chromosome

A concept is an abstract, universal idea, notion, or entity that serves to designate a category or class of entities, events, or relations. Concepts are abstract in that they omit the differences of the things in their extension, treating them as if they were identical. They are universal in that they apply equally to every thing in their extension. Concepts are also the basic elements of propositions, much the same way a wor ...

Including:

• Concept - Locke
• Concept - Kant's Definition
• Concept - Schopenhauer
• Concept - John Stuart Mill's Conceptions
• Concept - William James's Truth
• Concept - Gilles Deleuze's definition of Philosophy
• Concept - Ayn Rand
• Concept - Concepts in science
• Concept - Concepts in Mathematics

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Color blindness, or color vision deficiency, in humans is the inability to perceive differences between some or all colors that other people can distinguish. It is most often of genetic nature, but may also occur because of eye, nerve, or brain damage, or due to exposure to certain chemicals. The English chemist John Dalton in 1794 published the first scientific paper on the subject, "Extraordinary facts relating to the vision of colors", after the realization of his own color blindness; because of Dalton's work, the condition is sometimes called Daltonism, although this term is now used for a type of c ...

Including:

• Color blindness - Prevalence
• Color blindness - Causes of color blindness
• Color blindness - Classification of color deficiencies
• Color blindness - Red-green color blindness
• Color blindness - Blue-yellow color blindness
• Color blindness - Monochromacy
• Color blindness - Diagnosis
• Color blindness - Treatment and management
• Color blindness - Design implications of color blindness
• Color blindness - Misconceptions & Compensations

Read more here: » Color blindness: Encyclopedia - Color blindness

Werner syndrome is a very rare, autosomal recessive disorder whose most recognizable characteristic is premature aging. For this reason, Werner syndrome is often referred to as a progeroid syndrome, as it partly mimics the symptoms of Progeria. The defect is on a gene that codes DNA helicase and it is located on the short arm of the 8th chromosome. As a result DNA replication is impaired in this syndrome. This condition is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern. Werner syndrome - Symptoms. Individuals ...

Including:

• Werner syndrome - Symptoms
• Werner syndrome - Epidemiology
• Werner syndrome - Genetics
• Werner syndrome - History

Read more here: » Werner syndrome: Encyclopedia - Werner syndrome

Colchicine Colchicine is a highly poisonous alkaloid, originally extracted from plants of the genus Colchicum (Autumn crocus, also known as the "Meadow saffron"). Originally used to treat rheumatic complaints and especially gout, it was also prescribed for its cathartic and emetic effects. Its present use is mainly in the treatment of gout. Colchicine - History. Colchicum extract was first described as a treatment for gout in De Materia Medica by Padanius Dioscorides in th ...

Including:

• Colchicine - History
• Colchicine - Pharmacology
• Colchicine - Biological function
• Colchicine - Colchicine as medicine
• Colchicine - Toxicity
• Colchicine - Botanical use

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A vanishing twin, also called twin embolisation syndrome' or foetus papiricus, is the term for a fetus who is partially or completely reabsorbed during the pregnancy, as opposed to a normal birth or a miscarriage. One theory for the creation of a vanishing twin is due to an atypical fertilization process. Fraternal twins usually develop by the fertilization of two ova by two sperm each of which grow in one common sac within the womb. This is called dizygotic monochorionic twins. Vanishing twin is thought to occur when two difference sacs are formed causing one, the vanishing twin, to be squished fl ...

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5-alpha reductase is an enzyme (EC 1.3.99.5) that converts testosterone, the male sex hormone, into dihydrotestosterone. There are two isoenzymes, steroid 5-alpha reductase 1 and 2 (SRD5A1 and SRD5A2). The second isoenzyme is deficient in 5-alpha-reductase deficiency which leads to a form of intersexualism. 5-alpha reductase - Genetics. SRD5A1 is located on chromosome 5p15, while SRD5A2 is located on 2p23. 5-alpha reductase - Pharmacology. Finasteride inhibits the ...

