Christian libertarianism

Classical libertarian theory rests upon two basic core values: (1) self-ownership, and (2) property rights. Agents are said to own themselves in the sense that they are fully entitled to the products of their labor and they cannot, without their permission, be forced to do certain things that violate their autonomy (the kinds of things vary from one philosopher to another). Libertarians also believe that property rights are the most basic rights in a political system. People can own property and their ownership is protected by prevailing leg ...

See also:

Left-libertarianism, Left-libertarianism - Libertarian in nature?, Left-libertarianism - Equality and ownership, Left-libertarianism - Politics in left-libertarian philosophies, Left-libertarianism - Some problems and criticisms, Left-libertarianism - Contemporary left-libertarians

Read more here: » Left-libertarianism: Encyclopedia II - Left-libertarianism - Libertarian in nature?

Libertarian socialism - Pre-'anarchism' libertarians. Although anarchism is generally considered to be a development in Western philosophical and political thought, some would disagree. Rejection of coercive authority can be traced as far back as Ancient China, where Taoism is declared by some to have been the oldest example of anarchist doctrine[6]. In fact, similar rejections of authority can probably be found in every society, if one looks hard enough; whether or not they are anarchist is a question for debate ...

See also:

Libertarian socialism, Libertarian socialism - Overview, Libertarian socialism - Anti-capitalism, Libertarian socialism - Opposition to the state, Libertarian socialism - Political roots, Libertarian socialism - Conflict with Marxism, Libertarian socialism - Libertarian socialist tendencies, Libertarian socialism - Anarchist communism, Libertarian socialism - Anarcho-syndicalism, Libertarian socialism - Council communism, Libertarian socialism - Social Ecology, Libertarian socialism - Violence in anarchism, Libertarian socialism - Criticisms of libertarian socialism, Libertarian socialism - Historical origins, Libertarian socialism - Pre-'anarchism' libertarians, Libertarian socialism - Anarchism: a new word, Libertarian socialism - The spread of ideas: anarchism's influence, Libertarian socialism - Anarchism today

Read more here: » Libertarian socialism: Encyclopedia II - Libertarian socialism - Historical origins

Libertarians and their allies are not a homogeneous group, but have collaborated to form think tanks, political parties, and other projects. For example, Austrian School economist Murray Rothbard co-founded the John Randolph Club, the Center for Libertarian Studies, and the Cato Institute[13] to support an independent libertarian movement, and joined David Nolan in founding the United States Libertarian Party in 1971. (Rothbard ceased activity with the Li ...

See also:

Libertarianism, Libertarianism - Terminology, Libertarianism - A typographical convention, Libertarianism - Libertarianism in the political spectrum, Libertarianism - Classical liberalism, Libertarianism - Libertarian politics and philosophy, Libertarianism - Rights and the law, Libertarianism - Private property, Libertarianism - Libertarian economic views, Libertarianism - Libertarian philosophy in the academy, Libertarianism - The libertarian movement, Libertarianism - Disputes among libertarians, Libertarianism - Criticism of libertarianism, Libertarianism - Notes and references

Read more here: » Libertarianism: Encyclopedia II - Libertarianism - The libertarian movement

Liberalism is a political current embracing several historical and present-day ideologies that claim defence of individual liberty as the purpose of government. Two main strands are apparent. In continental Europe the term usually refers to economic liberalism, that is the right of individual to contract, trade and operate in a market free of constraint. In the United States it often refers to social liberalism, including the right to dissent from orthodox tenets or established authorities in political or religious matters. Both are c ...

See also:

Liberty, Liberty - Political thought, Liberty - Phrases, Liberty - Quotes, Liberty - Statues and monuments

Read more here: » Liberty: Encyclopedia II - Liberty - Political thought

The non-aggression principle faces three kinds of criticism: the first holds that the principle is immoral, the second argues that it is impossible to apply consistently in practice, while the third holds that the interpretation of the principle is too ambiguous to be useful. Non-aggression principle - Moral criticism. The moral criticism is based on consequentialist ethics, usually utilitarianism. It holds that the non-aggression principle is unethical because it opposes the initiation of force even when ...

