chemoluminescence

Bioluminescence is the production and emission of light by a living organism as the result of a chemical reaction during which chemical energy is converted to light energy. The name originates from the Greek bios for "living" and the Latin lumen "light". Bioluminescence may be generated by symbiotic organisms carried within a larger organism. It is generated by an enzyme-catalyzed chemoluminescence reaction, wherein a luciferin (a kind of pigment) is oxidised by a luciferase (a kind of enzyme). Adenosine triphosphate (AT ...

Including:

• Bioluminescence - Characteristics of the phenomenon
• Bioluminescence - Adaptations for bioluminescence
• Bioluminescence - Camouflage
• Bioluminescence - Attraction
• Bioluminescence - Repulsion
• Bioluminescence - Communication
• Bioluminescence - Biotechnology
• Bioluminescence - Organisms that bioluminesce
• Bioluminescence - Non-marine organisms
• Bioluminescence - Fish
• Bioluminescence - Marine invertebrates
• Bioluminescence - Plankton and microbes

Read more here: » Bioluminescence: Encyclopedia - Bioluminescence

Light is electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength that is visible to the eye (visible light) or, in a technical or scientific context, electromagnetic radiation of any wavelength. The three basic dimensions of light (i.e., all electromagnetic radiation) are: Intensity (or brilliance or amplitude), which is related to the human perception of brightness of the light, Frequency (or wavelength), perceived by humans as the color of the light, and Polarization (or angle of vibration), which is not perceptible by ...

Including:

• Light - Visible electromagnetic radiation
• Light - Speed of light
• Light - Refraction
• Light - Optics
• Light - Color and wavelengths
• Light - Measurement of light
• Light - Light sources
• Light - Theories about light
• Light - Early Greek ideas
• Light - 10th century optical theory
• Light - The 'plenum'
• Light - Particle theory
• Light - Wave theory
• Light - Electromagnetic theory
• Light - Particle theory revisited
• Light - Quantum theory
• Light - Wave-particle duality
• Light - A light wave

Read more here: » Light: Encyclopedia - Light

Bioluminescence is a form of luminescence, or "cold light" emission; less than 20% of the light is generated by thermal radiation. It should not be confused with fluorescence, phosphorescence or refraction of light. 90% of deep sea marine life is estimated to produce bioluminescence in one form or another. Most marine light-emission belongs in the blue and green light spectrum, the wavelengths that have the most powerful penetrating power in ...

See also:

Bioluminescence, Bioluminescence - Characteristics of the phenomenon, Bioluminescence - Adaptations for bioluminescence, Bioluminescence - Camouflage, Bioluminescence - Attraction, Bioluminescence - Repulsion, Bioluminescence - Communication, Bioluminescence - Biotechnology, Bioluminescence - Organisms that bioluminesce, Bioluminescence - Non-marine organisms, Bioluminescence - Fish, Bioluminescence - Marine invertebrates, Bioluminescence - Plankton and microbes

Read more here: » Bioluminescence: Encyclopedia II - Bioluminescence - Characteristics of the phenomenon

There are four main accepted theories for the evolution of bioluminescent traits: Camouflage Attraction Repulsion Communication Bioluminescence - Camouflage. It may seem paradoxical that shining brighter can be a form of camouflage, but creatures of the deep ocean are normally sillouetted against the sky. Several species of fish and squid utilise bioluminescence as counterillumination, making them more difficult for creatures below them to see. Animals that do this include the Bo ...

See also:

Bioluminescence, Bioluminescence - Characteristics of the phenomenon, Bioluminescence - Adaptations for bioluminescence, Bioluminescence - Camouflage, Bioluminescence - Attraction, Bioluminescence - Repulsion, Bioluminescence - Communication, Bioluminescence - Biotechnology, Bioluminescence - Organisms that bioluminesce, Bioluminescence - Non-marine organisms, Bioluminescence - Fish, Bioluminescence - Marine invertebrates, Bioluminescence - Plankton and microbes

Read more here: » Bioluminescence: Encyclopedia II - Bioluminescence - Adaptations for bioluminescence

Light - Early Greek ideas. In 55 BC Lucretius, continuing the ideas of earlier atomists, wrote that light and heat from the Sun were composed of minute particles. Ptolemy also wrote about the refraction of light. Light - 10th century optical theory. The scientist Abu Ali al-Hasan ibn al-Haytham (965-c.1040), also known as Alhazen, developed a broad theory that explained vision, using geometry and anatomy, which stated that each point on an illuminated area or object radi ...

