A blood type is a description of an individual's characteristics of red blood cells due to substances (carbohydrates and proteins) on the cell membrane. The two most important classifications to describe blood types in humans are ABO and the Rhesus factor (Rh factor). There are 46 other known antigens, most of which are much rarer than ABO and Rh. Blood transfusions from incompatible groups can cause an immunological transfusion reaction, resulting in h ...

Including:

• Blood type - Principles
• Blood type - ABO system
• Blood type - The H antigen
• Blood type - Inheritance
• Blood type - Rhesus system CDE
• Blood type - Rh factor frequency
• Blood type - Inheritance
• Blood type - Frequency of ABO and Rhesus
• Blood type - Other blood types
• Blood type - Bombay phenotype
• Blood type - McLeod phenotype
• Blood type - Compatibility
• Blood type - Evolutionary significance
• Blood type - Social significance

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Bacterial conjugation is the transfer of genetic material between bacteria through cell-to-cell contact (as opposed to transformation or transfection). Bacterial conjugation is often regarded as the bacterial equivalent of sexual reproduction or mating. However, it is not actually sexual, as it does not involve the fusing of gametes and the creation of a zygote. It is merely the transfer of genetic information from a donor cell to a recipient. In order to perform conjugation, one of the bacteria, the donor, must play hos ...

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In genetics, a centimorgan (abbreviated cM) is a unit of recombinant frequency for measuring genetic linkage. It is often used to imply distance along a chromosome. The centimorgan is equal to a 1% chance that a marker at one genetic locus on a chromosome will be separated from a marker at a second locus due to crossing over in a single generation. A 50 cM distance means that the genes will reassort 50% of the time, which makes them unlinked. Distances greater than or equal to 50 cM are functionally identical with respect to re ...

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Cell division is the process by which a cell (called the parent cell) divides into two cells (called daughter cells). Cell division is usually a small segment of a larger cell cycle. In meiosis (discussed later), however, a cell is permanently transformed and cannot divide again. Cell division is the biological basis of life. For simple unicellular organisms such as the Amoeba, one cell division reproduces an entire organism. On a larger scale, cell division can create progeny from multicellular organisms, such as plants that g ...

Including:

• Cell division - Variants of cell division
• Cell division - Prokaryotic cells
• Cell division - Somatic eukaryotic cells
• Cell division - Germ eukaryotic cells
• Cell division - Cellular division degrades in time
• Cell division - External link

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C-reactive protein (CRP) is a plasma protein, an acute phase protein produced by the liver. It is a member of the pentraxin family of proteins. C-reactive protein - History and nomenclature. CRP was originally discovered by Tillett and Francis in 1930 as a substance in the serum of patients with acute inflammation that reacted with the C polysaccharide of pneumococcus. acute phase, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, immunology C-reactive prot ...

Including:

• C-reactive protein - History and nomenclature
• C-reactive protein - Genetics
• C-reactive protein - Function
• C-reactive protein - Diagnostic use
• C-reactive protein - Role in cardiovascular disease
• C-reactive protein - Role in colon cancer

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See text Ascocentrum is a small genus belonging to the orchid family (Orchidaceae). The type species is Ascocentrum miniatum (Lindl.) Schltr. ex J. J. Sm. (originally as Saccolabium miniatum Lindl.) They occur mainly in warmer to intermediate, humid climates of the foothills of the Himalayas, in Myanmar, Thailand, Malaysia, the Philippines, Java and Borneo. These monopodial epiphytic orchids grow on deciduous trees. They have a short, simple to bifurcate stem (max. 15-18 cm) with an upright, c ...