See also:

Non-aggression principle, Non-aggression principle - Libertarian Party pledge, Non-aggression principle - Historical Background, Non-aggression principle - Criticism, Non-aggression principle - Moral criticism, Non-aggression principle - Inconsistency criticism, Non-aggression principle - Ambiguity criticism, Non-aggression principle - Notes and references

Read more here: » Non-aggression principle: Encyclopedia II - Non-aggression principle - Criticism

Libertarian socialism is composed of a diverse range of tendencies and organizations, with varying degrees of unity depending on specific ideological beliefs. These are only a few of the most historically important factions within libertarian socialism. Libertarian socialism - Anarchist communism. Main article: Anarchist communism Anarchist communism was first formulated in the Italian section of the First International, by Carlo Cafiero, Errico Malatesta, Andrea Costa, and other ...

See also:

Libertarian socialism, Libertarian socialism - Overview, Libertarian socialism - Anti-capitalism, Libertarian socialism - Opposition to the state, Libertarian socialism - Political roots, Libertarian socialism - Conflict with Marxism, Libertarian socialism - Libertarian socialist tendencies, Libertarian socialism - Anarchist communism, Libertarian socialism - Anarcho-syndicalism, Libertarian socialism - Council communism, Libertarian socialism - Social Ecology, Libertarian socialism - Violence in anarchism, Libertarian socialism - Criticisms of libertarian socialism, Libertarian socialism - Historical origins, Libertarian socialism - Pre-'anarchism' libertarians, Libertarian socialism - Anarchism: a new word, Libertarian socialism - The spread of ideas: anarchism's influence, Libertarian socialism - Anarchism today

Read more here: » Libertarian socialism: Encyclopedia II - Libertarian socialism - Libertarian socialist tendencies

Despite the fact that several mass-based popular anarchist organizations were dismantled before, during, or after the first two World Wars by fascist or communist dictatorships (e.g. in Spain, the Soviet Union, Italy, Germany, Cuba), thus leading anarchist historian George Woodcock to conclude that the movement was dead in the early 1960s (a claim he would later retract), anarchism enjoyed a major resurgence in the late 1960s in the wave of popular protest against the Vietnam War and with new social movements like feminism, the civil rights ...

See also:

Libertarian socialism, Libertarian socialism - Overview, Libertarian socialism - Anti-capitalism, Libertarian socialism - Opposition to the state, Libertarian socialism - Political roots, Libertarian socialism - Conflict with Marxism, Libertarian socialism - Libertarian socialist tendencies, Libertarian socialism - Anarchist communism, Libertarian socialism - Anarcho-syndicalism, Libertarian socialism - Council communism, Libertarian socialism - Social Ecology, Libertarian socialism - Violence in anarchism, Libertarian socialism - Criticisms of libertarian socialism, Libertarian socialism - Historical origins, Libertarian socialism - Pre-'anarchism' libertarians, Libertarian socialism - Anarchism: a new word, Libertarian socialism - The spread of ideas: anarchism's influence, Libertarian socialism - Anarchism today

Read more here: » Libertarian socialism: Encyclopedia II - Libertarian socialism - Anarchism today

Freedom refers, in a very general sense, to the state of being free (i.e. unrestricted, unconfined or unfettered). Also, liberation from restraint or from the power of another: independence. Freedom - In philosophy and history. Main article: Liberty The French philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau asserted that the condition of freedom was inherent to humanity, an inevitable facet of the possession of a soul and sapience, with the implication that all social interactions subsequent to ...

Including:

• Freedom - In philosophy and history
• Freedom - Usage
• Freedom - Quotes about freedom

Read more here: » Freedom: Encyclopedia - Freedom

Most adherents of left-libertarian philosophies are believers in Demcratic Socialism, especially as exemplified in the welfare states of Europe. Proponents belief in a government that takes an active role in wealth redistribution and welfare policies to increase levels of equality and quality of life for the impoverished. And, in keeping with their non-economic libertarian principles, extreme value is placed upon governments' non-interference in people's personal lives. Left-libertarians, therefore, often o ...

