Parenting is the process of raising a child from birth until they reach adulthood. This task is usually done by the biological parents, but if the parents are unable or unwilling to provide care, the task is usually deferred to adoptive parents, foster parents, close relatives (including older siblings), godparents, or institutions (such as group homes or orphanages). An integral part of parenting is education of the child. (For further details on the education of children, see Education) Parenting - Aspects of pa ...

Including:

• Parenting - Aspects of parenting
• Parenting - Parenting Methods and Practices
• Parenting - Pregnancy and the early years
• Parenting - During infancy
• Parenting - Common areas many parents look to address during infancy
• Parenting - School years
• Parenting - Assistance
• Parenting - Observers
• Parenting - Parenting assessment

Read more here: » Parenting: Encyclopedia - Parenting

Victimology is the study of why certain people are victims of crime and how lifestyles affect the chances that a certain person will fall victim to a crime. The field of victimology can cover a wide number of disciplines, including sociology, psychology, criminal justice, law and advocacy. One particularly well known example of a class at increased risk to varying forms of attacks is the "streetwalker" prostitute. These people have been known anecdotally to have an abnormally high incidence of violent crime, and for said crimes ...

Read more here: » Victimology: Encyclopedia - Victimology

Since the late 1970s, there have been steadily increasing reports of children of former members of the Children of God (also known as The Family and The Family International) being abducted and moved to other countries to prevent their parents, law enforcement authorities and child welfare agencies from finding them. In many cases, parents whose children remained in the unlawful custody of the Family have found it difficult or impossible to find their children and get them back. Even in cases where Interpol arrest warrants have been issued a ...

Including:

• Child Abduction in the Children of God - More information

Read more here: » Child Abduction in the Children of God: Encyclopedia - Child Abduction in the Children of God

One method often used for young children (most commonly ages 2-5) is the use of time-outs. A time-out involves isolating the child for a relatively short period of time, generally just a few minutes. Although the giving of time-outs is an extremely common parenting practice, it is also very widely misunderstood and misapplied. Most people think the purpose of time-outs is punishment. However, most child-rearing experts have never advocated using time-outs in this way. Ideally, the time-out is intended to give an over-excited child time to ca ...

See also:

Non-violent child discipline, Non-violent child discipline - Time-outs, Non-violent child discipline - Hugging, Non-violent child discipline - Distraction, Non-violent child discipline - Reason, Non-violent child discipline - Consequences, Non-violent child discipline - Modeling, Non-violent child discipline - Praise and rewards, Non-violent child discipline - Scolding

Read more here: » Non-violent child discipline: Encyclopedia II - Non-violent child discipline - Time-outs

Often, when a child misbehaves, there are natural consequences. Advocates of the "consequential" approach state that these consequences should be their discipline, and that in this way the lesson will be remembered far longer than will punishment. Many thus believe that, within reason, children should be allowed to learn from their own mistakes. For instance, if a child wants to eat all their Halloween candy in one sitting despite being warned of the consequences, these parents would allow them to do so - assuming that the resulting indigest ...

See also:

Non-violent child discipline, Non-violent child discipline - Time-outs, Non-violent child discipline - Hugging, Non-violent child discipline - Distraction, Non-violent child discipline - Reason, Non-violent child discipline - Consequences, Non-violent child discipline - Modeling, Non-violent child discipline - Praise and rewards, Non-violent child discipline - Scolding

Read more here: » Non-violent child discipline: Encyclopedia II - Non-violent child discipline - Consequences

Praise and rewards (hugs, time with the child, etc.) for good behavior similarly goes much further as discipline than does punishment (see positive reinforcement). Simply giving the child positive attention and respect when he is not misbehaving will also act as an extremely strong reinforcer for good behavior. It is very common for children who are otherwise ignored by their parents to turn to misbehavior as a way of seeking attention. Advocates of this method differ on the question of what exactly should be used as rewards. Some, for instance, are strongly opposed to the use of food or sweets as rew ...