Including:

• Ascocentrum - Species
• Ascocentrum - Intergeneric hybrids
• Ascocentrum - Reference work

Read more here: » Ascocentrum: Encyclopedia - Ascocentrum

An autosome is a non-sex chromosome. It is an ordinary paired chromosome that is the same in both sexes of a species. For example, in humans, there are 22 pairs of autosomes. The X and Y chromosomes are not autosomal. Non-autosomal chromosomes are usually referred to as sex chromosomes or, less frequently, as gonosomes. Autosome - Uses. An autosomal dominant gene' is one on an autosome and is always expressed, even if a single copy exists. The chance is 1:2 for passing this gene to offsprin ...

Including:

• Autosome - Uses

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CD36 is an integral membrane protein found on the surface of many cell types in vertebrate animals and is also known as FAT, SCARB3, GP88, glycoprotein IV (gpIV) and glycoprotein IIIb (gpIIIb). CD36 binds many ligands including collagen (Tandon et al, 1989), thrombospondin (Silverstein et al, 1992), erythrocytes parasitized with Plasmodium falciparum (Oquendo et al, 1989), oxidized low density lipoprotein (Nicholson et al, 1995), native lipoproteins (Calvo et al, 1998), oxidized phospholipids (Podrez ...

Including:

• CD36 - Introduction
• CD36 - Protein Structure and Classification
• CD36 - Genetics Gene Expression and Regulation
• CD36 - Functions of CD36
• CD36 - CD36 Deficiency and Alloimmune Thrombocytopenia

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Aneuploidy is a chromosomal state where abnormal numbers of specific chromosomes or chromosome sets exist within the nucleus. A change in the number of chromosomes leads to a chromosomal disorder. These changes can occur during the formation of reproductive cells (eggs and sperm) or in early fetal development. In humans the most common form of aneuploidy is trisomy, or the presence of an extra chromosome in each cell. Monosomy, or the loss of one chromoso ...

Including:

• Aneuploidy - Disomy
• Aneuploidy - Trisomy
• Aneuploidy - Monosomy
• Aneuploidy - Sources

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Alpha particles or alpha rays (named after the first letter in the greek alphabet, α) are a highly ionizing form of particle radiation which have low penetration. They consist of two protons and two neutrons bound together into a particle identical to a helium nucleus; hence, it can be written as He2+. Alpha particles are emitted by radioactive nuclei such as uranium or radium in a process known as alpha decay. This sometimes leaves the nucleus in an excited state, with the emission of a gamma ray removing the excess energy. In contrast to beta decay, ...

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Alzheimer's disease (AD), a neurodegenerative disorder, is the most common cause of dementia and characterised clinically by progressive intellectual deterioration together with declining activities of daily living and neuropsychiatric symptoms or behavioral changes. The most striking early symptom is memory loss (amnesia), usually manifest as minor forgetfulness that becomes steadily denser with illness progression, with relative preservation of older memories. As the disorder progresses, cognitive (intellectual) impairment ex ...

Including:

• Alzheimer's disease - History
• Alzheimer's disease - Clinical features
• Alzheimer's disease - Diagnosis
• Alzheimer's disease - Pathology
• Alzheimer's disease - Microscopy
• Alzheimer's disease - Neurochemistry
• Alzheimer's disease - Disease mechanism
• Alzheimer's disease - Genetic linkage
• Alzheimer's disease - Epidemiology
• Alzheimer's disease - Prevention
• Alzheimer's disease - Nutrition and Alzheimer's
• Alzheimer's disease - Treatment
• Alzheimer's disease - Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors
• Alzheimer's disease - NMDA antagonists
• Alzheimer's disease - Vaccine
• Alzheimer's disease - Pure Medical Nicotine
• Alzheimer's disease - Genetic and population effects
• Alzheimer's disease - Social issues
• Alzheimer's disease - Famous Alzheimer's sufferers

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See text Anacamptis Rich., 1817 is a small genus from the orchid family (Orchidaceae). This genus is abbreviated as Ant. in trade journals. The type species is Anacamptis pyramidalis [L.]L.C. Rich. 1818 The scientific name is derived from the Greek word 'anakamptein', meaning 'to bend backwards'. These terrestrial species occur on grasslands, limestone or chalk deposits or on dunes i ...