See also:

Left-libertarianism, Left-libertarianism - Libertarian in nature?, Left-libertarianism - Equality and ownership, Left-libertarianism - Politics in left-libertarian philosophies, Left-libertarianism - Some problems and criticisms, Left-libertarianism - Contemporary left-libertarians

Read more here: » Left-libertarianism: Encyclopedia II - Left-libertarianism - Politics in left-libertarian philosophies

Schools Anarchist communism Anarcho-capitalism Anarcho-primitivism Anarcho-syndicalism Christian anarchism Eco-anarchism Individualist anarchism Mutualism Anarchism in culture Anarchism and religion Anarchism and society Anarchism and the arts Anarcho-punk Anarchist theory Anarchism and capitalism Anarchism and Marxism Anarchist economics Anarchist law Anarchist s ...

See also:

Libertarian socialism, Libertarian socialism - Overview, Libertarian socialism - Anti-capitalism, Libertarian socialism - Opposition to the state, Libertarian socialism - Political roots, Libertarian socialism - Conflict with Marxism, Libertarian socialism - Libertarian socialist tendencies, Libertarian socialism - Anarchist communism, Libertarian socialism - Anarcho-syndicalism, Libertarian socialism - Council communism, Libertarian socialism - Social Ecology, Libertarian socialism - Violence in anarchism, Libertarian socialism - Criticisms of libertarian socialism, Libertarian socialism - Historical origins, Libertarian socialism - Pre-'anarchism' libertarians, Libertarian socialism - Anarchism: a new word, Libertarian socialism - The spread of ideas: anarchism's influence, Libertarian socialism - Anarchism today

Read more here: » Libertarian socialism: Encyclopedia II - Libertarian socialism - Opposition to the state

Aside from Noam Chomsky, professor Emeritus of linguistics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, most left-libertarians came to prominence in the 19 and early 20th centuries. Peter Kropotkin, Emma Goldman, Leo Tolstoy, Mikhail Bakunin, and Pierre-Joseph Proudhon amongst them. Some of the most famous left-libertarians working today are consumer-rights advocate Ralph Nader, constant third-party candidate for President of the United States, United States Congressmen Dennis Kucinich and Bernie Sanders, and writer and historian Howard Zinn. It is also ...

See also:

Left-libertarianism, Left-libertarianism - Libertarian in nature?, Left-libertarianism - Equality and ownership, Left-libertarianism - Politics in left-libertarian philosophies, Left-libertarianism - Some problems and criticisms, Left-libertarianism - Contemporary left-libertarians

Read more here: » Left-libertarianism: Encyclopedia II - Left-libertarianism - Contemporary left-libertarians

Schools Agorism Anarcho-capitalism Anarcho-communism Anarcho-primitivism Anarcho-syndicalism Christian anarchism Eco-anarchism Geoanarchism Individualist anarchism Mutualism Anarchism in culture Anarchism and religion Anarchism and society Anarchism and the arts Anarcho-punk Anarchist theory Anarchism and capitalism Anarchism and Marxism Anarchist economics Anarchist law Anarchist s ...

See also:

Libertarian socialism, Libertarian socialism - Overview, Libertarian socialism - Anti-capitalism, Libertarian socialism - Opposition to the state, Libertarian socialism - Political roots, Libertarian socialism - Conflict with Marxism, Libertarian socialism - Libertarian socialist tendencies, Libertarian socialism - Anarchist communism, Libertarian socialism - Anarcho-syndicalism, Libertarian socialism - Council communism, Libertarian socialism - Social Ecology, Libertarian socialism - Violence in anarchism, Libertarian socialism - Criticisms of libertarian socialism, Libertarian socialism - Historical origins, Libertarian socialism - Pre-'anarchism' libertarians, Libertarian socialism - Anarchism: a new word, Libertarian socialism - The spread of ideas: anarchism's influence, Libertarian socialism - Anarchism today

Read more here: » Libertarian socialism: Encyclopedia II - Libertarian socialism - Opposition to the state

Left-libertarianism holds that "wilderness" is commonly owned by all the people in a given area. Since there is no predetermined distribution of land and since there is no reason to believe that, all things being equal, some people deserve more property than others, it makes sense to think of resources as being commonly owned. Thus left-libertarianism denies that first use or "mixing labor" has any bearing on ownership. Any theory of left-libertarianism must structure its social and legal system around enforcing the idea of common ownership, often ...

