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chromosome | A Wisdom Archive on chromosome | | chromosome A selection of articles related to chromosome | |
| We recommend this article: chromosome - 1, and also this: chromosome - 2. |
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chromosome, Chromosome, Chromosome - Chromatin, Chromosome - Chromosomal aberrations, Chromosome - Chromosomes in bacteria, Chromosome - Chromosomes in plants yeast and animals, Chromosome - Human, Chromosome - Karyotype, Chromosome - Number of chromosomes in different species, Locus (explains gene location nomenclature), Lyon hypothesis, Y-chromosomal Adam, Y-chromosomal Aaron, Genealogical DNA test, Genetic deletion, List of number of chromosomes of various organisms
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| ARTICLES RELATED TO chromosome | | | | |  chromosome: Encyclopedia II - Myotonic dystrophy - OverviewMyotonic dystrophy (DM) is the most common muscular dystrophy in adults, and is the second most common muscular dystrophy after Duchenne muscular dystrophy. It is an autosomal dominant genetic disorder affecting one in 8,000 individuals. Onset is usually in the second or third decade and the life span of affected individuals is typically six decades. A congenital form of DM can occur in second or third generations, however, and can be fatal for affected infants. Characteristics of DM include myotonia, as well as progressive weakening ...
See also:Myotonic dystrophy, Myotonic dystrophy - Overview, Myotonic dystrophy - Clinical characteristics of myotonic dystrophy, Myotonic dystrophy - Clinical features of myotonic dystrophy type 1 Steinert's disease, Myotonic dystrophy - Mild DM, Myotonic dystrophy - Classical DM, Myotonic dystrophy - Congenital Myotonic Dystrophy, Myotonic dystrophy - Correlation between expansion length and clinical signs in DM1 and CMyD, Myotonic dystrophy - Clinical Features of Myotonic Dystrophy Type 2 Proximal Myotonic Myopathy or PROMM, Myotonic dystrophy - Genetics of myotonic dystrophy, Myotonic dystrophy - Management of patients with myotonic dystrophy, Myotonic dystrophy - Myotonia, Myotonic dystrophy - Muscle weakness and wasting, Myotonic dystrophy - Cardiac conduction abnormalities, Myotonic dystrophy - Respiratory Complications, Myotonic dystrophy - Pregnancy, Myotonic dystrophy - CMyD, Myotonic dystrophy - Complications from anesthesia, Myotonic dystrophy - Genetic counseling considerations, Myotonic dystrophy - Molecular testing for myotonic dystrophy, Myotonic dystrophy - Summary Read more here: » Myotonic dystrophy: Encyclopedia II - Myotonic dystrophy - Overview |
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| | | | | | | chromosome: Encyclopedia II - Potter syndrome - Types Since its initial characterization, Potter Syndrome has been defined into five distinct subclassifications. There are those in the medical and research fields that use the term Potter Syndrome to specifically refer to only cases of BRA, while other groups use the term to loosely refer to all instances of oligohydramnios and anhydramnios regardless of the specific cause. The assignment of nomenclature to the various causes (types) were employed in order to help clarify these descrepancies, but, these subclassifications and nomenclature system have not caught on in the medical and research communities.
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See also:Potter syndrome, Potter syndrome - History, Potter syndrome - Types, Potter syndrome - Classic form, Potter syndrome - Type I, Potter syndrome - Type II, Potter syndrome - Type III, Potter syndrome - Type IV, Potter syndrome - Others, Potter syndrome - Terminology: Syndrome vs. Sequence, Potter syndrome - Classic form, Potter syndrome - Normal kidney development, Potter syndrome - Importance of fetal urine, Potter syndrome - Physical characteristics, Potter syndrome - Genetics, Potter syndrome - Current research Read more here: » Potter syndrome: Encyclopedia II - Potter syndrome - Types |
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| | | | | | chromosome: Encyclopedia II - Prenatal diagnosis - Ethical and practical issues
Prenatal diagnosis - Ethical Issues of Prenatal Testing.
The option to continue a pregnancy or abortion is the main choice after most prenatal testing.
Are the risks of prenatal diagnosis, such as amniocentesis worth the potential benefit?
Some fear that this may lead to being able to pick and choose what children parents would like to have. This could lead to choice in sex, physical characteristics, and personality in children.
Knowing about certain birth defects, such as spina b ...
