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Chinese | A Wisdom Archive on Chinese | | Chinese A selection of articles related to Chinese | |
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chinese, Chinese, Chinese cuisine, Chinese culture
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| ARTICLES RELATED TO Chinese | | | |  Chinese: Encyclopedia II - Chinese language - Spoken ChineseThe map on the right depicts the subdivisions ("languages" or "dialect groups") within Chinese. The traditionally recognized seven main groups, in order of population size are:
Mandarin 北方话/北方話 or 官話/官话 (old name)
Wu 吳/吴
Cantonese 粵/粤
Min 閩/闽
Xiang 湘
Hakka 客家 or 客
Gan 贛/赣
Chinese linguists have recently distinguished 3 more groups from the traditional seven:
...
See also:Chinese language, Chinese language - Spoken Chinese, Chinese language - Language or language family?, Chinese language - Written Chinese, Chinese language - Chinese characters, Chinese language - History, Chinese language - Influence on other languages, Chinese language - Sounds, Chinese language - Romanization, Chinese language - Other Transcriptions, Chinese language - Morphology, Chinese language - Loanwords, Chinese language - Grammar Read more here: » Chinese language: Encyclopedia II - Chinese language - Spoken Chinese |
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| | | | | Chinese: Encyclopedia II - Chinese Filipino - Lifestyle The Chinese in the Philippines are mostly business owners and their life centers mostly in the family business. These mostly small and medium enterprises play a significant role in the Philippine economy. A handful of these entrepreneurs run large companies and are respected as some of the most prominent business tycoons in the Philippines. Chinese Filipinos attribute their success in business to frugality and hardwork, and entrepreneurship is ...
See also:Chinese Filipino, Chinese Filipino - General Information, Chinese Filipino - Ethnicism, Chinese Filipino - Terminology, Chinese Filipino - Lifestyle, Chinese Filipino - Language, Chinese Filipino - History, Chinese Filipino - Religion, Chinese Filipino - Chinese Mestizos, Chinese Filipino - List of Famous Chinese Filipinos or Chinese Mestizos, Chinese Filipino - Future Read more here: » Chinese Filipino: Encyclopedia II - Chinese Filipino - Lifestyle |
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| | | | | Chinese: Encyclopedia II - Chinese language - Spoken Chinese The map on the right depicts the subdivisions ("languages" or "dialect groups") within Chinese. The traditionally recognized seven main groups, in order of population size are:
Mandarin 官話/官话 or 北方方言(old name)
Wu 吳/吴
Cantonese 粵/粤
Min 閩/闽
Xiang 湘
Hakka 客家 or 客
Gan 贛/赣
In parentheses above are the culturally dominant or representativ ...
See also:Chinese language, Chinese language - Spoken Chinese, Chinese language - Language or language family?, Chinese language - Written Chinese, Chinese language - Chinese characters, Chinese language - History, Chinese language - Influence on other languages, Chinese language - Sounds, Chinese language - Romanization, Chinese language - Other Transcriptions, Chinese language - Morphology, Chinese language - Loanwords, Chinese language - Grammar Read more here: » Chinese language: Encyclopedia II - Chinese language - Spoken Chinese |
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| | | | | Chinese: Encyclopedia II - Overseas Chinese - Statistics
Note that the percentages do not add up due to varying census and estimate dates.
Various sub-ethnic groups include: Chinese American, American-born Chinese, Chinese Argentines, Chinese Australians, Chinese Vietnamese, Chinese British, Burmese Chinese, Chinese Canadian, Chinese Cayman Islander, Chinese Cuban, Chinese Filipino, Indonesian Chinese, Malaysian Chinese, Chinese Mauritian, Chinese Peruvian, Chinese Puerto Rican, Chinese Singap ...
See also:Overseas Chinese, Overseas Chinese - Terminology, Overseas Chinese - History, Overseas Chinese - Current numbers, Overseas Chinese - Recent emigration, Overseas Chinese - Assimilation, Overseas Chinese - Waves of immigration, Overseas Chinese - Relationship with China, Overseas Chinese - Statistics Read more here: » Overseas Chinese: Encyclopedia II - Overseas Chinese - Statistics |
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| | | | | Chinese: Encyclopedia II - Chinese character - Number of Chinese characters The question of how many characters there are is still the subject of debate. In the 18th century, European scholars claimed the total tally to be about 80,000. This number, however, is thought to be exaggerated as the character count varies by dictionary and its comprehensiveness. For example, the Kangxi Dictionary lists about 40,000 characters, while the modern Zhonghua Zihai lists in excess of 80,000 (the most comprehensive Japanese kanji dictionary Daikanwa Jiten lists 50,000 entries). One reason for the overwhelming number ...
