Bases Base 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13,16, 20, 24, 26, 27, 30, 32, 36, 60, 64 Today, speakers of Chinese use three numeral systems: the ubiquitous system of Hindu-Arabic numerals, along with two ancient Chinese numeral systems. The huama (Chinese: 花碼; Hanyu Pinyin: huāmǎ, lit. "flowery or fancy numbers") system has gradually been supplanted by the Arabic system in writing numbers. T ...

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Chinese numerals - Written numbers
Chinese numerals - Numeral characters Chinese numerals - Constructing numbers Chinese numerals - Large number systems Chinese numerals - SI prefixes
Chinese numerals - Suzhou 蘇州 or huāmǎ 花碼 numerals Chinese numerals - Hand gestures Chinese numerals - Miscellaneous

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Chinese numerals, Chinese numerals - Written numbers, Chinese numerals - Numeral characters, Chinese numerals - Constructing numbers, Chinese numerals - Large number systems, Chinese numerals - SI prefixes, Chinese numerals - Suzhou 蘇州 or huāmǎ 花碼 numerals, Chinese numerals - Hand gestures, Chinese numerals - Miscellaneous

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Just like Ancient Englishman used the Roman numerals for doing mathematics or commerce, Ancient Chinese used the rod numerals which is a positional system. The huāmǎ system is a variation of the rod numeral system. Rod numerals are closely related to the counting rods and the abacus, which is why the numeric symbols for 1, 2, 3, 6, 7 and 8 in the huāmǎ system are represented in a similar way as on the abacus. Nowadays, the huāmǎ system is only used for displaying prices in Chinese markets or on traditional h ...

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Chinese numerals, Chinese numerals - Written numbers, Chinese numerals - Numeral characters, Chinese numerals - Constructing numbers, Chinese numerals - Large number systems, Chinese numerals - SI prefixes, Chinese numerals - Suzhou 蘇州 or huāmǎ 花碼 numerals, Chinese numerals - Hand gestures, Chinese numerals - Miscellaneous

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The map on the right depicts the subdivisions ("languages" or "dialect groups") within Chinese. The traditionally recognized seven main groups, in order of population size are: Mandarin 官話/官话 or 北方方言(old name) Wu 吳/吴 Cantonese 粵/粤 Min 閩/闽 Xiang 湘 Hakka 客家 or 客 Gan 贛/赣 In parentheses above are the culturally dominant or representativ ...

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Chinese language, Chinese language - Spoken Chinese, Chinese language - Language or language family?, Chinese language - Written Chinese, Chinese language - Chinese characters, Chinese language - History, Chinese language - Influence on other languages, Chinese language - Sounds, Chinese language - Romanization, Chinese language - Other Transcriptions, Chinese language - Morphology, Chinese language - Loanwords, Chinese language - Grammar

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The relationship among the Chinese spoken and written languages is complex. It is compounded by the fact that spoken variations evolved for centuries, since at least the late Han Dynasty, while written Chinese changed much less. Until the 20th century, most formal Chinese writing was done in wényán (文言), translated as Classical Chinese or Literary Chinese, which was very different from any spoken variety of Chinese, much as Classical Latin differs from modern Romance languages. Since the May Fourth Movement of 1919, the f ...

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Chinese language, Chinese language - Spoken Chinese, Chinese language - Language or language family?, Chinese language - Written Chinese, Chinese language - Chinese characters, Chinese language - History, Chinese language - Influence on other languages, Chinese language - Sounds, Chinese language - Romanization, Chinese language - Other Transcriptions, Chinese language - Morphology, Chinese language - Loanwords, Chinese language - Grammar

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Most linguists classify all of the variations of Chinese as part of the Sino-Tibetan language family and believe that there was an original language, called Proto-Sino-Tibetan, similar to Proto-Indo-European, from which the Sinitic and Tibeto-Burman languages descended. The relations between Chinese and other Sino-Tibetan languages are an area of active research, as is the attempt to reconstruct Proto-Sino-Tibetan. The main difficulty in this effort is that, while there is very good documentation that allows us to reconstruct the ancient sou ...

