3rd century BCE: Manetho, a Hellenistic Egyptian chronicler and priest, alleges that Moses was not a Jew, but an Egyptian renegade priest called Osarseph, and portrays the Exodus as the expulsion of a leper colony. 175 BCE-165 BCE: Antiochus Epiphanes sacks Jerusalem, calls Judaism "inimical to humanity", prohibits brit milah, confiscates copies of Torah and erects an altar to Zeus in the Second Temple after plundering it. (See also Maccabees, Hanukkah) 2nd century BCE: Mnaseas of Patros, a Greek author, reports that the Jews worship a donkey's head in the Holy of Holies. Thi ...

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History of anti-Semitism, History of anti-Semitism - Ancient animosity towards Jews, History of anti-Semitism - The 4th century, History of anti-Semitism - The 5th century, History of anti-Semitism - The 6th century, History of anti-Semitism - The 7th century, History of anti-Semitism - The 8th century, History of anti-Semitism - The 9th century, History of anti-Semitism - The 10th century, History of anti-Semitism - The 11th century, History of anti-Semitism - The 12th century, History of anti-Semitism - The 13th century, History of anti-Semitism - The 14th century, History of anti-Semitism - The 15th century, History of anti-Semitism - The 16th century, History of anti-Semitism - The 17th century, History of anti-Semitism - The 18th century, History of anti-Semitism - The 19th century, History of anti-Semitism - The 20th century, History of anti-Semitism - The 21st century, History of anti-Semitism - Books

Read more here: » History of anti-Semitism: Encyclopedia II - History of anti-Semitism - Ancient animosity towards Jews

On November 8, Lenin was elected as the Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars by the Russian Soviet Congress. Faced with the threat of German invasion, Lenin argued that Russia should immediately sign a peace treaty. Other Bolshevik leaders, such as Bukharin, advocated continuing the war as a means of fomenting revolution in Germany. Trotsky, who led the negotiations, advocated an intermediate position, of "No War, No Peace", calling for a peace treaty only on the conditions that no territorial gains on either side be consolidated. ...

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Vladimir Lenin, Vladimir Lenin - Early life, Vladimir Lenin - Revolutionary, Vladimir Lenin - Head of the Soviet state, Vladimir Lenin - Premature death, Vladimir Lenin - After death, Vladimir Lenin - Lenin's brain study, Vladimir Lenin - Trivia, Vladimir Lenin - Notes

Read more here: » Vladimir Lenin: Encyclopedia II - Vladimir Lenin - Head of the Soviet state

1918 - January-February. January 8 - President Woodrow Wilson announces his "Fourteen Points" for the aftermath of World War I. January 22 - Manitoba, Canada film censor board bans comedies January 24 - a decree of the Council of People's Commissars, introducing the Gregorian calendar in Russia since February 1 (Julian calendar date), issued January 28 - Vladimir Lenin decrees the establishment of the Red Army. February 3 - The Twin Peaks Tunne ...

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1918, 1918 - Events, 1918 - January-February, 1918 - March-April, 1918 - May-July, 1918 - August-October, 1918 - November, 1918 - December, 1918 - Unknown dates, 1918 - Births, 1918 - January-February, 1918 - March-April, 1918 - May-August, 1918 - September-December, 1918 - Deaths, 1918 - Nobel Prizes

Read more here: » 1918: Encyclopedia II - 1918 - Events

610-620 Visigothic Hispania After many of his anti-Jewish edicts were ignored, king Sisebur prohibits Judaism. Those not baptized fled. This was the first incidence where a prohibition of Judaism affected an entire country. 614 Fifth Council of Paris decrees that all Jews holding military or civil positions must accept baptism, together with their families. 615 Italy. The earliest referral to the Juramentum Judaeorum (the Jewish Oath): the concept that no heretic could be believed in court against a Christ ...

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History of anti-Semitism, History of anti-Semitism - Ancient animosity towards Jews, History of anti-Semitism - The 4th century, History of anti-Semitism - The 5th century, History of anti-Semitism - The 6th century, History of anti-Semitism - The 7th century, History of anti-Semitism - The 8th century, History of anti-Semitism - The 9th century, History of anti-Semitism - The 10th century, History of anti-Semitism - The 11th century, History of anti-Semitism - The 12th century, History of anti-Semitism - The 13th century, History of anti-Semitism - The 14th century, History of anti-Semitism - The 15th century, History of anti-Semitism - The 16th century, History of anti-Semitism - The 17th century, History of anti-Semitism - The 18th century, History of anti-Semitism - The 19th century, History of anti-Semitism - The 20th century, History of anti-Semitism - The 21st century, History of anti-Semitism - Books

Read more here: » History of anti-Semitism: Encyclopedia II - History of anti-Semitism - The 7th century

Main article: History of post-Soviet Russia By the mid-1990s Russia had a system of multiparty electoral politics. But it was harder to establish a representative government because of two structural problems—the struggle between president and parliament and the anarchic party system. Although Yeltsin had won plaudits abroad for casting himself as a democrat to weaken Gorbachev, his conception of the presidency was highly autocratic. He either acted as his own prime minister (until June 1992) o ...