See also:Prenatal diagnosis, Prenatal diagnosis - Reasons for prenatal diagnosis, Prenatal diagnosis - Risk Factors Qualifying a Woman for Prenatal Testing, Prenatal diagnosis - Ethical and practical issues, Prenatal diagnosis - Ethical Issues of Prenatal Testing, Prenatal diagnosis - Will the result of the test affect treatment of the fetus?, Prenatal diagnosis - False positives and false negatives, Prenatal diagnosis - Methods of prenatal diagnosis Read more here: » Prenatal diagnosis: Encyclopedia II - Prenatal diagnosis - Ethical and practical issues |
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| | | | | chromosome: Encyclopedia II - Multiple myeloma - Diagnosis
Multiple myeloma - Investigations.
The existence of unexplained anemia, kidney dysfunction, a high erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and a high serum protein (especially raised globulin) may suggest further testing. A doctor will then order protein electrophoresis of the blood and urine, on which a paraprotein (monoclonal protein, or M protein) band can be noticed. A type of paraprotein is the Bence Jones protein which is paraprotein composed of free light chains (see below). Quantitative measurements of the p ...
See also:Multiple myeloma, Multiple myeloma - Signs and symptoms, Multiple myeloma - Diagnosis, Multiple myeloma - Investigations, Multiple myeloma - Workup, Multiple myeloma - Criteria, Multiple myeloma - Staging, Multiple myeloma - Pathophysiology, Multiple myeloma - Epidemiology, Multiple myeloma - Treatment, Multiple myeloma - Initial therapy, Multiple myeloma - Relapse, Multiple myeloma - Prognosis, Multiple myeloma - Patients Read more here: » Multiple myeloma: Encyclopedia II - Multiple myeloma - Diagnosis |
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| | | | | chromosome: Encyclopedia II - Molecular evolution - Principles of molecular evolution
Molecular evolution - Mutations.
Main article: Mutation
Mutations are permanent, transmissible changes to the genetic material (usually DNA or RNA) of a cell. Mutations can be caused by copying errors in the genetic material during cell division and by exposure to radiation, chemicals, or viruses, or can occur deliberately under cellular control during the processes such as meiosis or hypermutation. Mutations are considered the driving force of evolution, where less favorable (or deleterious) ...
See also:Molecular evolution, Molecular evolution - Exceptions to the general description, Molecular evolution - Principles of molecular evolution, Molecular evolution - Mutations, Molecular evolution - Causes of change in allele frequency, Molecular evolution - Molecular study of phylogeny, Molecular evolution - The neutral theory, Molecular evolution - Infinite alleles model, Molecular evolution - Related fields Read more here: » Molecular evolution: Encyclopedia II - Molecular evolution - Principles of molecular evolution |
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| | | | | chromosome: Encyclopedia II - Lyme disease - History The disease was first documented as a skin rash in Europe in 1883. Over the years, researchers there identified additional features of the disease, including an unidentified pathogen, its response to penicillin, the role of the Ixodes tick (wood tick) as its vector, and symptoms that included not only the rash but additional ones that affected the nervous system.
Researchers in the US had been aware of tick infections since the early 1900s. For example, an infection called tick relapsing fever was reported in 1905, and the wood ...
See also:Lyme disease, Lyme disease - History, Lyme disease - Microbiology, Lyme disease - Transmission, Lyme disease - Symptoms, Lyme disease - Acute early symptoms, Lyme disease - Chronic late symptoms, Lyme disease - Diagnosis, Lyme disease - Prognosis, Lyme disease - Prevention, Lyme disease - Treatment Read more here: » Lyme disease: Encyclopedia II - Lyme disease - History |
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| | | | | chromosome: Encyclopedia II - Lupus erythematosus - Signs and symptoms Common initial and chronic complaints are fever, malaise, joint pains, myalgias and fatigue. Because they are so often seen with other diseases, these signs and symptoms are not part of the diagnostic criteria for SLE. When occurring in conjunction with other signs and symptoms, however, they are considered suggestive.
Lupus erythematosus - Dermatological manifestations.
As many as 30% of patients present with some dermatological symptoms (and 65% suffer such symptoms at some point), with 30% to 50% suffer ...