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Chinese language, Chinese language - Spoken Chinese, Chinese language - Language or language family?, Chinese language - Written Chinese, Chinese language - Chinese characters, Chinese language - History, Chinese language - Influence on other languages, Chinese language - Sounds, Chinese language - Romanization, Chinese language - Other Transcriptions, Chinese language - Morphology, Chinese language - Loanwords, Chinese language - Grammar

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The Chinese language (汉语/漢語, Pinyin: Hànyǔ, 华语/華語, Huáyǔ or 中文, Zhōngwén) forms part of the Sino-Tibetan family of languages. About one-fifth of the people in the world speak some form of Chinese as their native language, making it the language with the most native speakers. In general, all varieties of Chinese are tonal and analytic. However, Chinese is also distinguished for a high level of internal diversity. Regional variation between different variants/dialects is comparable t ...

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Chinese language - Spoken Chinese
Chinese language - Language or language family?
Chinese language - Written Chinese
Chinese language - Chinese characters
Chinese language - History Chinese language - Influence on other languages Chinese language - Sounds Chinese language - Romanization Chinese language - Other Transcriptions Chinese language - Morphology
Chinese language - Loanwords
Chinese language - Grammar

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Throughout history Chinese culture and politics has had a great influence on unrelated languages such as Korean, Vietnamese, and Japanese. Korean and Japanese both have writing systems employing Chinese characters (Hanzi), which are called Hanja and Kanji, respectively. The Vietnamese term for Chinese writing is Han Tu. It was the only available form to write the Vietnamese until the 14th century, used almost exclusively by Chinese-educated Vietnamese elites. From the 14th till late 19th century, Vietnamese was written with Chu Nom, a ...

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Chinese language, Chinese language - Spoken Chinese, Chinese language - Language or language family?, Chinese language - Written Chinese, Chinese language - Chinese characters, Chinese language - History, Chinese language - Influence on other languages, Chinese language - Sounds, Chinese language - Romanization, Chinese language - Other Transcriptions, Chinese language - Morphology, Chinese language - Loanwords, Chinese language - Grammar

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The phonological structure of each syllable consists of a nucleus consisting of a vowel (which can be a monophthong, diphthong, or even a triphthong in certain varieties) with an optional onset or coda consonant as well as a tone. There are some instances where a vowel is not used as a nucleus. An example of this is in Cantonese, where the nasal sonorant consonants /m/ and /ŋ/ can stand alone as their own syllable. Across all t ...

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Chinese language, Chinese language - Spoken Chinese, Chinese language - Language or language family?, Chinese language - Written Chinese, Chinese language - Chinese characters, Chinese language - History, Chinese language - Influence on other languages, Chinese language - Sounds, Chinese language - Romanization, Chinese language - Other Transcriptions, Chinese language - Morphology, Chinese language - Loanwords, Chinese language - Grammar

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Chinese languages have been phonetically transcribed into many other writing systems over the centuries. The phagsba script, for example, has been very helpful in reconstructing the pronunciation of pre-modern forms of Chinese. Zhuyin is still widely used in Taiwan's elementary schools. A comparison table of Zhuyin to Pinyin exists in the Zhuyin page. Syllables based on Pinyin and Zhuyin can also be compared by looking at the following pages: Pinyin table Zhuyin table There are also at least two systems of cyrillization ...

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Chinese language, Chinese language - Spoken Chinese, Chinese language - Language or language family?, Chinese language - Written Chinese, Chinese language - Chinese characters, Chinese language - History, Chinese language - Influence on other languages, Chinese language - Sounds, Chinese language - Romanization, Chinese language - Other Transcriptions, Chinese language - Morphology, Chinese language - Loanwords, Chinese language - Grammar

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Romanization is the process of transcribing a language in the Latin alphabet. There are many systems of romanization for the Chinese languages; this is due to the complex history of interaction between China and the West, and to the Chinese languages' lack of phonetic transcription until modern times. Chinese is first known to have been written in Latin characters by Western Christian missionaries of the 16th century, but may be written down by West ...