See also:

Light, Light - Visible electromagnetic radiation, Light - Speed of light, Light - Refraction, Light - Optics, Light - Color and wavelengths, Light - Measurement of light, Light - Light sources, Light - Theories about light, Light - Early Greek ideas, Light - 10th century optical theory, Light - The 'plenum', Light - Particle theory, Light - Wave theory, Light - Electromagnetic theory, Light - Particle theory revisited, Light - Quantum theory, Light - Wave-particle duality, Light - A light wave

Read more here: » Light: Encyclopedia II - Light - Theories about light

Light - Early Greek ideas. In 55 BC Lucretius, continuing the ideas of earlier atomists, wrote that light and heat from the Sun were composed of minute particles. Ptolemy also wrote about the refraction of light. Light - 10th century optical theory. The Persian scientist Abu Ali al-Hasan ibn al-Haytham (965-c.1040), also known as Alhazen, developed a broad theory that explained vision, using geometry and anatomy, which stated that each point on an illuminated area or obj ...

See also:

Light, Light - Visible electromagnetic radiation, Light - Speed of light, Light - Refraction, Light - Optics, Light - Color and wavelengths, Light - Measurement of light, Light - Light sources, Light - Theories about light, Light - Early Greek ideas, Light - 10th century optical theory, Light - The 'plenum', Light - Particle theory, Light - Wave theory, Light - Electromagnetic theory, Light - Particle theory revisited, Light - Quantum theory, Light - Wave-particle duality, Light - A light wave

Read more here: » Light: Encyclopedia II - Light - Theories about light

The general life-cycle of krill has been the subject of several studies (e.g. Guerny 1942,[Gue42] or Mauchline & Fisher 1969[MF69]) performed on a variety of species and is thus relatively well understood, although there are minor variations in details from species to species. When krill hatch from the eggs, t ...

See also:

Krill, Krill - Taxonomy, Krill - Distribution, Krill - Morphology, Krill - Behaviour, Krill - Life cycle, Krill - Ecology, Krill - Economy, Krill - Footnotes

Read more here: » Krill: Encyclopedia II - Krill - Life cycle

Krill are an important element of the food chain. Antarctic krill feed directly on phytoplankton, converting the primary production energy into a form suitable for consumption by larger animals that cannot feed directly on the minuscule algae, but that can feed upon krill. Some species like the Northern krill have a smaller feeding basket and hunt for copepods and larger zooplankton. Many other animals feed on krill, ranging from smaller animals like fish or penguins to larger ones ...

See also:

Krill, Krill - Taxonomy, Krill - Distribution, Krill - Morphology, Krill - Behaviour, Krill - Life cycle, Krill - Ecology, Krill - Economy, Krill - Footnotes

Read more here: » Krill: Encyclopedia II - Krill - Ecology

Most krill are swarming animals; the size and density of such swarms vary greatly depending on the species and the region. Of Euphausia superba, swarms containing up to 10,000 to 30,000 individuals per cubic meter have been reported.[KM95] Swarming is a defensive mechanism, confusing smaller predators that would l ...

See also:

Krill, Krill - Taxonomy, Krill - Distribution, Krill - Morphology, Krill - Behaviour, Krill - Life cycle, Krill - Ecology, Krill - Economy, Krill - Footnotes

Read more here: » Krill: Encyclopedia II - Krill - Behaviour

Main article: Krill fishery. Krill has been harvested as a food source for both humans (okiami) and their domesticated animals since the 19th century, in Japan maybe even earlier. Large-scale fishing developed only in the late 1960s and early 1970s, and now occurs only in Antarctic waters and in the seas around Japan. Historically, the largest krill fishery nations were Japan and the Soviet Union, or, after the latter's dissolution, the Russian Federation and Ukraine. A peak in krill harvest had been reached in 1983 with ...

See also:

Krill, Krill - Taxonomy, Krill - Distribution, Krill - Morphology, Krill - Behaviour, Krill - Life cycle, Krill - Ecology, Krill - Economy, Krill - Footnotes

Read more here: » Krill: Encyclopedia II - Krill - Economy

Bioluminescent organisms are a target for many areas of research. Luciferase systems are widely used in the field of genetic engineering as reporter genes (see green fluorescent protein, and picture left). In January of 2006, researchers in Taiwan announced that they had genetically engineered bioluminescent adult pigs by fusing genetic information from jellyfish with a pig embryo. As of January 2006, the three male pigs, the product of 265 genetically engineered embryos implanted in eight females, were three months old. This research builds on previous research ...

