A Chinese surname, family name (Chinese: 姓; Hanyu Pinyin: xìng or clan name 氏; shì), is one of the hundreds or thousands of family names that have been historically used by Han Chinese and Sinicized Chinese ethnic groups in mainland China, Taiwan, and among ethnic Chinese in overseas Chinese communities. The colloquial expression "the hundred surnames" (百姓 bǎi xìng) is use ...

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Chinese surname - Origin of surnames Chinese surname - Distribution of surnames Chinese surname - Surnames at present Chinese surname - Usage Chinese surname - The sociological use of surnames Chinese surname - Differences between Xing and Shi

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Chinese surname, Chinese surname - Origin of surnames, Chinese surname - Distribution of surnames, Chinese surname - Surnames at present, Chinese surname - Usage, Chinese surname - The sociological use of surnames, Chinese surname - Differences between Xing and Shi

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Of the thousands of surnames which have been identified from historical texts prior to the Han Dynasty, most have either been lost or simplified. In recent centuries some two-character surnames have often dropped a character. Since the founding of the People's Republic of China, moreover, some surnames have been graphically simplified. Although there are thousands of Chinese family names, the 100 most common surnames, which together make up less than 5% of those in existence, are shared by 85% of the population. The three most common ...

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Chinese surname, Chinese surname - Origin of surnames, Chinese surname - Distribution of surnames, Chinese surname - Surnames at present, Chinese surname - Usage, Chinese surname - The sociological use of surnames, Chinese surname - Differences between Xing and Shi

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It is used in romanising names of people, when the applicant do not produce one by her/himself, and geographical names, for places which do not have an English name. For place names, the type of the place in English (e.g., "Street" and "Road") are often used instead of a romanization (which would have been "Kai" and "To" in the previous example), with just a handful of rare exceptions (for example, the “Fong” in “Lan Kwai Fong”, which would have been a “Square” if a translation were used). "Wan" and "Bay", "Tsuen" (or "Chu ...

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Hong Kong Government Cantonese Romanisation, Hong Kong Government Cantonese Romanisation - Usage, Hong Kong Government Cantonese Romanisation - Spelling, Hong Kong Government Cantonese Romanisation - Consonants, Hong Kong Government Cantonese Romanisation - Vowels diphthongs and syllabic consonants, Hong Kong Government Cantonese Romanisation - Pronunciation in English, Hong Kong Government Cantonese Romanisation - Initial consonants, Hong Kong Government Cantonese Romanisation - Final consonants, Hong Kong Government Cantonese Romanisation - Vowels diphthongs and consonants

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It is not a fully standardised system, and many of the phonemes correspond to more than one letter combination, or the other way round. All tones are omitted. Distinctions between aspirated and unaspirated stops are also omitted. The distinctions between long vowel [ɑ] and short vowel [ɐ] are omitted like Fat (發, [fɑt]) and ...

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Hong Kong Government Cantonese Romanisation, Hong Kong Government Cantonese Romanisation - Usage, Hong Kong Government Cantonese Romanisation - Spelling, Hong Kong Government Cantonese Romanisation - Consonants, Hong Kong Government Cantonese Romanisation - Vowels diphthongs and syllabic consonants, Hong Kong Government Cantonese Romanisation - Pronunciation in English, Hong Kong Government Cantonese Romanisation - Initial consonants, Hong Kong Government Cantonese Romanisation - Final consonants, Hong Kong Government Cantonese Romanisation - Vowels diphthongs and consonants

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The romanized words are normally pronounced in a somewhat anglicized way, with the following characteristics which are different than what the above discussion on spelling might indicate: Hong Kong Government Cantonese Romanisation - Initial consonants. The letters p, t, k, plus the combinations kw and ts, are normally aspirated as per English; some English speakers in Hong Kong (including radio announcers) may choose to pronounce them unaspirated if the original Cantonese sounds are known to be unas ...

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Hong Kong Government Cantonese Romanisation, Hong Kong Government Cantonese Romanisation - Usage, Hong Kong Government Cantonese Romanisation - Spelling, Hong Kong Government Cantonese Romanisation - Consonants, Hong Kong Government Cantonese Romanisation - Vowels diphthongs and syllabic consonants, Hong Kong Government Cantonese Romanisation - Pronunciation in English, Hong Kong Government Cantonese Romanisation - Initial consonants, Hong Kong Government Cantonese Romanisation - Final consonants, Hong Kong Government Cantonese Romanisation - Vowels diphthongs and consonants

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Prior to the Warring States Period (5th century BCE), only the royal family and the aristocratic elite could generally take surnames. Historically there was also difference between xing and shi. Xing were surnames held by the immediate royal family. They generally are composed of a nü (女, meaning "female") radical which suggests that they originated from matriarchal societies based on maternal lineages. Prior to the Qin Dynasty (3rd century BCE) China was largely a feudal society. As fiefdoms were divided and s ...

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Chinese surname, Chinese surname - Origin of surnames, Chinese surname - Distribution of surnames, Chinese surname - Surnames at present, Chinese surname - Usage, Chinese surname - The sociological use of surnames, Chinese surname - Differences between Xing and Shi

Read more here: » Chinese surname: Encyclopedia II - Chinese surname - Origin of surnames

Throughout most of Chinese history, surnames have served sociological functions. Because of their association with the aristocratic elite in their early developments, surnames were often used as symbols of nobility. Thus nobles would use their surnames to be able to trace their ancestry and compete for seniority in terms of hereditary rank. Examples of early genealogies among the royalty can be found in Sima Qian's Historical Records, which contain tables recordi ...

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Chinese surname, Chinese surname - Origin of surnames, Chinese surname - Distribution of surnames, Chinese surname - Surnames at present, Chinese surname - Usage, Chinese surname - The sociological use of surnames, Chinese surname - Differences between Xing and Shi

Read more here: » Chinese surname: Encyclopedia II - Chinese surname - The sociological use of surnames

Surnames are not evenly distributed throughout China's geography. In northern China, Wang (王) is the most popular surname, being shared by 9.9% of the population. Next are Li (李), Zhang (张) and Liu (刘). In the south, Chen (陈) is the most popular, being shared by 10.6% of the population. Next are Li, Huang (黄), Lin (林) and Zhang (张). Around the major crossing points of the Yangtze River, the most popular surname is Li, taking up 7.7%, followed by Wang, Zhang, Chen and Liu. A 1987 study showed over 450 family names in common use in Beij ...

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Chinese surname, Chinese surname - Origin of surnames, Chinese surname - Distribution of surnames, Chinese surname - Surnames at present, Chinese surname - Usage, Chinese surname - The sociological use of surnames, Chinese surname - Differences between Xing and Shi

Read more here: » Chinese surname: Encyclopedia II - Chinese surname - Distribution of surnames

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