See also:

Non-violent child discipline, Non-violent child discipline - Time-outs, Non-violent child discipline - Hugging, Non-violent child discipline - Distraction, Non-violent child discipline - Reason, Non-violent child discipline - Consequences, Non-violent child discipline - Modeling, Non-violent child discipline - Praise and rewards, Non-violent child discipline - Scolding

Read more here: » Non-violent child discipline: Encyclopedia II - Non-violent child discipline - Praise and rewards

Human development refers to all forms of development above, often in the context of clinical or developmental psychology, or as human development theory (in economics, an outgrowth of welfare economics). Both the psychological and economic fields share a special concern with education and language fluency including literacy and numeracy, and with identification and development of more unique talents into the eco ...

See also:

Child, Child - Gender, Child - Development, Child - Cognitive development, Child - Notable child prodigies, Child - Human development

Read more here: » Child: Encyclopedia II - Child - Human development

Child development is the study or examination of processes and mechanisms that operate during the physical and mental development of an infant into an adult. Pediatrics is the branch of medicine relating to the care of children. It encompasses ages from prenatal to teenagers and even young adults (ages 0-21 years). Terms for stages of age-related physical development include, with their approximate age ranges: Zygote, the point of Conception, fertilization Embryo; in the later stages also cal ...

See also:

Child, Child - Gender, Child - Development, Child - Cognitive development, Child - Notable child prodigies, Child - Human development

Read more here: » Child: Encyclopedia II - Child - Development

Throughout the history of education the most common form of school discipline was corporal punishment. Whilst a child was in school a teacher was expected to act as a substitute parent, with all the normal forms of parental discipline open to them. In practice this meant that children were commonly punished with the birch or cane. However, corporal punishmnent was often problematic. Unless strictly monitored it could be open to abuse and there was a growing opposition to any use of physical force in disciplining individuals fro ...

See also:

School discipline, School discipline - Historical attitudes to school discipline, School discipline - Modern concepts of good discipline, School discipline - Problems in school discipline

Read more here: » School discipline: Encyclopedia II - School discipline - Historical attitudes to school discipline

In the modern world, corporal punishment remains a common way of disciplining children. Although it has been outlawed in some European countries, most legal systems permit parents to discipline their children however they see fit, implying a distinction between reasonable punishment and abuse. In terms of punishment in judicial and educational settings, approaches vary throughout the world. The practice has, for instance, been almost completely abandoned in Europe and North America, whilst other societies retain widespread use of judi ...

See also:

Corporal punishment, Corporal punishment - Corporal punishment in history, Corporal punishment - Modern usage, Corporal punishment - Corporal punishment of children, Corporal punishment - Arguments for and against, Corporal punishment - Corporal punishment fetishism and BDSM, Corporal punishment - Ritual and punishment, Corporal punishment - Administration of punishment

Read more here: » Corporal punishment: Encyclopedia II - Corporal punishment - Modern usage

Whilst the early history of corporal punishment is unclear, the practice was certainly present in classical civilisations, being used in Greece, Rome, Egypt and Israel, used for both judicial and educational discipline. Practices varied greatly, though scourging and beating with sticks were both common. Some states gained a reputation for using such punishments cruelly; Sparta, in particular, used frequent and heavy punishment as part of a disciplinary regime designed to build willpower and bodily strength. Although the Spartan example was unusual, corp ...

See also:

Corporal punishment, Corporal punishment - Corporal punishment in history, Corporal punishment - Modern usage, Corporal punishment - Corporal punishment of children, Corporal punishment - Arguments for and against, Corporal punishment - Corporal punishment fetishism and BDSM, Corporal punishment - Ritual and punishment, Corporal punishment - Administration of punishment

Read more here: » Corporal punishment: Encyclopedia II - Corporal punishment - Corporal punishment in history

Corporal punishment in formal settings, such as schools and prisons, is often highly ritualised, sometimes even staged in a highly theatrical manner. To a great extent the spectacle of punishment is intended to act as a deterrent to others and a theatrical approach is one result of this. One consequence of the ritualised nature of much punishment has been the development of a wide variety of equipment used. Formal punishment often begins with the victim stripped of some or all of their clothing and secured to a piece of furniture, suc ...