See also:Lupus erythematosus, Lupus erythematosus - Signs and symptoms, Lupus erythematosus - Dermatological manifestations, Lupus erythematosus - Musculoskeletal manifestations, Lupus erythematosus - Hematological manifestations, Lupus erythematosus - Cardiac manifestations, Lupus erythematosus - Renal involvement, Lupus erythematosus - Neurological manifestations, Lupus erythematosus - T-cell abnormalities, Lupus erythematosus - Diagnosis, Lupus erythematosus - Classification, Lupus erythematosus - Etiology, Lupus erythematosus - Genetics, Lupus erythematosus - Environmental causes, Lupus erythematosus - Drug-induced lupus, Lupus erythematosus - Pathophysiology, Lupus erythematosus - Abnormalities in apoptosis, Lupus erythematosus - Complement pathway, Lupus erythematosus - Treatment, Lupus erythematosus - Epidemiology, Lupus erythematosus - Prognosis, Lupus erythematosus - History Read more here: » Lupus erythematosus: Encyclopedia II - Lupus erythematosus - Signs and symptoms |
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| | | | | chromosome: Encyclopedia II - List of strange units of measurement - Attoparsec A nonstandard unit of length is the attoparsec. It comes in disguise and even has a proper abbreviation, "apc". It is, however, rarely used in the real world.
Parsecs are used in astronomy to measure enormous interstellar distances; a parsec is approximately 3.26 light-years or 3.085×1016m. Combining it with the "atto" prefix yields attoparsec, a conveniently human-scaled unit of 3.085 centimeters (about 1-7/32 inches) that has no obvious practical use.
Interestingly, 1 attoparsec/microfortnight is nearly 1 inch/second (the actual figure is 1.0043 inch per second or approximately 2. ...
See also:List of strange units of measurement, List of strange units of measurement - Attoparsec, List of strange units of measurement - Barn-megaparsec, List of strange units of measurement - Belgium, List of strange units of measurement - Books and Bible, List of strange units of measurement - Coffee, List of strange units of measurement - Cut-lunch-and-a-water-bag, List of strange units of measurement - Distance, List of strange units of measurement - FFF, List of strange units of measurement - FFF Base units, List of strange units of measurement - FFF derived units, List of strange units of measurement - Football field, List of strange units of measurement - Gillette, List of strange units of measurement - Helen, List of strange units of measurement - Hobo Power, List of strange units of measurement - Jiffy, List of strange units of measurement - KLOC or K-LOC, List of strange units of measurement - Koskenkorva bottle, List of strange units of measurement - Library of Congress, List of strange units of measurement - Metric, List of strange units of measurement - Microbit, List of strange units of measurement - Mikrotuki, List of strange units of measurement - Morgan, List of strange units of measurement - Nanoacre, List of strange units of measurement - Nanocentury, List of strange units of measurement - Nanosecond, List of strange units of measurement - Nelson's Column / Double-decker Bus, List of strange units of measurement - Nibble, List of strange units of measurement - Pikotuki, List of strange units of measurement - Pinkwater, List of strange units of measurement - Poronkusema, List of strange units of measurement - Potrzebie, List of strange units of measurement - Realtor's Throw, List of strange units of measurement - Rhode Island/Texas/Alaska/Washington D.C., List of strange units of measurement - Rods to the Hogshead, List of strange units of measurement - Seemeilen/Woche, List of strange units of measurement - SI-Imperial hybrids, List of strange units of measurement - Smoot, List of strange units of measurement - Stone's throw/Spitting distance, List of strange units of measurement - Sydharb, List of strange units of measurement - Tall Buildings, List of strange units of measurement - Wales/Belgium, List of strange units of measurement - Warhol Read more here: » List of strange units of measurement: Encyclopedia II - List of strange units of measurement - Attoparsec |
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| | | | | chromosome: Encyclopedia II - Malignant hyperthermia - Pathophysiology
Malignant hyperthermia - Disease mechanism.
Malignant hyperthermia is caused in a large proportion (25-50%) of cases by a mutation of the ryanodine receptor (type 1) on sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR), the organelle within skeletal muscle cells that stores calcium (Gillard et al 1991). In normal muscle, the receptor releases small amounts of calcium when triggered, which is then reabsorbed into the SR for the next cycle of contraction. In MH, the receptor does not close properly after having opened in response ...
See also:Malignant hyperthermia, Malignant hyperthermia - Signs symptoms and diagnosis, Malignant hyperthermia - Susceptibility testing, Malignant hyperthermia - Pathophysiology, Malignant hyperthermia - Disease mechanism, Malignant hyperthermia - Animal model, Malignant hyperthermia - Genetics, Malignant hyperthermia - Epidemiology, Malignant hyperthermia - Treatment, Malignant hyperthermia - History Read more here: » Malignant hyperthermia: Encyclopedia II - Malignant hyperthermia - Pathophysiology |
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| | | | | | chromosome: Encyclopedia II - Miscarriage - Forms and types ICD-10 codes are provided where available.
Miscarriage - Threatened abortion O20.0.
A threatened abortion is the development of symptoms (bleeding with or without cramps or low back pain) that often suggest impending miscarriage. With such a presentation of bleeding, 50% proceed to miscarriage of the pregnancy.
