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. Leukemias, like other cancers, result from somatic mutations in the DNA which activate oncogenes or inactivate tumour suppressor genes, and disrupt the regulation of cell death, differentiation or division. These mutations may occur spontaneously or as a result of exposure to radiation or carcinogenic substances and are likely influenced by genetic factors. Cohort and case control studies have linked exposure to petrochemicals, such as benzene, and hair dy ...

See also:

Leukemia, Leukemia - Overview, Leukemia - Symptoms, Leukemia - Four major types, Leukemia - Acute vs. chronic, Leukemia - Lymphoid vs. myeloid, Leukemia - Prevalence of the four major types, Leukemia - Causes, Leukemia - Prognosis and treatment

Read more here: » Leukemia: Encyclopedia II - Leukemia - Causes

If prostatitis is suspected, urinalysis may show white blood cells, red blood cells, nitrite positivity and microorganisms. This is mainly so in acute prostatitis and asymptomatic inflammatory prostatitis (see below). In the other types, urinalysis may be unhelpful. Prostate specific antigen levels may be elevated, although there is no malignancy. In acute prostatitis, a full blood count reveals increased white blood cells. Sepsis from prostatitis is very rare, but may occur in immunocompromised patients; high fever and malaise generally prompt blood cult ...

See also:

Prostatitis, Prostatitis - Signs and symptoms, Prostatitis - Diagnosis, Prostatitis - Classification, Prostatitis - Acute prostatitis, Prostatitis - Chronic bacterial prostatitis, Prostatitis - Chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome, Prostatitis - Asymptomatic inflammatory prostatitis, Prostatitis - Therapy

Read more here: » Prostatitis: Encyclopedia II - Prostatitis - Diagnosis

Damage to the bone marrow results in a lack of blood platelets, which are important in the blood clotting process. This means people with leukemia may become bruised, bleed excessively, or develop pinprick bleeds (petechiae). White blood cells, which are involved in fighting pathogens, may be suppressed or dysfunctional, putting the patient at risk of infection. Finally, the red blood cell deficiency leads to anemia, which may cause shortness of breath and fatigue. Bone or joint pain may occur because of cancer spreading to these areas. Headaches and vomiting are indicative of the cancer having dissem ...

See also:

Leukemia, Leukemia - Symptoms, Leukemia - Four major types, Leukemia - Acute vs. chronic, Leukemia - Lymphoid vs. myeloid, Leukemia - Prevalence of the four major types, Leukemia - Causes, Leukemia - Prognosis and treatment

Read more here: » Leukemia: Encyclopedia II - Leukemia - Symptoms

The exact cause of leukemia is unknown but is influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. Leukemias, like other cancers, result from somatic mutations in the DNA which activate oncogenes or inactivate tumour suppressor genes, and disrupt the regulation of cell death, differentiation or division. These mutations may occur spontaneously or as a result of exposure to radiation or carcinogenic substances and are likely influenced by genetic factors. Cohort and case control studies have linked exposure to petrochemicals, such as benzene, and hair d ...

See also:

Leukemia, Leukemia - Symptoms, Leukemia - Four major types, Leukemia - Acute vs. chronic, Leukemia - Lymphoid vs. myeloid, Leukemia - Prevalence of the four major types, Leukemia - Causes, Leukemia - Prognosis and treatment

Read more here: » Leukemia: Encyclopedia II - Leukemia - Causes

Transplant rejection - Hyperacute rejection. Hyperacute rejection is a complement-mediated response in recipients with pre-existing antibodies to the donor (for example, ABO blood type antibodies). Hyperacute rejection occurs within minutes and the transplant must be immediately removed to prevent a severe systemic inflammatory response. Rapid coagulation of the blood occurs. This is a particular risk in kidney transplants, and so a prospective cytotoxic crossmatch is performed prior to kidney transplantation to ...