See also:Chinese character, Chinese character - Origin, Chinese character - Styles, Chinese character - Radicals, Chinese character - Classification, Chinese character - By etymology, Chinese character - Radical system, Chinese character - Orthography, Chinese character - Reforms, Chinese character - Southeast Asian Chinese communities, Chinese character - Japanese Kanji, Chinese character - Dictionaries, Chinese character - Derivatives of Han characters, Chinese character - Number of Chinese characters, Chinese character - Chinese, Chinese character - Japanese, Chinese character - Korean, Chinese character - Vietnamese, Chinese character - Rare and complex characters Read more here: » Chinese character: Encyclopedia II - Chinese character - Number of Chinese characters |
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| | | | | Chinese: Encyclopedia II - Chinese Filipino - Future Most of the Chinese Filipinos are descendants of Chinese who migrated three or four generations ago. In the cases of some Chinese mestizos, this can be as far back as five, six, or up to eight generations ago. Unlike in Malaysia and Indonesia where intermarriage is uncommon and people can generally be classified ethnically just by physical appearance, the Philippine definition of who is Chinese Filipino and who is Chinese mestizo can be based on one's cultural beliefs. A full-blooded Chinese who can no longer speak Chinese and no longer prac ...
See also:Chinese Filipino, Chinese Filipino - General Information, Chinese Filipino - Ethnicism, Chinese Filipino - Terminology, Chinese Filipino - Lifestyle, Chinese Filipino - Language, Chinese Filipino - History, Chinese Filipino - Religion, Chinese Filipino - Chinese Mestizos, Chinese Filipino - List of Famous Chinese Filipinos or Chinese Mestizos, Chinese Filipino - Future Read more here: » Chinese Filipino: Encyclopedia II - Chinese Filipino - Future |
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| | | | | Chinese: Encyclopedia II - Chinese language - Written Chinese The relationship among the Chinese spoken and written languages is complex. It is compounded by the fact that spoken variations evolved for centuries, since at least the late Han Dynasty, while written Chinese changed much less.
Until the 20th century, most formal Chinese writing was done in wényán (文言), translated as Classical Chinese or Literary Chinese, which was very different from any spoken variety of Chinese, much as Classical Latin differs from modern Romance languages. Since the May Fourth Movement of 1919, the f ...
See also:Chinese language, Chinese language - Spoken Chinese, Chinese language - Language or language family?, Chinese language - Written Chinese, Chinese language - Chinese characters, Chinese language - History, Chinese language - Influence on other languages, Chinese language - Sounds, Chinese language - Romanization, Chinese language - Other Transcriptions, Chinese language - Morphology, Chinese language - Loanwords, Chinese language - Grammar Read more here: » Chinese language: Encyclopedia II - Chinese language - Written Chinese |
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| | | | | Chinese: Encyclopedia II - Chinese Filipino - Language As many as 90% of the Chinese in the Philippines trace their ancestry to the southern part of Fujian province. The Lan-nang variant of Min Nan, also locally known as Fukien or Lán-lâng-oē ("our people's language"), is the lingua franca of the Chinese Filipino community. Most of the other 10% are descendants of migrants from Guangdong, Hong Kong, or Taiwan. The other Chinese "dialects" that can be heard in the Chinese Filipino communities are Mandarin (which is taught in Chinese schools in the Philippines and spoken in varying degrees of fluency by Chinese Filipinos), Taiwanese (which is mutually intelligible with the ...
See also:Chinese Filipino, Chinese Filipino - General Information, Chinese Filipino - Ethnicism, Chinese Filipino - Terminology, Chinese Filipino - Lifestyle, Chinese Filipino - Language, Chinese Filipino - History, Chinese Filipino - Religion, Chinese Filipino - Chinese Mestizos, Chinese Filipino - List of Famous Chinese Filipinos or Chinese Mestizos, Chinese Filipino - Future Read more here: » Chinese Filipino: Encyclopedia II - Chinese Filipino - Language |
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| | | | | Chinese: Encyclopedia II - Chinese Filipino - History Chinese presence in the Philippines have been evident since during the ice-age, when a land bridge enabled many people from South China to settle in the Philippines. Even after the land bridge subsided, the Chinese still sailed down and frequently interacted with the local natives, and this is evidenced by a collection of priceless Chinese artifacts found in the Philippines, dating back right up to the 10th century.
The arrival of the Spaniards to the Philippines attracted many male Chinese traders from China, and maritime trade flour ...