Including:

• 5-alpha reductase - Genetics
• 5-alpha reductase - Pharmacology
• 5-alpha reductase - External

Read more here: » 5-alpha reductase: Encyclopedia - 5-alpha reductase

The proteins that are found associated with isolated chromatin fall into several functional categories: chromatin-bound enzymes high mobility group (HMG) proteins transcription factors scaffold proteins Enzymes associated with chromatin are those involved in DNA replication and repair, in transcription, and in post-translational modification of histones. Examples are various types of nucleases and proteases. Scaffold proteins encompass chromatin proteins such as insulators, domain b ...

See also:

Chromatin, Chromatin - Introduction, Chromatin - Levels of Chromatin Organization in Detail, Chromatin - 1. Chromatin & Watson/Crick base pairing, Chromatin - 2. Junction between B- and Z-DNA, Chromatin - 3. The Nucleosome, Chromatin - 4. Beads-On-A-String Chromatosome Array, Chromatin - 5. Higher order Chromatin Structure, Chromatin - 6. Territorial Organization of Chromatin in the Cell Nucleus, Chromatin - Non-Histone Chromosomal Proteins, Chromatin - Chromatin: Alternative Definitions, Chromatin - History, Chromatin - Nobel Prizes Related to Chromatin, Chromatin - Reference

Read more here: » Chromatin: Encyclopedia II - Chromatin - Non-Histone Chromosomal Proteins

Simplistically, there are three major levels of chromatin organization (Fig.1): nucleosome - "beads on a string" 30 nm condensed chromatin fiber consisting of nucleosome arrays in their most compact form The hierarchy continues with increasing DNA-packaging density until the metaphase chromosome is attained. Sperm cell chromatin is an exception to the above. During spermiogenesis, the spermatid's chromatin is remodelled into a more tightly packaged, compact, almost crystal-like structure. T ...

See also:

Chromatin, Chromatin - Introduction, Chromatin - Levels of Chromatin Organization in Detail, Chromatin - 1. Chromatin & Watson/Crick base pairing, Chromatin - 2. Junction between B- and Z-DNA, Chromatin - 3. The Nucleosome, Chromatin - 4. Beads-On-A-String Chromatosome Array, Chromatin - 5. Higher order Chromatin Structure, Chromatin - 6. Territorial Organization of Chromatin in the Cell Nucleus, Chromatin - Non-Histone Chromosomal Proteins, Chromatin - Chromatin: Alternative Definitions, Chromatin - History, Chromatin - Nobel Prizes Related to Chromatin, Chromatin - Reference

Read more here: » Chromatin: Encyclopedia II - Chromatin - Introduction

Asperger syndrome (sometimes called Asperger's syndrome, AS, or the more common shorthand Asperger's), is characterized as one of the five pervasive developmental disorders, and is commonly referred to as a form of high-functioning autism. In very broad terms, individuals with Asperger's have normal or above average intellectual capacity, and atypical or less well developed social skills, often with emotional/social development or integration happening later than usual as a result. The term "Asperger's synd ...

Including:

• Asperger syndrome - Prevalence
• Asperger syndrome - Characteristics
• Asperger syndrome - Social impairments
• Asperger syndrome - Narrow intense interests
• Asperger syndrome - Speech and language peculiarities
• Asperger syndrome - Other characteristics
• Asperger syndrome - Living with Asperger syndrome
• Asperger syndrome - Definitions and diagnostic criteria
• Asperger syndrome - Relationship to autism
• Asperger syndrome - Possible causes and origins
• Asperger syndrome - A gift and a curse
• Asperger syndrome - Speculation about recognized people who may have Asperger syndrome
• Asperger syndrome - Shift away from view as a disease
• Asperger syndrome - Criticisms and controversies
• Asperger syndrome - Asperger syndrome as a social construct
• Asperger syndrome - The extreme male brain theory
• Asperger syndrome - Culture

Read more here: » Asperger syndrome: Encyclopedia - Asperger syndrome

In 1882 Walther Flemming used the term Chromatin for the first time. Flemming assumed that within the nucleus there was some kind of a nuclear-scaffold. Further there were nucleoli, the nuclear plasm and the nuclear membranes. He wrote (transl. from German): “The scaffold owes its capability of refraction, the way how it behaves, and in particular its colorability to a substance which, with regard to its latter attribute, I have termed Chromatin. It is possible that this substance is really identic ...