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Chinese language, Chinese language - Spoken Chinese, Chinese language - Language or language family?, Chinese language - Written Chinese, Chinese language - Chinese characters, Chinese language - History, Chinese language - Influence on other languages, Chinese language - Sounds, Chinese language - Romanization, Chinese language - Other Transcriptions, Chinese language - Morphology, Chinese language - Loanwords, Chinese language - Grammar

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Chinese morphology is strictly bound to a set number of syllables with a fairly rigid construction which are the morphemes, the smallest building blocks, of the language. Some of these single-syllable morphemes can stand alone as individual words, but contrary to what is often claimed, Chinese is not a monosyllabic language. Most words in the modern Chinese spoken varieties are in fact multisyllabic, consisting of more than one morphem ...

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Chinese language, Chinese language - Spoken Chinese, Chinese language - Language or language family?, Chinese language - Written Chinese, Chinese language - Chinese characters, Chinese language - History, Chinese language - Influence on other languages, Chinese language - Sounds, Chinese language - Romanization, Chinese language - Other Transcriptions, Chinese language - Morphology, Chinese language - Loanwords, Chinese language - Grammar

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In general, all spoken varieties of Chinese are isolating languages, in that they depend on syntax (word order and sentence structure) rather than morphology (changes in the form of the word through inflection). Because they are isolating languages, they make heavy use of grammatical particles to indicate aspect and mood. Chinese features Subject Verb Object word order, and like many other languages in East Asia, makes frequent use of the topic-comment construction to form sentences. Even though Chinese has no grammatical gender, it h ...

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Chinese language, Chinese language - Spoken Chinese, Chinese language - Language or language family?, Chinese language - Written Chinese, Chinese language - Chinese characters, Chinese language - History, Chinese language - Influence on other languages, Chinese language - Sounds, Chinese language - Romanization, Chinese language - Other Transcriptions, Chinese language - Morphology, Chinese language - Loanwords, Chinese language - Grammar

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The map on the right depicts the subdivisions ("languages" or "dialect groups") within Chinese. The traditionally recognized seven main groups, in order of population size are: Mandarin 北方 or 官話/官话 (old name) Wu 吳/吴 Cantonese 粵/粤 Min 閩/闽 Xiang 湘 Hakka 客家 or 客 Gan 贛/赣 Chinese linguists have recently distinguished 3 more groups from the traditional seven: Jin 晉/晋 from Mandarin Hui 徽 from Wu ...

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Chinese language, Chinese language - Spoken Chinese, Chinese language - Language or language family?, Chinese language - Written Chinese, Chinese language - Chinese characters, Chinese language - History, Chinese language - Influence on other languages, Chinese language - Sounds, Chinese language - Romanization, Chinese language - Other Transcriptions, Chinese language - Morphology, Chinese language - Loanwords, Chinese language - Grammar

Read more here: » Chinese language: Encyclopedia II - Chinese language - Spoken Chinese

The map on the right depicts the subdivisions ("languages" or "dialect groups") within Chinese. The traditionally recognized seven main groups, in order of population size are: Mandarin 北方话/北方話 or 官話/官话 (old name) Wu 吳/吴 Cantonese 粵/粤 Min 閩/闽 Xiang 湘 Hakka 客家 or 客 Gan 贛/赣 Chinese linguists have recently distinguished 3 more groups from the traditional seven: ...