See also:Chinese Filipino, Chinese Filipino - General Information, Chinese Filipino - Ethnicism, Chinese Filipino - Terminology, Chinese Filipino - Lifestyle, Chinese Filipino - Language, Chinese Filipino - History, Chinese Filipino - Religion, Chinese Filipino - Chinese Mestizos, Chinese Filipino - List of Famous Chinese Filipinos or Chinese Mestizos, Chinese Filipino - Future Read more here: » Chinese Filipino: Encyclopedia II - Chinese Filipino - History |
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| | | | | Chinese: Encyclopedia II - Seal Chinese - Chinese usage Today seals are mainly used on Chinese calligraphy works and Chinese paintings, usually in the order (up-down) of name seal, leisure seal(s), then studio seal.
Usage of seals can extend to banks in China in conjunction with a hand signature. Seals are often good to use as identification with signatures because they are difficult to forge and only the owner has access to his own seal.
Very few people in China now have a complete set of seals; most who do are artists, students, collectors and intellectuals. A well-made seal made from semi ...
See also:Seal Chinese, Seal Chinese - Types of Seals, Seal Chinese - Seals used by government authorities, Seal Chinese - Personal seals, Seal Chinese - Name seals 名印, Seal Chinese - Free seals 閑印, Seal Chinese - Studio seals 齋印, Seal Chinese - Seal paste, Seal Chinese - Chinese usage, Seal Chinese - Japanese usage, Seal Chinese - Korean usage Read more here: » Seal Chinese: Encyclopedia II - Seal Chinese - Chinese usage |
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| | | | | Chinese: Encyclopedia II - Chinese art - Modern Chinese art
Chinese art - Painting.
Beginning with the New Culture Movement, Chinese artists started to adopt Western techniques. It also was during this time that oil painting was introduced to China.
In the early years of the People's Republic of China, artists were encouraged to employ socialist realism. Some Soviet Union socialist realism was imported without modification, and painters were assigned subjects and expected to mass-produce paintings. This regimen was considerably relaxed in 1953, and after the Hundre ...
See also:Chinese art, Chinese art - Historical development to 221 BC, Chinese art - Neolithic pottery, Chinese art - Jade culture, Chinese art - Bronze casting, Chinese art - Early Chinese music, Chinese art - Early Chinese poetry, Chinese art - Chu and Southern culture, Chinese art - Early imperial China 221 BC–AD 220, Chinese art - Qin sculpture, Chinese art - Pottery, Chinese art - Han poetry, Chinese art - Han architecture, Chinese art - Other Han art, Chinese art - Period of division 220–581, Chinese art - Influence of Buddhism, Chinese art - Secular culture, Chinese art - Poetry, Chinese art - Calligraphy, Chinese art - Painting, Chinese art - The Sui and Tang dynasties 581–960, Chinese art - Buddhist architecture and sculpture, Chinese art - Golden age of Chinese poetry, Chinese art - Li Po and Du Fu, Chinese art - Late Tang poetry, Chinese art - Painting, Chinese art - The Song and Yuan dynasties 960–1368, Chinese art - Song poetry, Chinese art - Song painting, Chinese art - Yuan drama, Chinese art - Yuan painting, Chinese art - Late imperial China 1368–1895, Chinese art - Ming Poetry, Chinese art - Ming prose, Chinese art - Ming painting, Chinese art - Qing drama, Chinese art - Qing poetry, Chinese art - Early Qing painting, Chinese art - Decorative arts, Chinese art - Qing fiction, Chinese art - Modern Chinese art, Chinese art - Painting, Chinese art - Poetry, Chinese art - Influence of the West, Chinese art - People's arts, Chinese art - Contemporary art since 1979, Chinese art - Performing arts, Chinese art - Visual arts, Chinese art - Unsorted, Chinese art - Performing arts, Chinese art - Visual arts Read more here: » Chinese art: Encyclopedia II - Chinese art - Modern Chinese art |
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| | | | | Chinese: Encyclopedia II - Chinese Canadian - Chinese-born Many first-generation children who spend their entire childhood and adolescence in Chinese regions may find, without proper guidance, that it is extremely difficult to fit into the mainstream Canadian culture, and have thus isolated themselves individually or in a small group of Chinese-speaking Canadians. Among themselves they discuss Chinese popular music, news, and books, in Chinese. This trend may continue into university and after that into work, where they get employed in a Chinese Canadian-owned company. A small number of isolated Chi ...
