chromosome

X-23 first appeared in episode number 40 (titled "X-23"), where she was voiced by Brittney Irvin. Wolverine discovered through S.H.I.E.L.D. that Hydra had created a female clone of himself. This clone can erect two claws from each hand (instead of three like Wolverine), and can erect one claw from her foot (an ability Wolverine lacks). The clone was named X-23, since this was Hydra's 23rd attempt at creating a clone. Denied the life of a normal child, X-23 was lonely. She had almost no companions and had been worked on her entire life. She had to s ...

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X-23, X-23 - In X-Men Evolution, X-23 - In comics, X-23 - Alternate Versions, X-23 - Products

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When suspected, blood plasma of a patient needs to be investigated for quantitative and qualitative deficiencies of vWF. This is achieved by measuring the amount of vWF in a vWF antigen assay and the functionallity of vWF with a glycoprotein (GP)Ib binding assay, a collagen binding assay or, a ristocetin cofactor (RiCof) activity assay. Factor VIII levels are also performed as factor VIII is bound to vWF which protects the factor VIII from rapid break down within the blood. Deficiency of vWF can therefore lead to a reduction in Factor ...

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Von Willebrand disease, Von Willebrand disease - Symptoms, Von Willebrand disease - Diagnosis, Von Willebrand disease - Classification and types, Von Willebrand disease - Classification, Von Willebrand disease - Type 1, Von Willebrand disease - Type 2, Von Willebrand disease - Type 3, Von Willebrand disease - Acquired von Willebrands Disease, Von Willebrand disease - Pathophysiology, Von Willebrand disease - Genetics, Von Willebrand disease - Epidemiology, Von Willebrand disease - Therapy, Von Willebrand disease - History, Von Willebrand disease - Sources

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Severe combined immunodeficiency - IL-7 signalling pathway. Most cases of SCID are derived from mutations in the γc chain in the receptors for interleukins IL-2, IL-4, IL-7, IL-9 and IL-15. These interleukins and their receptors are involved in the development and differentiation of T and B cells. Deleterious mutations in the gamma-chain or in the JAK3 protein cause a form of SCID that is characterized by low numbers of T and NK cells, and presence of non-functional B cells. The IL-2 receptor γ (IL-2Rγ) gene is located on the X ...

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Severe combined immunodeficiency, Severe combined immunodeficiency - Types, Severe combined immunodeficiency - IL-7 signalling pathway, Severe combined immunodeficiency - VDJ recombination, Severe combined immunodeficiency - Adenosine deaminase, Severe combined immunodeficiency - Detection, Severe combined immunodeficiency - Treatment

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The leading modern exponent of scientific rejuvenation is the modern biomedical gerontologist Dr. Aubrey de Grey. He calls his project to reverse the damage we call aging SENS (Strategies for Engineered Negligible Senescence). He has proposed seven strategies for the "seven deadly sins": Cell loss can be repaired (reversed) just by suitable exercise in the case of muscle. For other tissues it needs various growth factors to stimulate cell division, or in some cases it needs stem cells. S ...

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Rejuvenation aging, Rejuvenation aging - Historical and Cultural Background, Rejuvenation aging - Modern developments, Rejuvenation aging - Strategies for Engineered Negligible Senescence SENS, Rejuvenation aging - Scientific Journal

Read more here: » Rejuvenation aging: Encyclopedia II - Rejuvenation aging - Strategies for Engineered Negligible Senescence SENS

There are either 17 or 18 known species worldwide, depending on whether the two Eudyptula species are counted as distinct. Although all penguin species are native to the southern hemisphere, they are not, contrary to popular belief, found only in cold climates, such as Antarctica. In fact, only a few species of penguin actually live so far south. Three species live in the tropics; one lives as far north as the Galápagos Islands and wi ...

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Penguin, Penguin - Species and habitats, Penguin - Evolution, Penguin - Anatomy, Penguin - Mating Habits, Penguin - Male bonding behaviour, Penguin - Gallery, Penguin - Classification, Penguin - Name, Penguin - Penguins in popular culture, Penguin - Computing, Penguin - Politics, Penguin - Comics, Penguin - Film, Penguin - Literature, Penguin - Sports mascots, Penguin - Places, Penguin - Audio CDs

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Oxytocin is synthesized in magnocellular neurosecretory cells in the hypothalamus and released by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland. Oxytocin is also synthesized by some neurons in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus that project within the brain and to the spinal cord. Oxytocin in the posterior pituitary gland is packaged in large dense core vesicles, where it is bound to neurophysin as shown in the inset of the figure; neurophysin is a large peptide fragment of the giant precursor protein mole ...