See also:

Chromatin, Chromatin - Introduction, Chromatin - Levels of Chromatin Organization in Detail, Chromatin - 1. Chromatin & Watson/Crick base pairing, Chromatin - 2. Junction between B- and Z-DNA, Chromatin - 3. The Nucleosome, Chromatin - 4. Beads-On-A-String Chromatosome Array, Chromatin - 5. Higher order Chromatin Structure, Chromatin - 6. Territorial Organization of Chromatin in the Cell Nucleus, Chromatin - Non-Histone Chromosomal Proteins, Chromatin - Chromatin: Alternative Definitions, Chromatin - History, Chromatin - Nobel Prizes Related to Chromatin, Chromatin - Reference

Read more here: » Chromatin: Encyclopedia II - Chromatin - History

Albrecht Kossel University of Heidelberg. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1910 "in recognition of the contributions to our knowledge of cell chemistry made through his work on proteins, including the nucleic substances" Thomas Hunt Morgan California Institute of Technology (Caltech) The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1933 "for his discov ...

See also:

Chromatin, Chromatin - Introduction, Chromatin - Levels of Chromatin Organization in Detail, Chromatin - 1. Chromatin & Watson/Crick base pairing, Chromatin - 2. Junction between B- and Z-DNA, Chromatin - 3. The Nucleosome, Chromatin - 4. Beads-On-A-String Chromatosome Array, Chromatin - 5. Higher order Chromatin Structure, Chromatin - 6. Territorial Organization of Chromatin in the Cell Nucleus, Chromatin - Non-Histone Chromosomal Proteins, Chromatin - Chromatin: Alternative Definitions, Chromatin - History, Chromatin - Nobel Prizes Related to Chromatin, Chromatin - Reference

Read more here: » Chromatin: Encyclopedia II - Chromatin - Nobel Prizes Related to Chromatin

A sex-determination system is a biological system that determines the development of sexual characteristics in an organism. In many cases, sex determination is genetic: males and females have different alleles or even different genes that specify their sexual morphology. In animals, this is often accompanied by chromosomal differences. In other cases, sex is determined by environmental variables (such as temperature) or social variables (the size of an organism relative to other members of its population). The details of some sex-dete ...

Including:

• Sex-determination system - Chromosomal determination
• Sex-determination system - Mammals
• Sex-determination system - Other chromosomal systems
• Sex-determination system - Non-genetic sex-determination systems
• Sex-determination system - Reference

Read more here: » Sex-determination system: Encyclopedia - Sex-determination system

Cystic fibrosis (CF), also called mucoviscidosis, is an autosomal recessive hereditary disease of the exocrine glands. It affects the lungs, sweat glands and the digestive system. It causes chronic respiratory and digestive problems. Cystic fibrosis - Symptoms. The first manifestation of CF is sometimes meconium ileus, occuring in 16% of infants who develop CF. [1] Other symptoms of CF usually develop during early childhood. Both lungs and pancreas produce abnormally viscous mucus. This ...

Including:

• Cystic fibrosis - Symptoms
• Cystic fibrosis - History and statistics
• Cystic fibrosis - Biological causes
• Cystic fibrosis - Complications
• Cystic fibrosis - Cross-infection
• Cystic fibrosis - Digestion
• Cystic fibrosis - Diabetes
• Cystic fibrosis - Fertility
• Cystic fibrosis - Other complications
• Cystic fibrosis - Treatment
• Cystic fibrosis - Notable people with cystic fibrosis

Read more here: » Cystic fibrosis: Encyclopedia - Cystic fibrosis

Yersinia pestis bacterium, belonging to the family Enterobacteriaceae. It is the infectious agent of bubonic plague, and can also cause pneumonic plague and septicemic plague. All forms have been responsible for enormous mortality in many fearsome epidemics throughout the history of mankind (without treatment, patients with the bubonic form die, and almost 100% with the pneumonic form), such as the Great Plague and the Black Death, the latter of which accounted for the death of approximately 25% of the European population. The role of Y. Pestis in the Black Death is today highly debated amongst historians, as scie ...