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History of Russia, History of Russia - Early history, History of Russia - Early East Slavs, History of Russia - Khazaria, History of Russia - Kievan Rus', History of Russia - Volga Bulgaria, History of Russia - Mongol Invasion, History of Russia - Golden Horde, History of Russia - Muscovy, History of Russia - The rise of Moscow, History of Russia - Ivan III the Great, History of Russia - Ivan IV the Terrible, History of Russia - Time of Troubles, History of Russia - The Romanovs, History of Russia - Peasant uprisings, History of Russia - Imperial Russia, History of Russia - Peter the Great, History of Russia - Ruling the Empire 1725–1825, History of Russia - Imperial Russia since the Decembrist Revolt 1825–1917, History of Russia - Russian Revolution, History of Russia - Russian Civil War, History of Russia - Soviet Union, History of Russia - Creation of the Soviet Union, History of Russia - War communism and the New Economic Policy, History of Russia - Changes in Russian society, History of Russia - Industrialization and collectivization, History of Russia - The Soviet Union on the international stage, History of Russia - The Khrushchev and Brezhnev years, History of Russia - Impending breakup of the Union, History of Russia - The emergence of the Russian republic in the Soviet Union, History of Russia - Russian Federation, History of Russia - Notes, History of Russia - Related histories

Read more here: » History of Russia: Encyclopedia II - History of Russia - Russian Federation

Main article: History of the Soviet Union History of Russia - Creation of the Soviet Union. The history of Russia between 1922 and 1991 is essentially the history of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics or Soviet Union. This ideologically-based union, established in December 1922 by the leaders of the Russian Communist Party, was roughly coterminous with the Russian Empire. At that time, the new nation included four constituent republics: the Russian SFSR, the Ukrainian ...

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History of Russia, History of Russia - Early history, History of Russia - Early East Slavs, History of Russia - Khazaria, History of Russia - Kievan Rus', History of Russia - Volga Bulgaria, History of Russia - Mongol Invasion, History of Russia - Golden Horde, History of Russia - Muscovy, History of Russia - The rise of Moscow, History of Russia - Ivan III the Great, History of Russia - Ivan IV the Terrible, History of Russia - Time of Troubles, History of Russia - The Romanovs, History of Russia - Peasant uprisings, History of Russia - Imperial Russia, History of Russia - Peter the Great, History of Russia - Ruling the Empire 1725–1825, History of Russia - Imperial Russia since the Decembrist Revolt 1825–1917, History of Russia - Russian Revolution, History of Russia - Russian Civil War, History of Russia - Soviet Union, History of Russia - Creation of the Soviet Union, History of Russia - War communism and the New Economic Policy, History of Russia - Changes in Russian society, History of Russia - Industrialization and collectivization, History of Russia - The Soviet Union on the international stage, History of Russia - The Khrushchev and Brezhnev years, History of Russia - Impending breakup of the Union, History of Russia - The emergence of the Russian republic in the Soviet Union, History of Russia - Russian Federation, History of Russia - Notes, History of Russia - Related histories

Read more here: » History of Russia: Encyclopedia II - History of Russia - Soviet Union

Main article: Russian Civil War A powerful group of counterrevolutionaries termed the White movement began to organize to topple the Bolsheviks. At the same time the Allied powers sent several expeditionary armies to Russia to support the anti-Communist forces. The Allies feared that the Bolsheviks were in a conspiracy with the Germans because of Brest-Litovsk; they also hoped that the White Russians might renew hostilities against Germany. In the fall of 1918 the Bolshevik regime was in a perilous position, opposed by Russia's ...