See also:

Transplant rejection, Transplant rejection - Types of rejection, Transplant rejection - Hyperacute rejection, Transplant rejection - Acute rejection, Transplant rejection - Chronic rejection, Transplant rejection - Prevention of rejection, Transplant rejection - Treatment of rejection

Read more here: » Transplant rejection: Encyclopedia II - Transplant rejection - Types of rejection

The physical examination of an individual with aortic insufficiency involves auscultation of the heart to listen for the murmur of aortic insufficiency and related heart sounds. The murmur of chronic aortic insufficiency is a holodiastolic (lasts all of diastole) decrescendo murmur (starts off loud and becomes soft). The murmur of chronic aortic insufficiency has the following characteristics: Systolic ejection click Ejection murmur S3 present Holodiastolic decrescendo murmur (If radiation t ...

See also:

Aortic insufficiency, Aortic insufficiency - Etiology, Aortic insufficiency - Physiology, Aortic insufficiency - Pathophysiology, Aortic insufficiency - Hemodynamics, Aortic insufficiency - Acute aortic insufficiency, Aortic insufficiency - Chronic aortic insufficiency, Aortic insufficiency - Physical examination, Aortic insufficiency - Diagnostic evaluation, Aortic insufficiency - Prognosis, Aortic insufficiency - Treatment, Aortic insufficiency - Medical treatment, Aortic insufficiency - Surgical treatment, Aortic insufficiency - Related topics

Read more here: » Aortic insufficiency: Encyclopedia II - Aortic insufficiency - Physical examination

Damage to the bone marrow results in a lack of blood platelets, which are important in the blood clotting process. This means people with leukemia may become bruised, bleed excessively, or develop pinprick bleeds (petechiae). White blood cells, which are involved in fighting pathogens, may be suppressed or dysfunctional, putting the patient at risk of infection. Finally, the red blood cell deficiency leads to anemia, which may cause shortness of breath and fatigue. Bone or joint pain may occur because of cancer spreading to these areas. Headaches and vomiting are indicative of the cancer having dissem ...

See also:

Leukemia, Leukemia - Overview, Leukemia - Symptoms, Leukemia - Four major types, Leukemia - Acute vs. chronic, Leukemia - Lymphoid vs. myeloid, Leukemia - Prevalence of the four major types, Leukemia - Causes, Leukemia - Prognosis and treatment

Read more here: » Leukemia: Encyclopedia II - Leukemia - Symptoms

The symptoms associated with mitral regurgitation are dependent on which phase of the disease process the individual is in. Individuals with acute mitral regurgitation will have the signs and symptoms of decompensated congestive heart failure (ie: shortness of breath, pulmonary edema, orthopnea, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea), as well as symptoms suggestive of a low cardiac output state (ie: decreased exercise tolerance). Cardiovascular collapse with shock (cardiogenic shock) may be seen in individuals with acute mitral regurgitation due to papillary ...

See also:

Mitral regurgitation, Mitral regurgitation - Etiology, Mitral regurgitation - Pathophysiology, Mitral regurgitation - Acute phase, Mitral regurgitation - Chronic compensated phase, Mitral regurgitation - Chronic decompensated phase, Mitral regurgitation - Symptoms, Mitral regurgitation - Diagnostic studies, Mitral regurgitation - Chest x-ray, Mitral regurgitation - Echocardiography, Mitral regurgitation - Quantification of mitral regurgitation, Mitral regurgitation - Treatment, Mitral regurgitation - Indication for surgery

Read more here: » Mitral regurgitation: Encyclopedia II - Mitral regurgitation - Symptoms

Spherocytosis - Treatment of acute symptoms. Acute symptoms of anemia and hyperbilirubinemia can indicate treatment with blood transfusions or exchanges. Transfusions treat anemia by adding healthy donor blood to the patient's own, providing needed red blood cells. As the transfused blood does not contain elliptocytes, it will not be hemolysed per se, but the overactive spleen may still break down a significant proportion of the transfused blood. Exchanges treat hyperbilirubinemia by replacing some portion of the patient's blood with healthy donor blood, thus re ...