Including:

• Yersinia pestis - History
• Yersinia pestis - Pathogenicity and immunity
• Yersinia pestis - Genome
• Yersinia pestis - Susceptibility
• Yersinia pestis - Related topics

Read more here: » Yersinia pestis: Encyclopedia - Yersinia pestis

The xenomorph is a fictional extraterrestrial life form of unknown origin from the Alien universe, created by writers Dan O'Bannon and Ronald Shusset. The original alien design was created by Swiss surrealist artist H. R. Giger. The xenomorph is a hive organism, reproducing through parasitical means. The xenomorph lives to serve the hive and its sole purpose is that goal, being an efficiently designed killing machine. In the words of one observer, "A perfect organism. Its structural perfection is matched only by its hostility, ...

Including:

• Xenomorph - The name
• Xenomorph - Characteristics
• Xenomorph - Life cycle
• Xenomorph - Behavioural & defensive attributes
• Xenomorph - The Queen
• Xenomorph - Birth
• Xenomorph - Hive relationships
• Xenomorph - Design
• Xenomorph - Non-Canon castes
• Xenomorph - Praetorian
• Xenomorph - PredAlien
• Xenomorph - Queen Mother
• Xenomorph - Empress
• Xenomorph - PredQueen
• Xenomorph - Rogue
• Xenomorph - K-Series
• Xenomorph - Carrier/Ravager
• Xenomorph - Xenoborg
• Xenomorph - Human-Alien
• Xenomorph - Other non-canon castes
• Xenomorph - Variations
• Xenomorph - Body shape
• Xenomorph - Tail
• Xenomorph - Head
• Xenomorph - Fingers
• Xenomorph - Reproduction
• Xenomorph - Debate
• Xenomorph - DNA assimilation
• Xenomorph - Caste/cowl
• Xenomorph - Endoskeleton
• Xenomorph - Genetic adaptability
• Xenomorph - Theories
• Xenomorph - Movie appearances

Read more here: » Xenomorph: Encyclopedia - Xenomorph

Z. diploperennis Z. luxurians Z. mays ssp. huehuetenangensis Z. mays ssp. mays (maize) Z. mays ssp. mexicana Z. mays ssp. parviglumis Z. nicaraguensis Z. perennis The teosintes make up a group of large grasses of the genus Zea found in Mexico, Guatemala and Nicaragua. There are five recognized species of teosinte: Zea diploperennis, Zea perennis, Zea luxurians,

Read more here: » Teosinte: Encyclopedia - Teosinte

Cephalic disorders are congenital conditions that stem from damage to, or abnormal development of, the budding nervous system. Cephalic is a term that means "head" or "head end of the body." Cephalic disorders are not necessarily caused by a single factor, but may be influenced by hereditary or genetic conditions, nutritional deficiencies, or by environmental exposures during pregnancy, such as medication taken by the mother, maternal infection, or exposure to radiation (such disorders are more common in areas of the former Sov ...

Including:

• Cephalic disorder - More common cephalic disorders
• Cephalic disorder - Anencephaly Q00.0
• Cephalic disorder - Colpocephaly ICD10 unknown
• Cephalic disorder - Holoprosencephaly Q04.2
• Cephalic disorder - Ethmocephaly ICD10 unknown
• Cephalic disorder - Hydranencephaly Q04.3
• Cephalic disorder - Iniencephaly Q00.2
• Cephalic disorder - Lissencephaly Q04.3
• Cephalic disorder - Megalencephaly Q04.5
• Cephalic disorder - Microcephaly Q02
• Cephalic disorder - Porencephaly Q04.6
• Cephalic disorder - Schizencephaly Q04.6
• Cephalic disorder - Less common cephalies
• Cephalic disorder - Acephaly Q00.0
• Cephalic disorder - Exencephaly ICD10 unknown
• Cephalic disorder - Macrocephaly Q75.3
• Cephalic disorder - Micrencephaly Q02
• Cephalic disorder - Otocephaly Q18.2
• Cephalic disorder - Craniostenosis ICD10 unknown
• Cephalic disorder - Notes

Read more here: » Cephalic disorder: Encyclopedia - Cephalic disorder

The centromere is a region of a eukaryotic chromosome where the kinetochore is assembled. Thus, it is the site where spindle fibers of the mitotic spindle attach to the chromosome during mitosis. It is also the site of the primary constriction visible in microscopy images of chromosomes. Finally, it is the site at which a chromatid and its identical sister attach together during the process of cell reproduction. In most eukaryotes, the centromere has no defined DNA sequence. It typically consists of large arrays of repetitive D ...