See also:Chinese Canadian, Chinese Canadian - History, Chinese Canadian - Prominent Chinese Canadians, Chinese Canadian - Ethnic Chinese in Canada, Chinese Canadian - Education, Chinese Canadian - Given names, Chinese Canadian - Chinese-born, Chinese Canadian - Canadian-born Read more here: » Chinese Canadian: Encyclopedia II - Chinese Canadian - Chinese-born |
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| | | | | Chinese: Encyclopedia II - Chinese nationalism - Chinese nationalism and overseas Chinese Chinese nationalism has had mutable relationships with Chinese living outside of Mainland China and Taiwan. Overseas Chinese were strong supporters of the 1911 revolution.
After decolonization, overseas Chinese were encouraged to regard themselves as citizens of their own nations rather than as part of a Chinese nationalistic project. As a result ethnic Chinese in Singapore and Malaysia have sharply divided the concept of "ethnic Chinese" from the concept of "political Chin ...
See also:Chinese nationalism, Chinese nationalism - Ideological basis, Chinese nationalism - Chinese self-consciousness, Chinese nationalism - Chinese nationalism and ethnicity, Chinese nationalism - Chinese nationalism and overseas Chinese, Chinese nationalism - Chinese nationalism and Taiwan, Chinese nationalism - Counter-nationalism and opposition, Chinese nationalism - Controversial division in northern and southern Chinese nationalism, Chinese nationalism - Chinese populist nationalism, Chinese nationalism - Contemporary Chinese Nationalism and China Can Say No Read more here: » Chinese nationalism: Encyclopedia II - Chinese nationalism - Chinese nationalism and overseas Chinese |
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| | | | | Chinese: Encyclopedia II - Burmese Chinese - History The earliest records of Chinese migration to Myanmar were in the 1700s, when Ming Dynasty princes settled in Kokang (the northern part of present-day Myanmar). Another wave of immigration occurred in the 1800s, because of British colonialism. This prompted opportunities of wealth, and many Chinese became entrepreneurs in the highly lucrative rice and gem industries.
During the 1950s, Myanmar was one of the first countries to recognise the People's Republic of China as a nation, yet it treated its own Chinese population as aliens. The ...
See also:Burmese Chinese, Burmese Chinese - Sub-ethnic groups, Burmese Chinese - Language, Burmese Chinese - History, Burmese Chinese - Education, Burmese Chinese - Religion, Burmese Chinese - Notable Burmese Chinese Read more here: » Burmese Chinese: Encyclopedia II - Burmese Chinese - History |
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| | | | | Chinese: Encyclopedia II - Thai Chinese - Language The Thai language has now largely supplanted Chinese, although Teochew is sometimes used as a commercial lingua franca among the Chinese in Thailand, principally in Bangkok. However, the wide usage and revival of Mandarin Chinese is gradually becoming the second language of the majority of the newer generation Thai-Chinese for business purposes.
Unlike Singapore, and to a lesser extent Malaysia, the Chinese have largely eschewed Christianity and the speaking of Mandarin as their first language. The majority of the Thai Chinese do not identify at all with being Chinese, as they have ...
See also:Thai Chinese, Thai Chinese - Language, Thai Chinese - Religion, Thai Chinese - History, Thai Chinese - Dialect Groups, Thai Chinese - Notable Thai Chinese Read more here: » Thai Chinese: Encyclopedia II - Thai Chinese - Language |
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| | | | | Chinese: Encyclopedia II - Chinese nationalism - Chinese nationalism and ethnicity Defining the relationship between ethnicity and the Chinese identity has been a very complex issue throughout Chinese history. In the 17th century, the Manchus invaded the Chinese heartland (see China proper) and set up the Qing dynasty. Over the next centuries they would incorporate groups such as the Tibetans, the Mongols, and the Uighur into territories which they controlled. The Manchus were faced with the issue of maintaining loyalty among the people they ruled while at the same time maintaining a distinctive identity. The main method b ...
See also:Chinese nationalism, Chinese nationalism - Ideological basis, Chinese nationalism - Chinese self-consciousness, Chinese nationalism - Chinese nationalism and ethnicity, Chinese nationalism - Chinese nationalism and overseas Chinese, Chinese nationalism - Chinese nationalism and Taiwan, Chinese nationalism - Counter-nationalism and opposition, Chinese nationalism - Controversial division in northern and southern Chinese nationalism, Chinese nationalism - Chinese populist nationalism, Chinese nationalism - Contemporary Chinese Nationalism and China Can Say No Read more here: » Chinese nationalism: Encyclopedia II - Chinese nationalism - Chinese nationalism and ethnicity |
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| | | | | Chinese: Encyclopedia II - Chinese language - Romanization Romanization is the process of transcribing a language in the Latin alphabet. There are many systems of romanization for the Chinese languages; this is due to the complex history of interaction between China and the West, and to the Chinese languages' lack of phonetic transcription until modern times. Chinese is first known to have been written in Latin characters by Western Christian missionaries of the 16th century, but may be written down by West ...