See also:

Left-libertarianism, Left-libertarianism - Libertarian in nature?, Left-libertarianism - Equality and ownership, Left-libertarianism - Politics in left-libertarian philosophies, Left-libertarianism - Some problems and criticisms, Left-libertarianism - Contemporary left-libertarians

Read more here: » Left-libertarianism: Encyclopedia II - Left-libertarianism - Equality and ownership

Many libertarian socialists see violent revolution as necessary in the abolition of capitalist society. Along with many others, Errico Malatesta argued that the use of violence was necessary; as he put it in Umanità Nova (no. 125, September 6, 1921): It is our aspiration and our aim that everyone should become socially conscious and effective; but to achieve this end, it is necessary to provide all with the means of life and for development, and it is therefore necessary to destroy with violence, since one cannot do otherwise, the v ...

See also:

Libertarian socialism, Libertarian socialism - Overview, Libertarian socialism - Anti-capitalism, Libertarian socialism - Opposition to the state, Libertarian socialism - Political roots, Libertarian socialism - Conflict with Marxism, Libertarian socialism - Libertarian socialist tendencies, Libertarian socialism - Anarchist communism, Libertarian socialism - Anarcho-syndicalism, Libertarian socialism - Council communism, Libertarian socialism - Social Ecology, Libertarian socialism - Violence in anarchism, Libertarian socialism - Criticisms of libertarian socialism, Libertarian socialism - Historical origins, Libertarian socialism - Pre-'anarchism' libertarians, Libertarian socialism - Anarchism: a new word, Libertarian socialism - The spread of ideas: anarchism's influence, Libertarian socialism - Anarchism today

Read more here: » Libertarian socialism: Encyclopedia II - Libertarian socialism - Violence in anarchism

Libertarians tend to call themselves "individualists" and claim to oppose anything that they see as paternalistic or collectivist. Many libertarians hold that all liberties they support (such as privacy, freedom of speech, the right to own property, and the freedom to trade) are justifiable on the same philosophical or ethical foundations. Some libertarians have elaborate philosophies to support their positions while others express an instinctive politics. Libertarianism - Rights and the law. Main articles: ...

See also:

Libertarianism, Libertarianism - Terminology, Libertarianism - A typographical convention, Libertarianism - Libertarianism in the political spectrum, Libertarianism - Classical liberalism, Libertarianism - Libertarian politics and philosophy, Libertarianism - Rights and the law, Libertarianism - Private property, Libertarianism - Libertarian economic views, Libertarianism - Libertarian philosophy in the academy, Libertarianism - The libertarian movement, Libertarianism - Disputes among libertarians, Libertarianism - Criticism of libertarianism, Libertarianism - Notes and references

Read more here: » Libertarianism: Encyclopedia II - Libertarianism - Libertarian politics and philosophy

Most libertarians do not consider their political philosophy to be right-wing, left-wing, or centrist. In the U.S. some conservatives regard themselves as both conservative and libertarian, but other libertarians argue that the two conflict and that libertarianism is really a form of liberalism. One example of this position is Friedrich Hayek's Why I am Not a Conservative.[4] Another way to understand where libertarians fit into the political ...

See also:

Libertarianism, Libertarianism - Terminology, Libertarianism - A typographical convention, Libertarianism - Libertarianism in the political spectrum, Libertarianism - Classical liberalism, Libertarianism - Libertarian politics and philosophy, Libertarianism - Rights and the law, Libertarianism - Private property, Libertarianism - Libertarian economic views, Libertarianism - Libertarian philosophy in the academy, Libertarianism - The libertarian movement, Libertarianism - Disputes among libertarians, Libertarianism - Criticism of libertarianism, Libertarianism - Notes and references

Read more here: » Libertarianism: Encyclopedia II - Libertarianism - Libertarianism in the political spectrum

The term "libertarianism" in the above political sense has been in widespread use since the 1950s. Originally, in the 18th century, it referred to the philosophical doctrine of free will, as opposed to that of determinism. In that meaning libertarianism is opposed to necessitarianism (see Libertarian free will). Later, in the 19th century, the word was applied to political usage. The term's political meaning is a result of some French anarchists' adopting libertaire as an alternative term for their i ...

