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Chełmno | A Wisdom Archive on Chełmno | | Chełmno A selection of articles related to Chełmno | |
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Caron, Caron - List of letters, Caron - Macintosh, Caron - Microsoft Word, Caron - Other uses, Caron - Software, Caron - TeX, Caron - Usage, Caron - Writing and printing carons, Caron - XFree86
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ARTICLES RELATED TO Chełmno | |
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| | |  Chełmno: Encyclopedia - Nicolaus CopernicusMikołaj Kopernik (February 19, 1473 – May 24, 1543), more commonly known by the Latin form Nicolaus Copernicus, was a Polish[1] astrologer, astronomer, mathematician, administrator and economist. He is mainly remembered for developing a scientifically-useful heliocentric (Sun-centered) theory of the solar system.
Copernicus worked in Royal Prussia as a church canon, governor, administrator, economist, jurist, physician, astrologer and, in con ...
Including:
Read more here: » Nicolaus Copernicus: Encyclopedia - Nicolaus Copernicus |
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| | | | Chełmno: Encyclopedia II - Pat Buchanan - Controversial views
Pat Buchanan - Statements about women.
In a 1983 syndicated column, Buchanan wrote that women are "simply not endowed by nature with the same measures of single-minded ambition and the will to succeed in the fiercely competitive world of Western capitalism."
In Right from the Beginning, his autobiography, Buchanan wrote that "The real liberators of American women were not the feminist noise-makers, they were the automobile, the supermarket, the shopping center, the dishwasher, the washer-dryer, the ...
See also:Pat Buchanan, Pat Buchanan - Early life, Pat Buchanan - Political views, Pat Buchanan - Presidential campaigns, Pat Buchanan - 1992, Pat Buchanan - 1996, Pat Buchanan - 2000, Pat Buchanan - Controversial views, Pat Buchanan - Statements about women, Pat Buchanan - Statements about segregation and the Civil War, Pat Buchanan - Statements about Israel Hitler the Holocaust and accused Nazis, Pat Buchanan - Statements about Canada, Pat Buchanan - Statements opposing Free Trade, Pat Buchanan - Trivia, Pat Buchanan - Books Read more here: » Pat Buchanan: Encyclopedia II - Pat Buchanan - Controversial views |
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| | | | Chełmno: Encyclopedia II - Nicolaus Copernicus - The Copernican heliocentric system
Nicolaus Copernicus - Earlier theories.
Much has been written about earlier heliocentric theories. Philolaus (4th century BC) was one of the first to hypothesize movement by the Earth, probably inspired by Pythagoras' theories about a spherical Globe.
Aristarchus of Samos in the 3rd century BC had developed some theories of Heraclides Ponticus (speaking of a revolution by Earth on its axis) to propose what was, so far as is known, the first serious model of a heliocentric solar system. His work about a hel ...
See also:Nicolaus Copernicus, Nicolaus Copernicus - Biography, Nicolaus Copernicus - The Copernican heliocentric system, Nicolaus Copernicus - Earlier theories, Nicolaus Copernicus - The Ptolemaic system, Nicolaus Copernicus - Copernican theory, Nicolaus Copernicus - De revolutionibus orbium coelestium, Nicolaus Copernicus - Copernicus and Copernicanism, Nicolaus Copernicus - Quotes, Nicolaus Copernicus - Grave Read more here: » Nicolaus Copernicus: Encyclopedia II - Nicolaus Copernicus - The Copernican heliocentric system |
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| | | | Chełmno: Encyclopedia II - History of the Jews in Poland - Early history to Golden Age: 966–1572
History of the Jews in Poland - Early history: 966–1385.
Main article: History of Poland (966-1385)
The first Jews arrived in the territory of modern Poland in the 10th century. Travelling along the trade routes leading eastwards to Kiev and Bukhara, the Jewish merchants also crossed the areas of Silesia. One of them, a diplomat and merchant from the Moorish town of Tortosa in Al-Andalus, known under his Arabic name of Ibrahim ibn Jakub, was the first chronicler to mention the Polish ...