See also:Chinese language, Chinese language - Spoken Chinese, Chinese language - Language or language family?, Chinese language - Written Chinese, Chinese language - Chinese characters, Chinese language - History, Chinese language - Influence on other languages, Chinese language - Sounds, Chinese language - Romanization, Chinese language - Other Transcriptions, Chinese language - Morphology, Chinese language - Loanwords, Chinese language - Grammar Read more here: » Chinese language: Encyclopedia II - Chinese language - Romanization |
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| | | | | Chinese: Encyclopedia II - Chinese language - Morphology Chinese morphology is strictly bound to a set number of syllables with a fairly rigid construction which are the morphemes, the smallest building blocks, of the language. Some of these single-syllable morphemes can stand alone as individual words, but contrary to what is often claimed, Chinese is not a monosyllabic language. Most words in the modern Chinese spoken varieties are in fact multisyllabic, consisting of more than one morphem ...
See also:Chinese language, Chinese language - Spoken Chinese, Chinese language - Language or language family?, Chinese language - Written Chinese, Chinese language - Chinese characters, Chinese language - History, Chinese language - Influence on other languages, Chinese language - Sounds, Chinese language - Romanization, Chinese language - Other Transcriptions, Chinese language - Morphology, Chinese language - Loanwords, Chinese language - Grammar Read more here: » Chinese language: Encyclopedia II - Chinese language - Morphology |
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| | | | | | Chinese: Encyclopedia II - Chinese character - Dictionaries The design and use of a dictionary of Chinese characters presents interesting problems. Dozens of indexing schemes have been created for the Chinese characters. The great majority of these schemes — beloved by their inventors but nobody else — have appeared in only a single dictionary; only one such system has achieved truly widespread use. This is the system of radicals.
Chinese character dictionaries often allow users to locate entries in several different ways. Many Chinese, Japanese, and Korean dictionaries of Chinese characte ...
See also:Chinese character, Chinese character - Origin, Chinese character - Styles, Chinese character - Radicals, Chinese character - Classification, Chinese character - By etymology, Chinese character - Radical system, Chinese character - Orthography, Chinese character - Reforms, Chinese character - Southeast Asian Chinese communities, Chinese character - Japanese Kanji, Chinese character - Dictionaries, Chinese character - Derivatives of Han characters, Chinese character - Number of Chinese characters, Chinese character - Chinese, Chinese character - Japanese, Chinese character - Korean, Chinese character - Vietnamese, Chinese character - Rare and complex characters Read more here: » Chinese character: Encyclopedia II - Chinese character - Dictionaries |
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| | | | | Chinese: Encyclopedia II - Chinese Canadian - Prominent Chinese Canadians
Chinese Canadian - Ethnic Chinese in Canada.
Raymond Chan, former Secretary of State for the Pacific Rim and currently the Minister of State for Multiculturalism; Liberal MP for Richmond (BC)
Wei Chen, journalist and correspondent for Toronto 1; former reporter and anchor for CTV's Canada AM
Denise Chong, writer and economic advisor to PM Pierre Elliot Trudeau
Ida Chong, Minister of Advanced Education and British Columbia Liberal MLA for Oak Bay-Gordon Head
Michael Chong, ...
See also:Chinese Canadian, Chinese Canadian - History, Chinese Canadian - Prominent Chinese Canadians, Chinese Canadian - Ethnic Chinese in Canada, Chinese Canadian - Education, Chinese Canadian - Given names, Chinese Canadian - Chinese-born, Chinese Canadian - Canadian-born Read more here: » Chinese Canadian: Encyclopedia II - Chinese Canadian - Prominent Chinese Canadians |
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| | | | | Chinese: Encyclopedia II - Classical Chinese - Pronunciation Chinese characters are not alphabetic and do not reflect sound changes, and the actual pronunciation of Old Chinese can only be tentatively reconstructed and is unknown outside linguistic circles. As a result, Classical Chinese has no universally fixed way of pronunciation. When reading wenyan, the Chinese characters are generally read with the pronunciations of the reader's own variety of Chinese, such as modern Mandarin or Cantonese. Other varieties of Chinese, such as Southern Min, have a special set of pronunciation used for Class ...
See also:Classical Chinese, Classical Chinese - Definitions, Classical Chinese - Pronunciation, Classical Chinese - Grammar and Lexicon, Classical Chinese - Teaching and Use Read more here: » Classical Chinese: Encyclopedia II - Classical Chinese - Pronunciation |
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