Chemistry (derived from the Arabic word kimia, alchemy, where al is Arabic for the) is the science of matter that deals with the composition, structure, and properties of substances and with the transformations that they undergo. In the study of matter, chemistry also investigates its interactions with energy and itself (see physics, biology). Because of the diversity of matter, which is mostly composed of different combinations of atoms, chemists often study how atoms of different chemical elements interact to fo ...

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• Chemistry - Introduction
• Chemistry - Chemical phenomena
• Chemistry - Subdisciplines of chemistry
• Chemistry - Fundamental concepts
• Chemistry - Chemical Laws
• Chemistry - History of chemistry
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Chemistry, Chemistry - Introduction, Chemistry - Chemical phenomena, Chemistry - Subdisciplines of chemistry, Chemistry - Fundamental concepts, Chemistry - History of chemistry, Chemistry - Etymology

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Chemistry typically is divided into several major sub-disciplines. There are also several main cross-disciplinary and more specialized fields of chemistry. Analytical chemistry is the analysis of material samples to gain an understanding of their chemical composition and structure. Analytical chemistry incorporates standardized experimental methods in chemistry. These methods may be used in all subdiciplines of chemistry, excluding purely theoretical chemistry. Biochemistry is the study of the chemicals, chem ...

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Chemistry, Chemistry - Introduction, Chemistry - Chemical phenomena, Chemistry - Subdisciplines of chemistry, Chemistry - Fundamental concepts, Chemistry - Chemical Laws, Chemistry - History of chemistry, Chemistry - Etymology

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"Cracking" breaks larger molecules into smaller ones. This can be done with a thermic or catalytic method. The thermal cracking process follows a homolytic mechanism, that is, bonds break symmetrically and thus pairs of free radicals are formed. The catalytic cracking process involves the presence of acid catalysts (usually solid acids such as silica-alumina and zeolites) which promote a heterolytic (asymmetric) breakage of bonds yielding pairs of ions of opposite charges, usually a carbocation and the very unstable hydride anion. Carbon-loc ...

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Cracking chemistry, Cracking chemistry - Applications, Cracking chemistry - Fluid Catalytic Cracking, Cracking chemistry - Hydrocracking, Cracking chemistry - Steam Cracking, Cracking chemistry - Chemistry, Cracking chemistry - Catalytic Cracking, Cracking chemistry - Thermal Cracking, Cracking chemistry - History

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It is a carbamic acid ester. Carisoprodol is a racemic mixture of two stereoisomers. ...

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Carisoprodol, Carisoprodol - Chemistry, Carisoprodol - Effects, Carisoprodol - Pharmacokinetics

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The two monosaccharides are bonded via a condensation reaction. This bond can be between the 1, 4 or 6 carbon on each component monosaccharide. So even if both component sugars are the same (e.g. glucose), different bond combinations result in disaccharides with different chemical and physical properties. Like monosaccharides, they are crystalline, water soluble, and sweet tasting. ...

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Disaccharide, Disaccharide - Chemistry, Disaccharide - Common disaccharides

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In chemistry, a dimer refers to a molecule composed of two similar subunits or monomers linked together. It is a special case of a polymer. It can refer to halide chemistry, involving halogen bonding. Its more common usage refers to dimers as certain types of sugar: sucrose, for example, is a dimer of a glucose molecule and a fructose molecule. A physical dimer is a term that designates the case where intermolecular interaction brings two identical molecules closer together than other molecules. There are no covalent bonds between the physical dimer molecules. Acetic acid is such a case where hydr ...

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Dimer, Dimer - Chemistry, Dimer - Biology

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Chemically, a precursor is a substance that, following a reaction, becomes an intrinsic part of a product chemical. This is often heard when discussing methamphetamine production, as certain household items are precursors of the end product. ...

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Precursor, Precursor - Biology, Precursor - Chemistry, Precursor - Medicine

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In chemistry, leakage is a process in which material is lost, intentionally or accidentally, gradually through the holes or defects of their containers. Often, leakage can be disastrous if the leaked material is harmful or corrosive. A zinc-carbon battery is an example of an easy-leaking system. The electrolytes inside the cell sometimes leak out of the cell shell, and cause damage to an electronic appliance. ...

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In organic chemistry, amyl is the old trivial name for the radical called pentyl under the IUPAC nomenclature: that is, -C5H11. This usage may derive from the presence of amyl alcohol in fusel oil, itself often fermented from starches. In this usage, amyl (normally) remains a separate word and it does not become "amylo" before a consonant. Several important amyl/pentyl compounds are still widely known by their older, amyl names, including: amylamine amyl acetate amyl alcohol amyl ni ...