See also:History of the Jews in Poland, History of the Jews in Poland - Early history to Golden Age: 966–1572, History of the Jews in Poland - Early history: 966–1385, History of the Jews in Poland - The early Jagiellon era: 1385–1505, History of the Jews in Poland - Center of the Jewish world: 1505–72, History of the Jews in Poland - The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth: 1572–1795, History of the Jews in Poland - The Warsaw Confederation, History of the Jews in Poland - Increasing isolation, History of the Jews in Poland - The Cossack Uprising and the Deluge, History of the Jews in Poland - Decline under the Saxon Dynasty, History of the Jews in Poland - The Partitions, History of the Jews in Poland - The development of Judaism in Poland and the Commonwealth, History of the Jews in Poland - Jewish learning, History of the Jews in Poland - The rise of Hasidism, History of the Jews in Poland - Jews of Poland within the Russian Empire 1795–1918, History of the Jews in Poland - Pogroms, History of the Jews in Poland - Haskalah and Halakha, History of the Jews in Poland - Politics in Polish Territory, History of the Jews in Poland - Interwar period 1918–39, History of the Jews in Poland - Independence and Polish Jews, History of the Jews in Poland - Jewish and Polish culture, History of the Jews in Poland - Growing anti-Semitism, History of the Jews in Poland - WWII and the destruction of Polish Jewry 1939–45, History of the Jews in Poland - The Polish September campaign, History of the Jews in Poland - Soviet-occupied Poland, History of the Jews in Poland - The Holocaust: German-occupied Poland, History of the Jews in Poland - Communist rule: 1945–89, History of the Jews in Poland - Postwar, History of the Jews in Poland - 1967–1989, History of the Jews in Poland - Since 1989, History of the Jews in Poland - Notes Read more here: » History of the Jews in Poland: Encyclopedia II - History of the Jews in Poland - Early history to Golden Age: 966–1572 |
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| | | | Chełmno: Encyclopedia II - History of Lithuania - Independent interwar Lithuania 1918-1940
History of Lithuania - Freedom wars 1918-1922.
The term "Freedom wars" refers to the three wars Lithuania was fighting to defend its territory from various powers: bolsheviks, bermontians and Poles; each of these powers had their own agenda on fighting Lithuania.
Bolsheviks were attacking Lithuania from the east, trying not to let it to regain independence. Such actions succeeded in some other states, such as Georgia, Belarus or Ukraine, which were also briefly independent but fallen into USSR rule ...
See also:History of Lithuania, History of Lithuania - Before statehood, History of Lithuania - Baltic tribes, History of Lithuania - Towards the creation of single state, History of Lithuania - Grand Duchy of Lithuania, History of Lithuania - Pagan Lithuania, History of Lithuania - Christian Lithuania, History of Lithuania - Polish-Lithuanian commonwealth 1569-1795, History of Lithuania - Early years of new state, History of Lithuania - Wars against Swedes and Russians, History of Lithuania - Destruction of the state, History of Lithuania - Imperial Russian occupation 1795-1914, History of Lithuania - Domination of Russia, History of Lithuania - Napoleon's invasion, History of Lithuania - Persecutions, History of Lithuania - Revolts, History of Lithuania - Revival of Lithuanian Language, History of Lithuania - World War 1 1914-1918, History of Lithuania - Independent interwar Lithuania 1918-1940, History of Lithuania - Freedom wars 1918-1922, History of Lithuania - Democratic Lithuania 1922-1926, History of Lithuania - Authoritarian regime 1926-1938, History of Lithuania - Collapse of the state 1938-1940, History of Lithuania - World War II 1940-1945, History of Lithuania - First Soviet occupation 1940-1941, History of Lithuania - Independent Lithuania 1941, History of Lithuania - German occupation 1941-1944, History of Lithuania - Second Soviet occupation, History of Lithuania - Soviet occupation 1944-1990, History of Lithuania - Stalinism, History of Lithuania - Policy of Brezhnev, History of Lithuania - Policy of Khrushchev, History of Lithuania - Rebirth 1988-1990, History of Lithuania - Independent modern Lithuania 1990-2004, History of Lithuania - Struggle for independence 1990-1991, History of Lithuania - Building the new state 1991-1996, History of Lithuania - Going forward 1996-2004, History of Lithuania - Lithuania in the European Union 2004-present, History of Lithuania - External link Read more here: » History of Lithuania: Encyclopedia II - History of Lithuania - Independent interwar Lithuania 1918-1940 |