See also:

Libertarianism, Libertarianism - Terminology, Libertarianism - A typographical convention, Libertarianism - Libertarianism in the political spectrum, Libertarianism - Classical liberalism, Libertarianism - Libertarian politics and philosophy, Libertarianism - Rights and the law, Libertarianism - Private property, Libertarianism - Libertarian economic views, Libertarianism - Libertarian philosophy in the academy, Libertarianism - The libertarian movement, Libertarianism - Disputes among libertarians, Libertarianism - Criticism of libertarianism, Libertarianism - Notes and references

Read more here: » Libertarianism: Encyclopedia II - Libertarianism - Terminology

A temple was erected to the goddess Liberty on the Aventine Hill in Rome by the father of Tiberius Gracchus during the second Punic War. A statue of the goddess Liberty was also put up by Clodius on the site of Cicero's house after it had been pulled down. A Statue of Liberty now exists at the entrance to New York harbour in the United States. The copper statue of the goddess of Liberty was a present from the Republic of France, as a centennial gift to the US and a sign of friendship between the two nations. The pedestal was construct ...

See also:

Liberty, Liberty - Political thought, Liberty - Phrases, Liberty - Quotes, Liberty - Statues and monuments

Read more here: » Liberty: Encyclopedia II - Liberty - Statues and monuments

A common criticism, made by non-socialist libertarians, is that a free market will spontaneously arise (given modern populations) unless it is suppressed by force (with the exception of a market in information intangibles such as software, music, films, and literature, which requires active enforcement of intellectual property laws to keep from turning into a pure gift economy). Typically, non-socialist libertarians believe that a capitalist economy is natural, rather than artificial, so it would naturally develop in the absence of regulatin ...

See also:

Libertarian socialism, Libertarian socialism - Overview, Libertarian socialism - Anti-capitalism, Libertarian socialism - Opposition to the state, Libertarian socialism - Political roots, Libertarian socialism - Conflict with Marxism, Libertarian socialism - Libertarian socialist tendencies, Libertarian socialism - Anarchist communism, Libertarian socialism - Anarcho-syndicalism, Libertarian socialism - Council communism, Libertarian socialism - Social Ecology, Libertarian socialism - Violence in anarchism, Libertarian socialism - Criticisms of libertarian socialism, Libertarian socialism - Historical origins, Libertarian socialism - Pre-'anarchism' libertarians, Libertarian socialism - Anarchism: a new word, Libertarian socialism - The spread of ideas: anarchism's influence, Libertarian socialism - Anarchism today

Read more here: » Libertarian socialism: Encyclopedia II - Libertarian socialism - Criticisms of libertarian socialism

See main article: Criticism of libertarianism Conservatives often argue that the state is needed to maintain social order and morality. They may argue that excessive personal freedoms encourage dangerous and irresponsible behavior resulting in externalities indirectly paid for by the collective society. If negative behaviors adversely effect society, then taxation can help to relieve this market failure with a new allocation of resources. Some of the most commonly debated issues here are sexual norms, the drug war, and public e ...

See also:

Libertarianism, Libertarianism - Terminology, Libertarianism - A typographical convention, Libertarianism - Libertarianism in the political spectrum, Libertarianism - Classical liberalism, Libertarianism - Libertarian politics and philosophy, Libertarianism - Rights and the law, Libertarianism - Private property, Libertarianism - Libertarian economic views, Libertarianism - Libertarian philosophy in the academy, Libertarianism - The libertarian movement, Libertarianism - Disputes among libertarians, Libertarianism - Criticism of libertarianism, Libertarianism - Notes and references

Read more here: » Libertarianism: Encyclopedia II - Libertarianism - Criticism of libertarianism