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Amyl, Amyl - Biochemistry, Amyl - Chemistry, Amyl - Slang

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Aluminum naturally forms a passive oxide layer when exposed to the atmosphere which provides moderate protection against corrosion. The layer is strongly adherent because it is part of the metal surface as compared to oxidation (corrosion) in steel, where rust puffs up and flakes off, exposing new metal to corrosion. In anodizing aluminum, this layer of oxide is grown from the surface of the aluminum by passing a DC current through an acid solution, usually sulfuric, and forming oxygen at the surface of the aluminum creating aluminum oxide. ...

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Anodising, Anodising - Chemistry, Anodising - Dyeing, Anodising - Related processes

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In chemistry, infixes are used to describe molecular structure in IUPAC nomenclature. Chemical nomenclature includes the minuscule infixes -pe-, signifying complete hydrogenation (from piperidine); and -et- (from ethyl), signifying the ethyl radical C2H5. Thus, from picoline, we can derive pipecoline and from lutidine, we can derive lupetidine; from phenidine, we can derive phenetidine and from xanthoxylin, we can ...

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Infix, Infix - Linguistics, Infix - Mathematics and computer science, Infix - Chemistry

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Aluminum, when exposed to the atmosphere, forms a passive oxide layer, which provides moderate protection against corrosion. This layer is strongly adherent because it is chemically bound to the metal surface as compared to oxidation (corrosion) in steel, where rust puffs up and flakes off, constantly exposing new metal to corrosion. In anodizing aluminum, this aluminum oxide layer is made thicker by passing a DC current through an acid solution, usually sulfuric, with the aluminum object serving as the anode (the positive electrode). ...

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Anodising, Anodising - Chemistry, Anodising - Dyeing, Anodising - Related processes

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The thiol group is the sulfur analog of the hydroxyl group (-OH) found in alcohols. Since sulfur and oxygen belong to the same periodic table group, they share some similar chemical bonding properties. The chemistry of thiols is thus related to the chemistry of alcohols: thiols form thioethers, thioacetals and thioesters, which are analogous to ethers, acetals, and esters. Furthermore, a thiol group can react wi ...

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Thiol, Thiol - Chemistry, Thiol - Biological importance, Thiol - Nomenclature, Thiol - Etymology, Thiol - Examples of thiols

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See also. List of object-oriented programming terms Portland Pattern Repository's Wiki page on coupling and cohesion ...

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In the laboratory, ethane may be conveniently prepared by Koble electrolyis. In this technique, an aqueous solution of an acetate salt is electrolysed. At the anode, acetate oxidize to produce carbon dioxide and methyl radicals, and the highly reactive methyl radicals combine to produce ethane: CH3COO− → CH3• + CO2 + e− CH3• + •CH3 → C2H6 Another method, the oxidation of acetic anhydride b ...

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Ethane, Ethane - History, Ethane - Chemistry, Ethane - Ocurrence and use, Ethane - Extraterrestrial ethane

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The image above shows the chemical structure of saccharin as its sodium salt, which has the chemical formula C7H4NNaO3S · 2H2O. Saccharin can be produced in various ways. Remsen & Fahlberg's original route starts with toluene, but yields from this starting point are small. In 1950, an improved synthesis was developed at the Maumee Chemical Company of Toledo, Ohio. In this synthesis, anthranilic acid successively reacts with nitrous acid, sulfur dioxide and chlorine, and then ammonia to yield saccharin. Another route begin ...

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Saccharin, Saccharin - Discovery and history, Saccharin - Chemistry, Saccharin - Saccharin and cancer

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The fundamental component of chemistry is that it involves matter in some way (this explains its broad reach). It may involve the interaction of matter with non-material phenomena such as energy. More central to chemistry is the interaction of one substance with another such as in the classic chemical reaction where one substance is transformed into another; or with electromagnetic radiation (as in photochemistry). The class of scientists who profess chemistry are known as chemists. According to the contemporary chemistry, almost all ...

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Chemistry, Chemistry - Introduction, Chemistry - Chemical phenomena, Chemistry - Subdisciplines of chemistry, Chemistry - Fundamental concepts, Chemistry - Chemical Laws, Chemistry - History of chemistry, Chemistry - Etymology

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Nomenclature Main article: IUPAC nomenclature Nomenclature refers to the system for naming chemical compounds. There are well-defined systems in place for naming chemical species. Organic compounds are named according to the organic nomenclature system. Inorganic compounds are named according to the inorganic nomenclature system. Atoms Main article: Atom An atom is a collection of matter consisting of a positively charged core (the atomic nucleus) which contains protons and neutrons, and which maintains a number of electrons to balance the posi ...

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Chemistry, Chemistry - Introduction, Chemistry - Chemical phenomena, Chemistry - Subdisciplines of chemistry, Chemistry - Fundamental concepts, Chemistry - History of chemistry, Chemistry - Etymology

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In chemistry, the phrase conversion has several meanings a chemical reaction, the conversion of molecule A to molecule B relative yield, when the conversion of A to B is 70% (jargon), 70% of A is transformed into B. conversion rate is synonymous with reaction rate Other related archiveschemical reaction, chemistry, reaction rate, relative yield

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