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Chinese language, Chinese language - Spoken Chinese, Chinese language - Language or language family?, Chinese language - Written Chinese, Chinese language - Chinese characters, Chinese language - History, Chinese language - Influence on other languages, Chinese language - Sounds, Chinese language - Romanization, Chinese language - Other Transcriptions, Chinese language - Morphology, Chinese language - Loanwords, Chinese language - Grammar

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The denomination of each banknote is given in Chinese. The numbers themselves are given in financial Chinese numeral characters, as well as Hindu-Arabic numerals. The denomination is also given in Mongol, Tibetan, Uyghur and Zhuang on the back of each banknote. On the front of the note is also the representation of the denomination in Chinese Braille. Renminbi - Banknotes. CNY 100 CNY 50 CNY 20 (introduced with the 5th series beginning in 1999) CNY 10 CNY 5 See also:

Renminbi, Renminbi - Exchange rate, Renminbi - Renminbi units, Renminbi - Denominations, Renminbi - Banknotes, Renminbi - Coins, Renminbi - RMB Series, Renminbi - 4th Series, Renminbi - 5th Series, Renminbi - History, Renminbi - Exchange rate of the U.S. dollar vs. the renminbi

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The letter-based codes used in ISO 3166 rely on Latin alphabet characters found in English and western European languages. For people and systems using non-Latin scripts (writing systems) – e.g. Arabic, Bengali, Chinese, Cyrillic, Devanagari, Greek, Hangul, Japanese – Latin alphabet characters may be unavailable or difficult to use, understand or correctly interpret. Numeric-based codes overcome these problems of script dependence. If countries merge or split up, new numeric codes are assigned for affected countries. ...

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ISO 3166-1 numeric, ISO 3166-1 numeric - Script writing system independence, ISO 3166-1 numeric - Current elements, ISO 3166-1 numeric - Obsolete codes

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One can classify Chinese writing into the following basic types: Wenyan (文言) (Classical Chinese) Baihua (白話/白话) (Vernacular Chinese) Written colloquial Chinese (in particular, written colloquial Cantonese) Poems and other Chinese constrained writings The relationship between the Chinese spoken and written languages is complex. This complexity is compounded by the fact that the numerous variations of spoken Chinese have gone through centuries of evolution since at least the late-Han Dynasty. However, w ...

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Chinese written language, Chinese written language - Written standards, Chinese written language - Transcending intelligibility of speech, Chinese written language - Chinese characters, Chinese written language - Character forms, Chinese written language - Writing direction

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Written crosses are used for many different purposes, particularly in mathematics. The Roman numeral for ten is X. In the Latin alphabet, the letter X and the miniscule form of T are crosses. The Chinese character for ten is 十 (see Chinese numerals). The dagger or obelus (†) The addition (or plus) sign (+) and the multiplication (or times) sign (×). If n≥1 is an integer, the numbers coprime to n, taken modulo n, form a group with multiplication as operation; it is written as (Z/nZ)× or ...

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Cross, Cross - History, Cross - As markings, Cross - As emblems and symbols, Cross - In heraldry, Cross - In flags, Cross - Other noteworthy crosses

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Chinese characters and Japanese kana can be written horizontally or vertically, although there are some styles of calligraphy, such as the Grass script, that are not suitable for horizontal writing. There are some small differences in orthography. In horizontal writing it is more common to use Arabic numerals, whereas Chinese numerals are more common in vertical text. In both Chinese and Japanese, the positions of punctuation marks, for example the relative position of commas and full stops, differ between horizontal and vertical writ ...

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Horizontal and vertical writing in East Asian scripts, Horizontal and vertical writing in East Asian scripts - Differences between horizontal and vertical writing, Horizontal and vertical writing in East Asian scripts - Right-to-left horizontal writing, Horizontal and vertical writing in East Asian scripts - History, Horizontal and vertical writing in East Asian scripts - Japanese, Horizontal and vertical writing in East Asian scripts - Chinese, Horizontal and vertical writing in East Asian scripts - Usage, Horizontal and vertical writing in East Asian scripts - Simplified Chinese, Horizontal and vertical writing in East Asian scripts - Japanese and Traditional Chinese

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