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Oxytocin, Oxytocin - Synthesis storage and release, Oxytocin - Structure, Oxytocin - Receptor, Oxytocin - Actions, Oxytocin - Uses, Oxytocin - Evolution

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According to the single-origin model, however, every species of the genus Homo but one, Homo sapiens, was driven extinct. This species had evolved in eastern Africa between 100,000 and 200,000 years ago and, some time afterwards, in a relatively recent exodus, began colonizing the rest of the world. According to the single-origin model, these more recent migrants did not interbreed with the scattered descendants of earlier exoduses. For this reason, the model is sometimes called the "replacement scenario". In support of it, adv ...

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Single-origin hypothesis, Single-origin hypothesis - Pre-modern non-sapiens hominids, Single-origin hypothesis - African Evidence of Modern Humans, Single-origin hypothesis - Single exodus from Africa?, Single-origin hypothesis - Multiregional hypothesis, Single-origin hypothesis - Proponents of the Single-origin hypothesis, Single-origin hypothesis - Reference

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Three types of PPARs have been identified: alpha, gamma and delta (beta). α (alpha) - expressed in kidney, heart, muscle, adipose tissue, and others. γ (gamma) - although transcribed by the same gene, this PPAR exists in three forms: γ1 - expressed in virtually all tissues, including heart, muscle, colon, kidney, pancreas and spleen. γ2 - expressed mainly in adipose tissue (30 aminoacids longer) γ3 - expressed in macrophages, large intestine, white adipose tissue. δ (delta) - expre ...

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Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor, Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor - Nomenclature, Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor - History, Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor - What happened to PPARβ beta?, Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor - Physiological function, Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor - Genetics, Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor - Structure, Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor - Pharmacology, Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor - PPAR-alpha, Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor - PPAR-gamma, Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor - Sources

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PMDS type I results from mutations of the gene (AMH) for AMH on chromosome 19p3.3. OMIM 600957 PMDS type II results from mutations of the gene (AMH-RII) for the AMH receptor on 12q13. OMIM 600956 Both types of disorders are inherited as autosomal recessive conditions with expression limited to males (as females with AMH deficiency have no identified problems). ...

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Persistent müllerian duct syndrome, Persistent müllerian duct syndrome - Molecular genetics and inheritance

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There are two isoforms of human amylase: pancreatic and salivary amylase. They behave differently on isoelectric focusing, and can also be separated in testing by using specific monoclonal antibodies. Amylase - Ptyalin. Ptyalin is the name given to the amylase found in saliva that breaks starch down into maltose and dextrin. ...

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Amylase, Amylase - Types, Amylase - Ptyalin, Amylase - Function, Amylase - Genetics, Amylase - Detection, Amylase - Interpretation

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Although it is not enzymatically active, it is structurally related to several serine proteases of the coagulation cascade: factors VII, IX and X. The carboxyglutamate residues (which require vitamin K) bind protein Z to phospholipid surfaces. The main role of protein Z appears to be the degradation of factor Xa. This is done by protein Z-related protease inhibitor (ZPI), but the reaction is accelerated 1000-fold by the presence of protein Z. Oddly, ZPI also degrades factor XI, but this reaction doe ...

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Protein Z, Protein Z - Physiology, Protein Z - Genetics, Protein Z - History

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In the first edition (June 1979) of The Plantsman (a specialist journal published by the Royal Horticultural Society), Sandra Raphael (then a senior editor in the Dictionary Department of the Oxford University Press) contributed a short article on the history and meaning of the word. Her first example came from an issue of the Gardeners' Chronicle of 1881, when it seemed to mean "A nurseryman, a florist" (in the early sense of "florist" as a grower and breeder of flowers, rather than the more recent meaning of someone wh ...

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Plantsman, Plantsman - Defining the word, Plantsman - Some notable plantsmen and women, Plantsman - Other uses, Plantsman - Notes

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Geomagnetic storm - Radiation hazards to humans. Intense solar flares release very-high-energy particles that can be as injurious to humans as the low-energy radiation from nuclear blasts. Earth's atmosphere and magnetosphere allow adequate protection for us on the ground, but astronauts in space are subject to potentially lethal dosages of radiation. The penetration of high-energy particles into living cells can cause chromosome damage, cancer, and a host of other health problems. Large doses can be fatal immedi ...

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Geomagnetic storm, Geomagnetic storm - Interactions with planetary processes, Geomagnetic storm - Geomagnetic storm effects, Geomagnetic storm - Radiation hazards to humans, Geomagnetic storm - Climate, Geomagnetic storm - Biology, Geomagnetic storm - Disrupted systems, Geomagnetic storm - Suggested reading

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Gene splicing - 1. [n] the technology of splicing together DNA fragments from more than one organism and thus preparing a "recombinant" DNA molecule in a test tube. This is achieved by cutting up DNA molecules with restriction enzymes and splicing these fragments together using DNA ligase. Transgenic - an organism that contains DNA sequences from a foreign organism integrated into its own genome ; literally across gene. An example is any animal besides jelly fish that expresses the green flouresence protein (glow-in-the-dark-when-exposed-to-a-blacklight gene) such ...