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| | | | Chełmno: Encyclopedia II - History of Poland - Early history of Poland 966-1385 Main articles: History of Poland (966-1385), Kingdom of Poland of the first Piasts, Kingdom of Poland during feudal dissolution, Kingdom of Poland of the later Piasts
The Polish state was born in 966 with the baptism of Mieszko I, duke of the Slavic tribe of Polans and founder of the Piast dynasty. His conversion from Pagnism to Christianity marked the first written historical event of Poland. By 990, when Mieszko officially submitted to the authority of the Holy See, he had transformed his country into one of the strongest pow ...
See also:History of Poland, History of Poland - Early history of Poland 966-1385, History of Poland - The Jagiellon Era 1385-1572, History of Poland - The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth 1572-1795, History of Poland - Partitioned Poland 1795-1918, History of Poland - Independence Regained 1918-1939, History of Poland - World War II in Poland 1939-1945, History of Poland - People's Republic of Poland 1945-1989, History of Poland - Martial law, History of Poland - The Third Republic 1989-present Read more here: » History of Poland: Encyclopedia II - History of Poland - Early history of Poland 966-1385 |
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| | | | Chełmno: Encyclopedia II - List of rivers of Europe - Barents Sea and White Sea Arctic Ocean The rivers in this section are sorted east (Novaya Zemlya) to west (North Cape, Norway).
In Russia:
Pechora (north-east of Naryan-Mar)
Usa (west of Usinsk)
Kolva (near Usinsk)
Northern Dvina (in Severodvinsk)
Pinega (in Ust-Pinega)
Yomtsa (near Bolshaya Gora)
Vaga (near Bereznik)
Uftyuga (near Krasnoborsk)
Vychegda (in Kotlas)
Vishera
Yug (in Veliki Ustyug)
Sukhona (in Veliki Ustyug)
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See also:List of rivers of Europe, List of rivers of Europe - Barents Sea and White Sea Arctic Ocean, List of rivers of Europe - Atlantic Ocean, List of rivers of Europe - On Iceland, List of rivers of Europe - Norwegian coast, List of rivers of Europe - Scottish Irish Welsh and English coast, List of rivers of Europe - French Spanish and Portuguese coast, List of rivers of Europe - Baltic Sea, List of rivers of Europe - Black Sea, List of rivers of Europe - Caspian Sea, List of rivers of Europe - English Channel, List of rivers of Europe - North coast, List of rivers of Europe - South coast, List of rivers of Europe - Irish Sea, List of rivers of Europe - Mediterranean Sea, List of rivers of Europe - Western Mediterranean, List of rivers of Europe - Adriatic Sea, List of rivers of Europe - Ionian Sea, List of rivers of Europe - Aegean Sea, List of rivers of Europe - North Sea, List of rivers of Europe - European countries, List of rivers of Europe - Other contintents Read more here: » List of rivers of Europe: Encyclopedia II - List of rivers of Europe - Barents Sea and White Sea Arctic Ocean |
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| | | | Chełmno: Encyclopedia II - Partitions of Poland - History
Partitions of Poland - Prelude.
One could characterise Poland-Lithuania before the partitions as already not a completely sovereign state: in modern terms it would be a Russian satellite state, with Russian Emperors effectively choosing Polish kings. During the reign of Władysław IV (1632-48), the liberum veto had evolved. This policy of parliamentary procedure was based on the assumption of the political equality of every "gentleman", with the corollary that unanimous consent was required for all measures. A s ...