Including:

• Centromere - Related links

Read more here: » Centromere: Encyclopedia - Centromere

In genetics, a chromosome translocation is the interchange of parts between nonhomologous chromosomes. It is detected on cytogenetics or a karyotype of affected cells. There are two main types, reciprocal and Robertsonian. Also, translocations can be balanced (in an even exchange of material with no genetic information extra or missing) or unbalanced (where the exchange of chromosome material is unequal resulting in extra or missing genes). Chromosomal translocation - Reciprocal Translocations. < ...

Including:

• Chromosomal translocation - Reciprocal Translocations
• Chromosomal translocation - Robertsonian translocations
• Chromosomal translocation - Notation

Read more here: » Chromosomal translocation: Encyclopedia - Chromosomal translocation

Color vision is the capacity of an organism or machine to distinguish objects based on the wavelength of the light they reflect or emit. A 'red' apple does not emit red light. Rather, it simply absorbs all the frequencies of light shining on it except the frequencies we call red, which are reflected. An apple is perceived to be red only because the human eye can distinguish between different wavelengths—and we have language to describe that difference. Three things are needed to see color: a light sour ...

Including:

• Color vision - Color perception
• Color vision - Cone cells in the human eye
• Color vision - Chromatic adaptation

Read more here: » Color vision: Encyclopedia - Color vision

DNA repair is a process constantly operating in cells; it is essential to survival because it protects the genome from damage and harmful mutations. In human cells, both normal metabolic activities and environmental factors (such as UV rays) can cause DNA damage, resulting in as many as 500,000 individual molecular lesions per cell per day. These lesions cause structural damage to the DNA molecule, and can dramatically alter the cell's way of reading the information encoded in its genes. Consequently, the DNA repair process must be constantly operating, to ...

Including:

• DNA repair - DNA damage
• DNA repair - Nuclear versus mitochondrial DNA damage
• DNA repair - Sources of damage
• DNA repair - Types of damage
• DNA repair - DNA repair mechanisms
• DNA repair - Single strand damage
• DNA repair - Double strand breaks
• DNA repair - DNA repair in disease and aging
• DNA repair - Poor DNA repair induces pathology
• DNA repair - DNA repair rate is variable
• DNA repair - Hereditary DNA repair disorders
• DNA repair - Chronic DNA repair disorders
• DNA repair - Longevity genes and DNA repair
• DNA repair - Caloric restriction increases DNA repair
• DNA repair - DNA repair and evolution
• DNA repair - DNA repair mechanisms are ancient
• DNA repair - Disease death and evolution
• DNA repair - Medicine & DNA repair modulation
• DNA repair - Cancer treatment
• DNA repair - Gene therapy
• DNA repair - Gene repair

Read more here: » DNA repair: Encyclopedia - DNA repair

Chronic myelogenous leukemia (or CML) is a form of chronic leukemia characterised by increased production of myeloid cells in the bone marrow. It is a type of myeloproliferative disease associated with a characteristic chromosomal translocation termed the Philadelphia chromosome. It is traditionally treated with chemotherapy, interferon and bone marrow transplantation, although a specific inhibitor (imatinib mesylate) has radically changed the management. Chronic myelogenous leukemia - Signs and symptoms. Including:

• Chronic myelogenous leukemia - Signs and symptoms
• Chronic myelogenous leukemia - Diagnosis
• Chronic myelogenous leukemia - Pathophysiology
• Chronic myelogenous leukemia - Epidemiology
• Chronic myelogenous leukemia - Treatment
• Chronic myelogenous leukemia - Chronic phase
• Chronic myelogenous leukemia - Blast crisis
• Chronic myelogenous leukemia - Prognosis

Read more here: » Chronic myelogenous leukemia: Encyclopedia - Chronic myelogenous leukemia