See also:

Bioluminescence, Bioluminescence - Characteristics of the phenomenon, Bioluminescence - Adaptations for bioluminescence, Bioluminescence - Camouflage, Bioluminescence - Attraction, Bioluminescence - Repulsion, Bioluminescence - Communication, Bioluminescence - Biotechnology, Bioluminescence - Organisms that bioluminesce, Bioluminescence - Non-marine organisms, Bioluminescence - Fish, Bioluminescence - Marine invertebrates, Bioluminescence - Plankton and microbes

Read more here: » Bioluminescence: Encyclopedia II - Bioluminescence - Biotechnology

There are four main accepted theories for the evolution of bioluminescent traits: Camouflage Attraction Repulsion Communication Bioluminescence - Camouflage. Bioluminescence - Attraction. Bioluminescence is used as a lure to attract prey by several deep sea fish such as the anglerfish. A dangling appendage that extends from the head of the fish attracts small animals to within striking distance ...

See also:

Bioluminescence, Bioluminescence - Characteristics of the phenomenon, Bioluminescence - Adaptations for bioluminescence, Bioluminescence - Camouflage, Bioluminescence - Attraction, Bioluminescence - Repulsion, Bioluminescence - Communication, Bioluminescence - Biotechnology, Bioluminescence - Organisms that bioluminesce, Bioluminescence - Non-marine organisms, Bioluminescence - Fish, Bioluminescence - Marine invertebrates, Bioluminescence - Plankton and microbes

Read more here: » Bioluminescence: Encyclopedia II - Bioluminescence - Adaptations for bioluminescence

Krill are crustaceans and have a chitinous exoskeleton made up of three segments: the cephalon (head), thorax, and the abdomen. The first two segments are fused into one segment, the cephalothorax. This outer shell of krill is nearly transparent. Krill feature intricate compound eyes; some species can adapt to different lighting conditions through the use of screening pigments.[Gat05] They have two antennae and several pairs of thor ...

See also:

Krill, Krill - Taxonomy, Krill - Distribution, Krill - Morphology, Krill - Behaviour, Krill - Life cycle, Krill - Ecology, Krill - Economy, Krill - Footnotes

Read more here: » Krill: Encyclopedia II - Krill - Morphology

All cells produce some form of bioluminescence within the electromagnetic spectrum, but most is neither visible nor noticeable to the naked eye. Every organism's bioluminescence is unique in wavelength, duration, timing and regularity of flashes. Below follows a list of organisms which have been observed to have visible bioluminescence. Bioluminescence - Non-marine organisms. certain arthropods fireflies glow worms railroad worms certain centipedes certain ...

See also:

Bioluminescence, Bioluminescence - Characteristics of the phenomenon, Bioluminescence - Adaptations for bioluminescence, Bioluminescence - Camouflage, Bioluminescence - Attraction, Bioluminescence - Repulsion, Bioluminescence - Communication, Bioluminescence - Biotechnology, Bioluminescence - Organisms that bioluminesce, Bioluminescence - Non-marine organisms, Bioluminescence - Fish, Bioluminescence - Marine invertebrates, Bioluminescence - Plankton and microbes

Read more here: » Bioluminescence: Encyclopedia II - Bioluminescence - Organisms that bioluminesce

All light propagates at a finite speed. Even moving observers always measure the same value of c, the speed of light in vacuum, as c = 299,792,458 metres per second (186,282.397 miles per second). When light passes through a transparent substance, such as air, water or glass, its speed is reduced, and it undergoes refraction. The reduction of the speed of light in a denser material can be indicated by the refractive index, n, which is defined a ...