See also:Partitions of Poland, Partitions of Poland - History, Partitions of Poland - Prelude, Partitions of Poland - First Partition, Partitions of Poland - Second Partition, Partitions of Poland - Third Partition, Partitions of Poland - Aftermath, Partitions of Poland - Assessment Read more here: » Partitions of Poland: Encyclopedia II - Partitions of Poland - History |
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| | | | Chełmno: Encyclopedia II - Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - History The creation of the Commonwealth by the Union of Lublin in 1569 was one of the signal achievements of Sigismund II Augustus, last king of the Jagiellon dynasty. His death in 1572 was followed by a three-year interregnum during which adjustments were made to the constitutional system that effectively increased the power of the nobility (the szlachta) and established a truly elective monarchy.
The Commonwealth reached its Golden Age in the first half of the 17th century. Its powerful parliament (the Sejm) was dominated by nobles ...
See also:Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - History, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - State organization and politics, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Commonwealth military, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Golden Liberty, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - The political players, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Shortcomings of the Commonwealth, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Late reforms, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Economy, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Culture, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Szlachta and Sarmatism, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Demographics and religion, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Provinces and geography, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Voivodships of the Commonwealth Read more here: » Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth: Encyclopedia II - Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - History |
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| | | | Chełmno: Encyclopedia II - History of Poland 1939–1945 - German and Soviet Invasion The Polish armed forces resisted the German invasion, but their strategic position was hopeless since Poland was surrounded on three sides by Germany and German-controlled Czechoslovakia. It was in Poland that the Germans first used the tactics of Blitzkrieg ("lightning war"): rapid advance of Panzer (armored) divisions, dive bombing to break up troop concentrations, and aerial bombing of undefended cities to sap civilian morale. The Polish Army and Air Force had little modern equipment to match the onslaught.
German forces wer ...
See also:History of Poland 1939–1945, History of Poland 1939–1945 - German and Soviet Invasion, History of Poland 1939–1945 - Dismemberment of Poland, History of Poland 1939–1945 - The General Government, History of Poland 1939–1945 - Treatment of the Poles, History of Poland 1939–1945 - The Holocaust in Poland, History of Poland 1939–1945 - Governments in exile, History of Poland 1939–1945 - Resistance, History of Poland 1939–1945 - Aftermath of the War, History of Poland 1939–1945 - Yalta and the Soviet Occupation 1943–45 Read more here: » History of Poland 1939–1945: Encyclopedia II - History of Poland 1939–1945 - German and Soviet Invasion |
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| | | | Chełmno: Encyclopedia II - The Holocaust - Victims The victims of the Holocaust were Jews, Polish, Russian, Communists, homosexuals, Roma (also known as gypsies), the mentally ill and the physically disabled, intelligentsia and political activists, Jehovah's Witnesses, some Catholic and Protestant clergy, trade unionists, psychiatric patients, some Africans, common criminals and people labeled as "enemies of the state". These victims all perished alongside one another in the camps, according to the extensive documentation left behind by the Nazis themselves (written and photographed), eyewit ...