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Genetically modified organism, Genetically modified organism - History, Genetically modified organism - Terminology, Genetically modified organism - Controversies over genetic modification, Genetically modified organism - Transgenics featured in fiction

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A nonstandard unit of length is the attoparsec. It comes in disguise and even has a proper abbreviation, "apc". It is, however, rarely used in the real world. Parsecs are used in astronomy to measure enormous interstellar distances; a parsec is approximately 3.26 light-years or 3.085×1016m. Combining it with the "atto" prefix yields attoparsec, a conveniently human-scaled unit of 3.085 centimeters (about 1-7/32 inches) that has no obvious practical use. Interestingly, 1 attoparsec/microfortnight is nearly 1 inch/second (the actual figure is 1.0043 inch per second or approximately 2. ...

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List of strange units of measurement, List of strange units of measurement - Attoparsec, List of strange units of measurement - Barn-megaparsec, List of strange units of measurement - Belgium, List of strange units of measurement - Books and Bible, List of strange units of measurement - Coffee, List of strange units of measurement - Cut-lunch-and-a-water-bag, List of strange units of measurement - Distance, List of strange units of measurement - Double-decker bus, List of strange units of measurement - FFF, List of strange units of measurement - FFF Base units, List of strange units of measurement - FFF derived units, List of strange units of measurement - Football field, List of strange units of measurement - Gillette, List of strange units of measurement - Happy, List of strange units of measurement - Helen, List of strange units of measurement - Hobo Power, List of strange units of measurement - Jiffy, List of strange units of measurement - KLOC or K-LOC, List of strange units of measurement - Koskenkorva bottle, List of strange units of measurement - Library of Congress, List of strange units of measurement - Metric, List of strange units of measurement - Microbit, List of strange units of measurement - Mikrotuki, List of strange units of measurement - Morgan, List of strange units of measurement - Nanoacre, List of strange units of measurement - Nanocentury, List of strange units of measurement - Nanosecond, List of strange units of measurement - Nelson's Column / Double-decker Bus, List of strange units of measurement - Nibble, List of strange units of measurement - Pikotuki, List of strange units of measurement - Pinkwater, List of strange units of measurement - Poronkusema, List of strange units of measurement - Potrzebie, List of strange units of measurement - Realtor's Throw, List of strange units of measurement - Rhode Island/Texas/Alaska/Washington D.C., List of strange units of measurement - Rods to the Hogshead, List of strange units of measurement - Seemeilen/Woche, List of strange units of measurement - SI-Imperial hybrids, List of strange units of measurement - Siriometer, List of strange units of measurement - Smoot, List of strange units of measurement - Stone's throw/Spitting distance, List of strange units of measurement - Sydharb, List of strange units of measurement - Tall Buildings, List of strange units of measurement - Wales/Belgium, List of strange units of measurement - Warhol

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While ADD/ADHD is a known psychiatric condition, there are various theories about the cause and some controversy over the number of persons diagnosed and the cost of medications. Some denial in families may also relate to the negative perception of the condition as a hereditary brain disorder. Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder - Skepticism towards ADHD as a diagnosis. Critics have complained that the ADHD diagnostic criteria are sufficiently general or vague to allow virtually any child with persistent un ...

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Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder - Formal definitions, Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder - Symptoms, Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder - Diagnosis, Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder - Comparative behavior, Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder - Incidence, Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder - Testing for ADHD, Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder - Psychological testing, Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder - Other forms of testing, Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder - Possible causes, Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder - Genetic vulnerabilities, Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder - Neuro-chemical imbalance, Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder - Smoking during pregnancy, Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder - Nutrition, Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder - Sleep apnea, Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder - Head injuries, Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder - Treatment, Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder - Mainstream treatments, Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder - Alternative treatments, Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder - Views on neurodiversity, Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder - Views on parenting, Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder - Evidence for ADHD as an organic phenomenon, Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder - Positive aspects, Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder - Controversy, Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder - Skepticism towards ADHD as a diagnosis, Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder - ADHD as pseudo-science and its falsifiability, Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder - Hunter in a Farmer's Society theory, Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder - ADHD as a social construct, Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder - Concerns about the impact of labeling, Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder - Concerns about medication, Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder - ADD/ADHD a hoax?, Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder - famous people and ADHD, Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder - Twentieth century history, Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder - Terminology, Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder - Footnotes

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Atta sexdens - Colony architecture. A. sexdens colonies are primarily subterranean with a mound of excavated material on the surface. The diameter of the colony may reach 10 meters with a depth of 6 meters. The colonies contain up to 2000 chambers with a combined volume of more than 20 cubic meters. There are two basic types of chambers: Fungus farms and waste chambers. The farms contain the fungal culture which sustains the colony and also larvae and pupae. The waste chambers are located at the rim of the colony and are significantly larger. They are used to dispose used fungal culture and dead ants. A ...