Including:

• Anacamptis - Species
• Anacamptis - Natural hybrids
• Anacamptis - Intergeneric hybrids
• Anacamptis - Reference
• Anacamptis - External link

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Amylase (EC 3.2.1.1 ) (CAS# 9014-71-5) is a digestive enzyme classified as a saccharidase (an enzyme that cleaves polysaccharides). It is mainly a constituent of pancreatic juice and saliva, needed for the breakdown of long-chain carbohydrates (such as starch) into smaller units. Amylase is also synthesized in the fruit of many plants during ripening, causing them to become sweeter, and also during the germination of cereal grains. Grain amylase is key to the production of malt. Amylase - Types. Ther ...

Including:

• Amylase - Types
• Amylase - Ptyalin
• Amylase - Function
• Amylase - Genetics
• Amylase - Detection
• Amylase - Interpretation

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Allele frequency is a term of population genetics that is used in characterizing the genetic diversity of a species population, or equivalently the richness of its gene pool. Allele frequency is defined as follows: Given a) a particular chromosome locus, b) a gene occupying that locus, c) a population of individuals carrying n loci in each of their somatic cells (e.g. two loci in the cells of diploid species, which contain two sets of chromosomes) and finally d) a variant or allele of the gene, then the allele frequency of that allele is the fraction or percentage ...

Including:

• Allele frequency - Example

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An allele is any one of a number of viable DNA codings of the same gene (sometimes the term refers to a non-gene sequence) occupying a given locus (position) on a chromosome. An individual's genotype for that gene will be the set of alleles it happens to possess. In an organism which has two copies of each of its chromosomes (a diploid organism), two alleles make up the individual's genotype. An example is the gene for blossom color in many species of flower -- a single gene controls the color of the petals, but there may be se ...

Including:

• Allele - Equations

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Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) (sometimes also referred to as ADD) is classified as a neurological disorder characterized by hyperactivity, forgetfulness, mood shifts, poor impulse control, and distractibility. ADHD is commonly diagnosed among children. When diagnosed in adults, it is regarded as adult attention-deficit disorder (AADD). It is believed that approximately ...

Including:

• Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder - Formal definitions
• Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder - Symptoms
• Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder - Diagnosis
• Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder - Comparative behavior
• Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder - Incidence
• Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder - Testing for ADHD
• Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder - Psychological testing
• Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder - Other forms of testing
• Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder - Possible causes
• Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder - Genetic vulnerabilities
• Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder - Neuro-chemical imbalance
• Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder - Smoking during pregnancy
• Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder - Nutrition
• Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder - Sleep apnea
• Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder - Head injuries
• Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder - Treatment
• Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder - Mainstream treatments
• Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder - Alternative treatments
• Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder - Parenting
• Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder - Evidence for ADHD as an organic phenomenon
• Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder - Positive aspects
• Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder - Controversy
• Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder - Skepticism towards ADHD as a diagnosis
• Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder - ADHD as pseudo-science and its falsifiability
• Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder - Hunter in a Farmer's Society theory
• Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder - ADHD as a social construct
• Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder - Concerns about the impact of labeling
• Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder - Concerns about medication
• Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder - ADD/ADHD a hoax?
• Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder - Twentieth century history
• Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder - Terminology

Read more here: » Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: Encyclopedia - Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder

Antithrombin is a small molecule that inactivates several enzymes of the coagulation system. It is a glycoprotein produced by the liver. Antithrombin - Function. Antithrombin is a serpin (serine protease inhibitor) that inactivates a number of enzymes from the coagulation system, namely the activated forms of Factor X, Factor IX and Factor II (thrombin). Its affinity for these molecules (i.e. its effectivity) is enhanced by heparin. Antithrombin - Role in disease. Antithr ...