See also:

Light, Light - Visible electromagnetic radiation, Light - Speed of light, Light - Refraction, Light - Optics, Light - Color and wavelengths, Light - Measurement of light, Light - Light sources, Light - Theories about light, Light - Early Greek ideas, Light - 10th century optical theory, Light - The 'plenum', Light - Particle theory, Light - Wave theory, Light - Electromagnetic theory, Light - Particle theory revisited, Light - Quantum theory, Light - Wave-particle duality, Light - A light wave

Read more here: » Light: Encyclopedia II - Light - Refraction

Although some people speak of the "velocity of light", the word velocity should be reserved for vector quantities, that is, those with both magnitude and direction. The speed of light is a scalar quantity, having only magnitude and no direction, and therefore speed is the correct term. The speed of light has been measured many times, by many physicists. The best early measurement is Ole Rømer's (a Danish physicist), in 1676. By observing the motions of Jupiter and one of its moons, Io, with a telescope, and noting discr ...

See also:

Light, Light - Visible electromagnetic radiation, Light - Speed of light, Light - Refraction, Light - Optics, Light - Color and wavelengths, Light - Measurement of light, Light - Light sources, Light - Theories about light, Light - Early Greek ideas, Light - 10th century optical theory, Light - The 'plenum', Light - Particle theory, Light - Wave theory, Light - Electromagnetic theory, Light - Particle theory revisited, Light - Quantum theory, Light - Wave-particle duality, Light - A light wave

Read more here: » Light: Encyclopedia II - Light - Speed of light

Visible light is the portion of the electromagnetic spectrum between the frequencies of 380 THz (3.8×1014 hertz) and 750 THz (7.5×1014 hertz). The speed (c), frequency (f or ν), and wavelength (λ) of a wave obey the relation: Because the speed of light in a vacuum is fixed, visible light can als ...

See also:

Light, Light - Visible electromagnetic radiation, Light - Speed of light, Light - Refraction, Light - Optics, Light - Color and wavelengths, Light - Measurement of light, Light - Light sources, Light - Theories about light, Light - Early Greek ideas, Light - 10th century optical theory, Light - The 'plenum', Light - Particle theory, Light - Wave theory, Light - Electromagnetic theory, Light - Particle theory revisited, Light - Quantum theory, Light - Wave-particle duality, Light - A light wave

Read more here: » Light: Encyclopedia II - Light - Visible electromagnetic radiation

The different wavelengths are detected by the human eye and then interpreted by the brain as colors, ranging from red at the longest wavelengths of about 700 nm. (lowest frequencies) to violet at the shortest wavelengths of about 400 nm. (highest frequencies). The intervening frequencies are seen as orange, yellow, green, cyan, blue, and, conventionally, indigo. The wavelengths of the electromagnetic spectrum immediately outside the range that the human eye is able to perceive are called ultraviolet (UV) at ...

See also:

Light, Light - Visible electromagnetic radiation, Light - Speed of light, Light - Refraction, Light - Optics, Light - Color and wavelengths, Light - Measurement of light, Light - Light sources, Light - Theories about light, Light - Early Greek ideas, Light - 10th century optical theory, Light - The 'plenum', Light - Particle theory, Light - Wave theory, Light - Electromagnetic theory, Light - Particle theory revisited, Light - Quantum theory, Light - Wave-particle duality, Light - A light wave

Read more here: » Light: Encyclopedia II - Light - Color and wavelengths

The following quantities and units are used to measure the quantity or "brightness" of light. edit edit Sometimes confusingly called "intensity". Sometimes confusingly called "intensity". Sometimes confusingly called "intensity". watt per steradian per squ ...

See also:

Light, Light - Visible electromagnetic radiation, Light - Speed of light, Light - Refraction, Light - Optics, Light - Color and wavelengths, Light - Measurement of light, Light - Light sources, Light - Theories about light, Light - Early Greek ideas, Light - 10th century optical theory, Light - The 'plenum', Light - Particle theory, Light - Wave theory, Light - Electromagnetic theory, Light - Particle theory revisited, Light - Quantum theory, Light - Wave-particle duality, Light - A light wave

Read more here: » Light: Encyclopedia II - Light - Measurement of light

The order Euphausiacea is split into two families. The family Bentheuphausiidae has only one species, Bentheuphausia amblyops, a bathypelagic krill living in deep waters below 1,000 m. It is considered the most primitive living species of all krill.[Brin62] The other family — the Euphausiidae — contains ten different genera with a total of 85 species. Of these, the genus Euphausia is the largest, with 31 species.See also:

Krill, Krill - Taxonomy, Krill - Distribution, Krill - Morphology, Krill - Behaviour, Krill - Life cycle, Krill - Ecology, Krill - Economy, Krill - Footnotes

Read more here: » Krill: Encyclopedia II - Krill - Taxonomy