See also:The Holocaust, The Holocaust - Etymology and usage of the term, The Holocaust - Features of the Nazi Holocaust, The Holocaust - Premeditation, The Holocaust - Efficiency, The Holocaust - Scale, The Holocaust - Cruelty, The Holocaust - Victims, The Holocaust - Jews, The Holocaust - Slavs, The Holocaust - Roma Sinti and Manush 'Gypsies', The Holocaust - Gay men, The Holocaust - Jehovah's Witnesses, The Holocaust - Disabled people, The Holocaust - Others, The Holocaust - Death toll, The Holocaust - Searching for records of victims, The Holocaust - Execution of the Holocaust, The Holocaust - Concentration and Labor Camps 1933-1945, The Holocaust - Pogroms 1938-1941, The Holocaust - Euthanasia 1939-1941, The Holocaust - Ghettos 1940-1945, The Holocaust - Death squads 1941-1943, The Holocaust - Extermination camps 1942-1945, The Holocaust - Death marches and liberation 1944-1945, The Holocaust - Resistance and rescuers, The Holocaust - Resistance, The Holocaust - Rescuers, The Holocaust - Perpetrators and collaborators, The Holocaust - Who was directly involved in the killings?, The Holocaust - Who authorized the killings?, The Holocaust - Who knew about the killings?, The Holocaust - Historical interpretations, The Holocaust - Why did people participate in authorize or tacitly accept the killing?, The Holocaust - Revisionists and deniers, The Holocaust - Aftermath, The Holocaust - Displaced Persons and the State of Israel, The Holocaust - Legal proceedings against Nazis, The Holocaust - Legal action against genocide, The Holocaust - Impact on culture, The Holocaust - Holocaust theology, The Holocaust - Art and literature, The Holocaust - Holocaust Memorial Days, The Holocaust - Notes, The Holocaust - Nazi plans related to the Holocaust, The Holocaust - Eugenics, The Holocaust - Individuals and the Holocaust, The Holocaust - Nazi concentration camps, The Holocaust - Ghettos, The Holocaust - Massacres and pogroms, The Holocaust - Jewish resistance Read more here: » The Holocaust: Encyclopedia II - The Holocaust - Victims |
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| | | | Chełmno: Encyclopedia II - History of the Jews in Poland - Early history to Golden Age: 966–1572
History of the Jews in Poland - Early history: 966–1385.
The first Jews arrived in the territory of modern Poland in the 10th century. Travelling along the trade routes leading eastwards to Kiev and Bukhara, the Jewish merchants also crossed the areas of Silesia. One of them, a diplomat and merchant from the Moorish town of Tortosa in Al-Andalus, known under his Arabic name of Ibrahim ibn Jakub, was the first chronicler to mention the Polish state under the rule of prince Mieszko I. The first actual mention of ...
See also:History of the Jews in Poland, History of the Jews in Poland - Early history to Golden Age: 966–1572, History of the Jews in Poland - Early history: 966–1385, History of the Jews in Poland - The early Jagiellon era: 1385–1505, History of the Jews in Poland - Center of the Jewish world: 1505–72, History of the Jews in Poland - The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth: 1572–1795, History of the Jews in Poland - The Warsaw Confederation, History of the Jews in Poland - Increasing isolation, History of the Jews in Poland - The Cossack Uprising and the Deluge, History of the Jews in Poland - Decline under the Saxon Dynasty, History of the Jews in Poland - The Partitions, History of the Jews in Poland - The development of Judaism in Poland and the Commonwealth, History of the Jews in Poland - Jewish learning, History of the Jews in Poland - The rise of Hasidism, History of the Jews in Poland - Jews of Poland within the Russian Empire 1795–1918, History of the Jews in Poland - Pogroms, History of the Jews in Poland - Haskalah and Halakha, History of the Jews in Poland - Politics in Polish Territory, History of the Jews in Poland - Interwar period 1918–39, History of the Jews in Poland - Independence and Polish Jews, History of the Jews in Poland - Jewish and Polish culture, History of the Jews in Poland - Growing anti-Semitism, History of the Jews in Poland - WWII and the destruction of Polish Jewry 1939–45, History of the Jews in Poland - The Polish September campaign, History of the Jews in Poland - Soviet-occupied Poland, History of the Jews in Poland - The Holocaust: German-occupied Poland, History of the Jews in Poland - Communist rule: 1945–89, History of the Jews in Poland - Postwar, History of the Jews in Poland - 1967–1989, History of the Jews in Poland - Since 1989, History of the Jews in Poland - Notes Read more here: » History of the Jews in Poland: Encyclopedia II - History of the Jews in Poland - Early history to Golden Age: 966–1572 |
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