Management of these patients involves an examination to assess for cervical dilatation, an ultrasound to assess fetal viability, and bedrest for the mother, though there is no scientifically-proven benefit for the latter. When a threatened abortion occurs, no hormone ...
See also:Miscarriage, Miscarriage - Experience, Miscarriage - Prevalence, Miscarriage - Terminology, Miscarriage - Forms and types, Miscarriage - Threatened abortion O20.0, Miscarriage - Inevitable abortion, Miscarriage - Incomplete abortion O03.0-O06.4, Miscarriage - Septic abortion, Miscarriage - Missed abortion O02.1, Miscarriage - Habitual abortion N96, Miscarriage - Pathology, Miscarriage - Timing, Miscarriage - Causes, Miscarriage - Management, Miscarriage - Psychological aspects, Miscarriage - Notes Read more here: » Miscarriage: Encyclopedia II - Miscarriage - Forms and types |
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| | | | | chromosome: Encyclopedia II - Maturity onset diabetes of the young - Signs symptoms and differential diagnosis There are two general types of clinical presentation. Some forms of MODY produce significant hyperglycemia and the typical signs and symptoms of diabetes: increased thirst and urination (polydipsia and polyuria). In contrast, however, many people with MODY have no signs or symptoms and are diagnosed by either (1) accident, when a high glucose is discovered during testing for other reasons, or (2) screening of relatives of a person discovered to have diabetes. Discovery of mild h ...
See also:Maturity onset diabetes of the young, Maturity onset diabetes of the young - History of the concept and treatment of MODY, Maturity onset diabetes of the young - Signs symptoms and differential diagnosis, Maturity onset diabetes of the young - Pathophysiology, Maturity onset diabetes of the young - Genetics, Maturity onset diabetes of the young - MODY 1: hepatocyte nuclear factor 4α, Maturity onset diabetes of the young - MODY 2: glucokinase, Maturity onset diabetes of the young - MODY 3: hepatocyte nuclear factor 1α, Maturity onset diabetes of the young - MODY 4: insulin promoter factor-1, Maturity onset diabetes of the young - MODY 5: hepatocyte nuclear factor 1β, Maturity onset diabetes of the young - MODY 6: neurogenic differentiation 1, Maturity onset diabetes of the young - MODY X: other possible forms of MODY, Maturity onset diabetes of the young - Complications and goals of management, Maturity onset diabetes of the young - Related homozygous disorders, Maturity onset diabetes of the young - Links Read more here: » Maturity onset diabetes of the young: Encyclopedia II - Maturity onset diabetes of the young - Signs symptoms and differential diagnosis |
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| | | | | | | chromosome: Encyclopedia II - Lactose intolerance - Managing lactose intolerance There is no "treatment" or "cure" to lactose intolerance, per se. There have been some cases where the intolerance has somehow diminished with time; this has not been studied scientifically, however, and whether it is a case of desensitization remains to be seen. It should be remembered that lactose intolerance is not a binary (all-or-nothing) condition: the reduction in lactase production, and hence, amount of lactose that can be tolerated varies from person to person, and may change with age. The management of lactose intolerance involves avoiding lactose-containing products, ...
See also:Lactose intolerance, Lactose intolerance - Biology, Lactose intolerance - Lactose intolerance by group, Lactose intolerance - Etiology, Lactose intolerance - Diagnosis, Lactose intolerance - Managing lactose intolerance, Lactose intolerance - Avoiding lactose-containing products, Lactose intolerance - Alternative Products, Lactose intolerance - Lactase-enzyme Medication, Lactose intolerance - History Read more here: » Lactose intolerance: Encyclopedia II - Lactose intolerance - Managing lactose intolerance |
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| | | | | | | chromosome: Encyclopedia II - Luteinizing hormone - Activity In both males and females, LH stimulates the production of sex steroids from the gonads. Leydig cells in male testes respond to LH by producing testosterone, while theca cells in the female ovary respond to LH by producing androgens and estrogens.
In females, a LH surge about halfway through the menstrual cycle triggers the onset of ovulation. LH also induces the ovulated follicle to become the corpus luteum, which then secretes progesterone.
LH levels are normally low durin ...
See also:Luteinizing hormone, Luteinizing hormone - Structure, Luteinizing hormone - Genes, Luteinizing hormone - Activity, Luteinizing hormone - Deficient LH activity, Luteinizing hormone - Excess LH activity, Luteinizing hormone - Availability Read more here: » Luteinizing hormone: Encyclopedia II - Luteinizing hormone - Activity |
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