See also:

Corporal punishment, Corporal punishment - Corporal punishment in history, Corporal punishment - Modern usage, Corporal punishment - Corporal punishment of children, Corporal punishment - Arguments for and against, Corporal punishment - Corporal punishment fetishism and BDSM, Corporal punishment - Ritual and punishment, Corporal punishment - Administration of punishment

Read more here: » Corporal punishment: Encyclopedia II - Corporal punishment - Ritual and punishment

In formal punishment medical supervision is often considered necessary to assess whether the target of punishment is in a fit condition to be beaten and to oversee the punishment to prevent serious injury from occuring. The role of the medical officer was particularly important in the nineteenth century, a time in which severe punishment was common, but growing public criticism of the practice encouraged medical regulation. Corporal punishment can be directed at a number of different anatomical targets, the choice depending on a numbe ...

See also:

Corporal punishment, Corporal punishment - Corporal punishment in history, Corporal punishment - Modern usage, Corporal punishment - Corporal punishment of children, Corporal punishment - Arguments for and against, Corporal punishment - Corporal punishment fetishism and BDSM, Corporal punishment - Ritual and punishment, Corporal punishment - Administration of punishment

Read more here: » Corporal punishment: Encyclopedia II - Corporal punishment - Administration of punishment

Whilst the early history of corporal punishment is unclear, the practice was certainly present in classical civilizations, being used in Greece, Rome, Egypt and Israel, used for both judicial and educational discipline. Practices varied greatly, though scourging and beating with sticks were both common. Some states gained a reputation for using such punishments cruelly; Sparta, in particular, used frequent and heavy punishment as part of a disciplinary regime designed to build willpower and bodily strength. Although the Spartan example was unusual, corp ...

See also:

Physical punishment, Physical punishment - Corporal punishment in history, Physical punishment - Modern usage, Physical punishment - Corporal punishment of children, Physical punishment - Corporal punishment fetishism and BDSM, Physical punishment - Types and means, Physical punishment - Anatomical target, Physical punishment - Set and props, Physical punishment - Dramatis personae, Physical punishment - Other parameters of severity, Physical punishment - Procedure

Read more here: » Physical punishment: Encyclopedia II - Physical punishment - Corporal punishment in history

Although the corporal punishment of adults has now been abandoned by many countries, it is still retained as a judicial sanction in some parts of the world. Several societies retain widespread use of judicial corporal punishment, including Singapore and Malaysia. The Singaporean practice of caning became much discussed in the U.S. in 1994 when American teenager Michael P. Fay was sentenced to such punishment for an offense of car vandalism. In Singapore, male violent offenders and rapists are typical ...

See also:

Physical punishment, Physical punishment - Corporal punishment in history, Physical punishment - Modern usage, Physical punishment - Corporal punishment of children, Physical punishment - Corporal punishment fetishism and BDSM, Physical punishment - Types and means, Physical punishment - Anatomical target, Physical punishment - Set and props, Physical punishment - Dramatis personae, Physical punishment - Other parameters of severity, Physical punishment - Procedure

Read more here: » Physical punishment: Encyclopedia II - Physical punishment - Modern usage

While it is possible to classify corporal punishments by the categories of its scope of application (e.g. educational including parental and school discipline, other domestic, judicial etc.), i.e. by who can punish who and why, see above- this section elaborates the various ways to perform the physical torment. Physical punishment - Anatomical target. A crucial, inevitable choice is which part of the body is to suffer the painful treatment; sometimes a combination of several targets is c ...