See also:

Spherocytosis, Spherocytosis - Symptoms, Spherocytosis - Diagnosis, Spherocytosis - Treatment, Spherocytosis - Treatment of acute symptoms, Spherocytosis - Treatment of chronic symptoms, Spherocytosis - Treatment of the disorder

Read more here: » Spherocytosis: Encyclopedia II - Spherocytosis - Treatment

This condition can be a symptom of injury, disease, foodborne illness or extreme excess of Vitamin C and is usually accompanied by abdominal pain, and often nausea and vomiting. There are other conditions which involve some but not all of the symptoms of diarrhea, and so the formal medical definition of diarrhea involves defecation of more than 200 grams per day (though formal weighing of stools to determine a diagno ...

See also:

Diarrhea, Diarrhea - Causes, Diarrhea - Mechanism, Diarrhea - Acute diarrhea, Diarrhea - Chronic diarrhea, Diarrhea - Infective diarrhea, Diarrhea - Malabsorption, Diarrhea - Inflammatory bowel disease, Diarrhea - Irritable Bowel Syndrome, Diarrhea - Other important causes, Diarrhea - Treatment of diarrhea

Read more here: » Diarrhea: Encyclopedia II - Diarrhea - Causes

The hemodynamic sequelae of AI are dependant on the rate of onset of AI. Acute AI and chronic AI will have different hemodynamics and individuals will have different signs and symptoms. Aortic insufficiency - Acute aortic insufficiency. In acute AI, as may be seen with acute perforation of the aortic valve due to endocarditis, there will be a sudden increase in the volume of blood in the left ventricle. The ventricle, unable to deal with the sudden change in volume, and will decompensate. The filling press ...

See also:

Aortic insufficiency, Aortic insufficiency - Etiology, Aortic insufficiency - Physiology, Aortic insufficiency - Pathophysiology, Aortic insufficiency - Hemodynamics, Aortic insufficiency - Acute aortic insufficiency, Aortic insufficiency - Chronic aortic insufficiency, Aortic insufficiency - Physical examination, Aortic insufficiency - Diagnostic evaluation, Aortic insufficiency - Prognosis, Aortic insufficiency - Treatment, Aortic insufficiency - Medical treatment, Aortic insufficiency - Surgical treatment, Aortic insufficiency - Related topics

Read more here: » Aortic insufficiency: Encyclopedia II - Aortic insufficiency - Hemodynamics

Lyme disease has many symptoms, but skin symptoms, arthritis and various neurological symptoms are usually present. Conventional therapy is with antibiotics. Lyme disease - Acute early symptoms. "bull's-eye" rash (erythema migrans) - a circle or ring of inflamed skin surrounding the initial tick bite) or papular (raised) rash fever malaise fatigue headache muscle and joint aches in large joints sore throat sinus infection paralysis - usually associated with Lyme meningiti ...

See also:

Lyme disease, Lyme disease - History, Lyme disease - Microbiology, Lyme disease - Transmission, Lyme disease - Symptoms, Lyme disease - Acute early symptoms, Lyme disease - Chronic late symptoms, Lyme disease - Diagnosis, Lyme disease - Prognosis, Lyme disease - Prevention, Lyme disease - Treatment

Read more here: » Lyme disease: Encyclopedia II - Lyme disease - Symptoms

Lower back pain is the single most common chronic pain syndrome seen in pain clinics in the Western world. 90% of patients with acute back pain improve within one month, the 10% who do not improve account for 85% of annual expenditures on back pain. The management goals when dealing with back pain are to achieve maximal reduction in pain intensity as rapidly as possible; to restore function; to help the patient cope with residual pain; to assess for side effects of therapy; and to facilitate the patient's passage through the legal and socioeconomic impediments to recovery. Back pain - Back mani ...