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Atta sexdens, Atta sexdens - Description, Atta sexdens - Colony architecture, Atta sexdens - Anatomy, Atta sexdens - Development, Atta sexdens - Behavior, Atta sexdens - Foraging, Atta sexdens - Fungus cultivation, Atta sexdens - Cleaning, Atta sexdens - Reproduction, Atta sexdens - Significance, Atta sexdens - Ecological impact, Atta sexdens - Economic impact, Atta sexdens - Human-Atta comparisons

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Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome - Type 1. Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome, type 1 is also known as the candidiasis-hypoparathyroidism-Addison's disease-syndrome after its main features: A mild immune deficiency, leading to persistent mucosal and cutaneous infections with candida yeasts. There is also decreased function of the spleen (asplenism). Autoimmune dysfunction of the parathyroid gland (leading to hypocalcemia) and the adrenal gland (Addison's disease: hypoglycemia, hypoten ...

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Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome, Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome - The syndromes, Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome - Type 1, Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome - Type 2, Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome - XPID, Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome - Other diseases, Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome - Management, Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome - Sources

Read more here: » Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome: Encyclopedia II - Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome - The syndromes

Mammalian X-chromosome inactivation is initiated from the X inactivation centre or Xic, usually found near the centromere. (Rougeulle et al., 2003) The centre contains twelve genes, seven of which code for proteins, five for untranslated RNAs, of which only two are known to play an active role in the X inactivation process, Xist and Tsix. (Rougeulle et al., 2003) The centre also appears to be important in chromosome counting: ensuring that random inactivation only takes place when two X-chromosomes are present. The provi ...

See also:

Barr body, Barr body - Mechanism

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Cells are classified into two categories: simple, non-nucleated prokaryotic cells, and complex, nucleated eukaryotic cells. By virtue of their structural differences, eurkayotic and prokaryotic cells do not divide in the same way. Furthermore, the pattern of cell division that transforms eukaryotic stem cells into gametes (sperm in males or ova in females) is different from that of eukaryotic somatic (non-germ) cells. Cell division - Prokaryotic cells. ...

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Cell division, Cell division - Variants of cell division, Cell division - Prokaryotic cells, Cell division - Somatic eukaryotic cells, Cell division - Germ eukaryotic cells, Cell division - Cellular division degrades in time, Cell division - External link

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Beta-lactam antibiotic - Penicillins. Main article: penicillin benzathine penicillin benzylpenicillin (penicillin G) phenoxymethylpenicillin (penicillin V) procaine penicillin methicillin dicloxacillin flucloxacillin amoxicillin ampicillin co-amoxiclav (amoxycillin+clavulanic acid) piperacillin ticarcillin azlocillin carbenicillin ...

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Beta-lactam antibiotic, Beta-lactam antibiotic - Clinical use, Beta-lactam antibiotic - Mode of action, Beta-lactam antibiotic - Modes of resistance, Beta-lactam antibiotic - Common β-lactam antibiotics, Beta-lactam antibiotic - Penicillins, Beta-lactam antibiotic - Cephalosporins, Beta-lactam antibiotic - Carbapenems, Beta-lactam antibiotic - Monobactams, Beta-lactam antibiotic - Beta-lactamase inhibitors, Beta-lactam antibiotic - Adverse effects, Beta-lactam antibiotic - Adverse drug reactions, Beta-lactam antibiotic - Allergy/hypersensitivity

Read more here: » Beta-lactam antibiotic: Encyclopedia II - Beta-lactam antibiotic - Common β-lactam antibiotics

The disorder is inherited with an X-linked recessive inheritance pattern. The gene is located on the X chromosome. Since women have two X chromosomes, if one X chromosome has the non-working gene, the second X chromosome will have a working copy of the gene to compensate. In these cases, some women have much milder symptoms because of this ability to compensate. For example, carrier females of mutations are at increased risk for dilated cardiomyopathy. Since men have an X and a Y chromosome and because they don't have another X to compensate for the defective gene, they willSee also:

Becker's muscular dystrophy, Becker's muscular dystrophy - Genetics, Becker's muscular dystrophy - Symptoms, Becker's muscular dystrophy - Signs and tests, Becker's muscular dystrophy - Treatment, Becker's muscular dystrophy - Support Groups, Becker's muscular dystrophy - Expectations prognosis, Becker's muscular dystrophy - Complications

Read more here: » Becker's muscular dystrophy: Encyclopedia II - Becker's muscular dystrophy - Genetics