See also:

Physical punishment, Physical punishment - Corporal punishment in history, Physical punishment - Modern usage, Physical punishment - Corporal punishment of children, Physical punishment - Corporal punishment fetishism and BDSM, Physical punishment - Types and means, Physical punishment - Anatomical target, Physical punishment - Set and props, Physical punishment - Dramatis personae, Physical punishment - Other parameters of severity, Physical punishment - Procedure

Read more here: » Physical punishment: Encyclopedia II - Physical punishment - Types and means

Attachment parents seek to understand the biological and psychological needs of the children, and to avoid unrealistic expectations of child behavior. In setting boundaries and limits that are appropriate to the age of the child, attachment parenting takes into account the physical and psychological stage of development that the child is currently experiencing. In this way, parents may seek to avoid the fr ...

See also:

Attachment parenting, Attachment parenting - History, Attachment parenting - Dr. Sears' Eight Ideals of Attachment Parenting, Attachment parenting - Attachment Parenting and Childcare, Attachment parenting - Attachment Parenting and Discipline, Attachment parenting - Criticisms of attachment parenting, Attachment parenting - Response to criticisms, Attachment parenting - Relevant publications

Read more here: » Attachment parenting: Encyclopedia II - Attachment parenting - Attachment Parenting and Discipline

Dobson advocates the spanking of children of up to eight years old when they misbehave, but warns that "Corporal punishment should not be a frequent occurrence" and that "discipline must not be harsh and destructive to the child's spirit." He does not advocate harsh spanking: "It is not necessary to beat the child into submission; a little bit of pain goes a long way for a young child. However, the spanking should be of sufficient magnit ...

See also:

James Dobson, James Dobson - Overview, James Dobson - Degrees positions and awards, James Dobson - Views on corporal punishment and authority, James Dobson - Dobson and Homosexuality, James Dobson - Political Power, James Dobson - Statements about ethics and science, James Dobson - Authorship

Read more here: » James Dobson: Encyclopedia II - James Dobson - Views on corporal punishment and authority

Despite contrary notions, spanking fetishism can often be found with people who were never spanked as a child, often coming out later in life as repressed role playing/wish fulfillment. These fetishes can take on many varieties. In the erotic fiction of this type, spanking is seen as natural as a reflex as sitting on a chair or making dinner. Other types include "spanking between friends", "parent-child spankings", "sibling spanking" and authoritarian school disciplines. Spanking enthusiasts often keep at hand collections of spanking ...

See also:

Erotic spanking, Erotic spanking - Spanking fetishism, Erotic spanking - Playful non-erotic spanking, Erotic spanking - References and further reading

Read more here: » Erotic spanking: Encyclopedia II - Erotic spanking - Spanking fetishism

Juliette Maria Suzanna Bergmann was born in Vlaardingen, Netherlands, from a Dutch mother and an Indonesian father. During her childhood she lost two brothers, causing much grief to her mother, who laid a larger responsibility on Juliette, the oldest child. That period in her life, she believes, made her a disciplined and responsible person. After finishing school she went on to study financial management, journalism and fitness training. She got married (marr ...

See also:

Juliette Bergmann, Juliette Bergmann - Early years, Juliette Bergmann - Bodybuilding career, Juliette Bergmann - Contest history

Read more here: » Juliette Bergmann: Encyclopedia II - Juliette Bergmann - Early years

Per Dr. Sears' theory of attachment parenting (AP), proponents attempt to foster a secure bond with their child by promoting eight "ideals," which are identified as goals for parents to strive for. These eight ideals are: Preparation for Childbirth Emotional Responsiveness Breastfeed your Baby Baby Wearing Shared sleep and Safe Sleeping Guidelines Avoid frequent and prolonged separations from you ...

See also:

Attachment parenting, Attachment parenting - History, Attachment parenting - Dr. Sears' Eight Ideals of Attachment Parenting, Attachment parenting - Attachment Parenting and Childcare, Attachment parenting - Attachment Parenting and Discipline, Attachment parenting - Criticisms of attachment parenting, Attachment parenting - Response to criticisms, Attachment parenting - Relevant publications

Read more here: » Attachment parenting: Encyclopedia II - Attachment parenting - Dr. Sears' Eight Ideals of Attachment Parenting