Including:

• Antithrombin - Function
• Antithrombin - Role in disease
• Antithrombin - Genetics
• Antithrombin - Nomenclature
• Antithrombin - Reference

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Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) is a dimeric glycoprotein that inhibits the development of the Müllerian ducts in a male embryo. It is named after Johannes Peter Müller. It has also been called Müllerian inhibiting factor (MIF), Mullerian inhibiting hormone (MIH), and Mullerian inhibiting substance (MIS). Anti-müllerian hormone - Structure. AMH is a protein hormone structurally related to inhibin and activin, and a member of the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) family. It is present in reptiles, bir ...

Including:

• Anti-müllerian hormone - Structure
• Anti-müllerian hormone - Gene
• Anti-müllerian hormone - Embryogensis
• Anti-müllerian hormone - Other Functions
• Anti-müllerian hormone - Pathology
• Anti-müllerian hormone - Research

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Aciclovir Aciclovir (INN) or acyclovir (USAN), marketed as Zovirax®, is one of the main antiviral drugs. Its discovery has been seen as the start of a new era in antiviral therapy, as it is extremely selective and low in cytotoxicity. However, it has a very narrow spectrum, only effective against certain viruses such as HSV-1, HSV-2, and VZV, with limited effectiveness against active EBV, and has hardly any effect against human cytomegalovirus (CMV). It is about 10 times more potent against HSV than ...

Including:

• Aciclovir - Mode of action
• Aciclovir - Pharmacokinetics
• Aciclovir - Metabolism
• Aciclovir - Side effects
• Aciclovir - Indications

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Alien³ is a science fiction/horror movie that opened May 22, 1992. It was the feature film debut of director David Fincher. The third installment in the Alien franchise, it is preceded by Ridley Scott's Alien and James Cameron's Aliens and is followed by Jean-Pierre Jeunet's Alien: Resurrection. Alien³ - Overview. The film was poorly received upon its initial release by critics and fans of the preceding two films in the franchise. It was considered not to have advanced t ...

Including:

• Alien³ - Overview
• Alien³ - Story
• Alien³ - Controversy
• Alien³ - Prequel
• Alien³ - Alien Quadrilogy
• Alien³ - Cast
• Alien³ - Director
• Alien³ - Writers
• Alien³ - Producers
• Alien³ - Other crew
• Alien³ - Visual effects

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An autosomal dominant gene is one that occurs on an autosomal (non-sex determining) chromosome. As it is dominant, the phenotype it gives will be expressed even if the gene is heterozygous. This contrasts with recessive genes, which need to be homozygous to be expressed. The chances of an autosomal dominant disorder being inherited are 50% if one parent is heterozygous for the mutant gene and the other is homozygous for the normal, or 'wild-type', gene. This is because the offspring will always inherit a normal gene f ...

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1. Simple & Concise Definition: Chromatin is DNA plus the proteins (and RNA) that package DNA within the cell nucleus. (see for example: Pollard, T., and W. Earnshaw. 2002. Cell Biology. Saunders.) 2. A Biochemists’ Operational Definition: Chromatin is the DNA/protein/RNA complex extracted from eukaryotic lysed interphase nuclei. Just which of the multitudinous substances present in a nucleus will constitute a part of the extracted material will depend in part on the technique each researcher uses. Furthermore, the ...

See also:

Chromatin, Chromatin - Introduction, Chromatin - Levels of Chromatin Organization in Detail, Chromatin - 1. Chromatin & Watson/Crick base pairing, Chromatin - 2. Junction between B- and Z-DNA, Chromatin - 3. The Nucleosome, Chromatin - 4. Beads-On-A-String Chromatosome Array, Chromatin - 5. Higher order Chromatin Structure, Chromatin - 6. Territorial Organization of Chromatin in the Cell Nucleus, Chromatin - Non-Histone Chromosomal Proteins, Chromatin - Chromatin: Alternative Definitions, Chromatin - History, Chromatin - Nobel Prizes Related to Chromatin, Chromatin - Reference

Read more here: » Chromatin: Encyclopedia II - Chromatin - Chromatin: Alternative Definitions