See also:

Back pain, Back pain - Underlying causes, Back pain - Management, Back pain - Back manipulation and spinal manipulation, Back pain - Physiotherapy exercise and behavior modification, Back pain - Medical procedures

Read more here: » Back pain: Encyclopedia II - Back pain - Management

If prostatitis is suspected, urinalysis may show white blood cells, red blood cells, nitrite positivity and microorganisms. This is mainly so in acute prostatitis and asymptomatic inflammatory prostatitis (see below). In the other types, urinalysis may be unhelpful. Prostate specific antigen levels may be elevated, although there is no malignancy. In acute prostatitis, a full blood count reveals increased white blood cells. Sepsis from prostatitis is very rare, but may occur in immunocompromised patients; high fever and malaise generally prompt blood cult ...

See also:

Prostatitis, Prostatitis - Signs and symptoms, Prostatitis - Diagnosis, Prostatitis - Classification, Prostatitis - Acute prostatitis, Prostatitis - Chronic bacterial prostatitis, Prostatitis - Chronic prostatitis/Chronic Pelvic Pain Syndrome/Pelvic Myoneuropathy ICD-9-789.09, Prostatitis - Asymptomatic inflammatory prostatitis, Prostatitis - Therapy

Read more here: » Prostatitis: Encyclopedia II - Prostatitis - Diagnosis

The disease was first documented as a skin rash in Europe in 1883. Over the years, researchers there identified additional features of the disease, including an unidentified pathogen, its response to penicillin, the role of the Ixodes tick (wood tick) as its vector, and symptoms that included not only the rash but additional ones that affected the nervous system. Researchers in the US had been aware of tick infections since the early 1900s. For example, an infection called tick relapsing fever was reported in 1905, and the wood ...

See also:

Lyme disease, Lyme disease - History, Lyme disease - Microbiology, Lyme disease - Transmission, Lyme disease - Symptoms, Lyme disease - Acute early symptoms, Lyme disease - Chronic late symptoms, Lyme disease - Diagnosis, Lyme disease - Prognosis, Lyme disease - Prevention, Lyme disease - Treatment

Read more here: » Lyme disease: Encyclopedia II - Lyme disease - History

The disease is caused by the parasite Borrelia, which has well over three hundred known genomic strains but is usually cultured as Borrelia burgdorferi, Borrelia afzelii and Borellia garinii. Different Borrelia strains are predominant in Europe and North America. The disease has been found to be transmitted to humans by the bite of infected Ixodes ticks. Not all ticks carry or can transmit this particular disease. It should also be noted that in a few cases the disease may also be transmitted ...

See also:

Lyme disease, Lyme disease - History, Lyme disease - Microbiology, Lyme disease - Transmission, Lyme disease - Symptoms, Lyme disease - Acute early symptoms, Lyme disease - Chronic late symptoms, Lyme disease - Diagnosis, Lyme disease - Prognosis, Lyme disease - Prevention, Lyme disease - Treatment

Read more here: » Lyme disease: Encyclopedia II - Lyme disease - Microbiology

In Europe, Ixodes ricinus, known commonly as the sheep tick, castor bean tick, or European castor bean tick is the transmitter. In North America, "Ixodes scapularis" (a.k.a. black-legged tick or deer tick) has been identified as the key to the disease's spread. This condition had been described in medical literature dating back to the early twentieth century but little to no research had been done until Lyme disease was reintro ...

See also:

Lyme disease, Lyme disease - History, Lyme disease - Microbiology, Lyme disease - Transmission, Lyme disease - Symptoms, Lyme disease - Acute early symptoms, Lyme disease - Chronic late symptoms, Lyme disease - Diagnosis, Lyme disease - Prognosis, Lyme disease - Prevention, Lyme disease - Treatment

Read more here: » Lyme disease: Encyclopedia II - Lyme disease - Transmission

The most reliable method of diagnosing Lyme disease is a clinical exam by an experienced practitioner. Supportive data by laboratory tests is never well-advised due to the known non-validity of the CDC's current testing criteria. In cases where the "bull's eye" rash is present in conjunction with a fever or the patient saw the tick, treatment can begin without any further tests. The "bull's eye" rash only occurs in a small percent of all infections. The rash is not always seen as bullseye and sometimes can be a papule the size of small coin. Sometim ...

See also:

Lyme disease, Lyme disease - History, Lyme disease - Microbiology, Lyme disease - Transmission, Lyme disease - Symptoms, Lyme disease - Acute early symptoms, Lyme disease - Chronic late symptoms, Lyme disease - Diagnosis, Lyme disease - Prognosis, Lyme disease - Prevention, Lyme disease - Treatment

Read more here: » Lyme disease: Encyclopedia II - Lyme disease - Diagnosis

Hepatitis C - Acute Hepatitis C. Hepatitis C is one of 6 viruses, called hepatitis A, B, C, D, E and G, that can cause an acute disease lasting several weeks. Most cases (between 60% and 70%), even those that develop chronic infection, are asymptomatic. For persons with acute symptoms, abdominal pain, jaundice, itching and flu-like symptoms are the most prominent causes for seeking medical attention. < ...

See also:

Hepatitis C, Hepatitis C - Signs and symptoms, Hepatitis C - Acute Hepatitis C, Hepatitis C - Chronic Hepatitis C, Hepatitis C - Diagnosis, Hepatitis C - Virology, Hepatitis C - Transmission, Hepatitis C - Vertical transmission, Hepatitis C - Risk factors for horizontal transmission, Hepatitis C - Epidemiology, Hepatitis C - Co-infection with HIV, Hepatitis C - Treatment, Hepatitis C - During pregnancy and breastfeeding, Hepatitis C - Alternative therapies, Hepatitis C - Experimental treatments, Hepatitis C - History, Hepatitis C - Prominent patients

Read more here: » Hepatitis C: Encyclopedia II - Hepatitis C - Signs and symptoms

The best prevention involves avoiding areas in which ticks are found and can reduce the probability of contracting Lyme disease. If such places cannot be avoided, exposure to Lyme disease can be reduced by: applying insect repellent to exposed skin, especially those containing DEET; Permethrin can also be applied to clothing wearing light-coloured clothing so that ticks can be located easily and removed, wearing long sleeves and pants and tucking pant bottoms into the tops of socks. checking your entire body for ticks ...

See also:

Lyme disease, Lyme disease - History, Lyme disease - Microbiology, Lyme disease - Transmission, Lyme disease - Symptoms, Lyme disease - Acute early symptoms, Lyme disease - Chronic late symptoms, Lyme disease - Diagnosis, Lyme disease - Prognosis, Lyme disease - Prevention, Lyme disease - Treatment

Read more here: » Lyme disease: Encyclopedia II - Lyme disease - Prevention

Sinusitis - By location. Sinusitis is classified by the sinus cavity which it affects: Maxillary sinusitis - causes pain in the maxillary area (e.g., toothache, headache) (J01.0/J32.0) Frontal sinusitis - causes pain in the frontal sinus cavity (located behind/above eyes), headache (J01.1/J32.1) Ethmoid sinusitis - causes pain between and/or behind eyes, headache (J01.2/J32.2) Sphenoid sinusitis - causes less generalized pain, headache (J01.3/J32.3) See also:

Sinusitis, Sinusitis - Classification, Sinusitis - By location, Sinusitis - Acute vs. chronic, Sinusitis - Diagnosis, Sinusitis - Treatment

Read more here: » Sinusitis: Encyclopedia II - Sinusitis - Classification

Randle P. McMurphy (acute) A rough and ready convict sent from a prison. He is sexist, racist, forceful, and guilty of battery and gambling (he had also been charged with, but never convicted of, statutory rape). McMurphy has himself transferred from a prison work farm to the hospital, thinking it will be an easy way to serve out his sentence. He has a fine time hustling the patients, until he realizes that he is more than a diversion for them; he gives them the lives they are to afraid to live for themselves. In the end, McMurphy's determination to fight Nurse Ratched costs him his freedom, his hea ...

See also:

One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest novel, One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest novel - Plot Overview, One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest novel - Characters, One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest novel - The Staff, One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest novel - The 'Acutes', One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest novel - The 'Chronics', One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest novel - ISBNs

Read more here: » One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest novel: Encyclopedia II - One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest novel - Characters