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History of Russia, History of Russia - Early history, History of Russia - Early East Slavs, History of Russia - Khazaria, History of Russia - Kievan Rus', History of Russia - Volga Bulgaria, History of Russia - Mongol Invasion, History of Russia - Golden Horde, History of Russia - Muscovy, History of Russia - The rise of Moscow, History of Russia - Ivan III the Great, History of Russia - Ivan IV the Terrible, History of Russia - Time of Troubles, History of Russia - The Romanovs, History of Russia - Peasant uprisings, History of Russia - Imperial Russia, History of Russia - Peter the Great, History of Russia - Ruling the Empire 1725–1825, History of Russia - Imperial Russia since the Decembrist Revolt 1825–1917, History of Russia - Russian Revolution, History of Russia - Russian Civil War, History of Russia - Soviet Union, History of Russia - Creation of the Soviet Union, History of Russia - War communism and the New Economic Policy, History of Russia - Changes in Russian society, History of Russia - Industrialization and collectivization, History of Russia - The Soviet Union on the international stage, History of Russia - The Khrushchev and Brezhnev years, History of Russia - Impending breakup of the Union, History of Russia - The emergence of the Russian republic in the Soviet Union, History of Russia - Russian Federation, History of Russia - Notes, History of Russia - Related histories

Read more here: » History of Russia: Encyclopedia II - History of Russia - Russian Civil War

519 Ravenna, Italy. After the local synagogues were burned down by the local mob, Ostrogothic king Theodoric the Great orders the town to rebuild them at its own expense. 529-559 Byzantine Emperor Justinian the Great revolutionizes judicial system in his novellae Corpus Juris Civilis (imperial instructions). New laws unite Church and state, making anyone who was not connected to the Christian church a non-citizen. These regulations determined the status of Jews throughout the Empire for hundreds of years. Jewish civil and relig ...

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History of anti-Semitism, History of anti-Semitism - Ancient animosity towards Jews, History of anti-Semitism - The 4th century, History of anti-Semitism - The 5th century, History of anti-Semitism - The 6th century, History of anti-Semitism - The 7th century, History of anti-Semitism - The 8th century, History of anti-Semitism - The 9th century, History of anti-Semitism - The 10th century, History of anti-Semitism - The 11th century, History of anti-Semitism - The 12th century, History of anti-Semitism - The 13th century, History of anti-Semitism - The 14th century, History of anti-Semitism - The 15th century, History of anti-Semitism - The 16th century, History of anti-Semitism - The 17th century, History of anti-Semitism - The 18th century, History of anti-Semitism - The 19th century, History of anti-Semitism - The 20th century, History of anti-Semitism - The 21st century, History of anti-Semitism - Books

Read more here: » History of anti-Semitism: Encyclopedia II - History of anti-Semitism - The 6th century

Military history of the Soviet Union - Party control. The Communist Party had a number of mechanisms of control over the country's armed forces. First, starting from a certain rank, only a Party member could be a military commander, and was thus subject to Party discipline. Second, the top military leaders had been systematically integrated into the highest echelons of the party ...

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Military history of the Soviet Union, Military history of the Soviet Union - Tsarist and revolutionary background, Military history of the Soviet Union - Development of the structure ideology and doctrine of the Soviet military, Military history of the Soviet Union - Party control, Military history of the Soviet Union - Military counterintelligence, Military history of the Soviet Union - Political doctrine, Military history of the Soviet Union - Military-party relations, Military history of the Soviet Union - Military doctrine, Military history of the Soviet Union - Practical deployment of the Soviet military, Military history of the Soviet Union - Interwar period, Military history of the Soviet Union - World War II, Military history of the Soviet Union - The Cold War and conventional forces, Military history of the Soviet Union - The Cold War and nuclear weapons, Military history of the Soviet Union - Military-industrial complex and the economy, Military history of the Soviet Union - Collapse of the Soviet Union and the military, Military history of the Soviet Union - Timeline, Military history of the Soviet Union - Foreign military aid, Military history of the Soviet Union - Crimes against civilians, Military history of the Soviet Union - Notes

Read more here: » Military history of the Soviet Union: Encyclopedia II - Military history of the Soviet Union - Development of the structure ideology and doctrine of the Soviet military

306 The Synod of Elvira bans intermarriage between Christians and Jews. Other social intercourses, such as eating together, are also forbidden. 315-337 Constantine I the Great refers to Jews as the "impure beings", members of "unclean and pernicious sect". His repressive edicts limit their rights, forbid congregations for religious services (deemed sacrilegious). Conversion to Judaism is outlawed. In contrast to past despots' political motivations to crush rebellions and di ...

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History of anti-Semitism, History of anti-Semitism - Ancient animosity towards Jews, History of anti-Semitism - The 4th century, History of anti-Semitism - The 5th century, History of anti-Semitism - The 6th century, History of anti-Semitism - The 7th century, History of anti-Semitism - The 8th century, History of anti-Semitism - The 9th century, History of anti-Semitism - The 10th century, History of anti-Semitism - The 11th century, History of anti-Semitism - The 12th century, History of anti-Semitism - The 13th century, History of anti-Semitism - The 14th century, History of anti-Semitism - The 15th century, History of anti-Semitism - The 16th century, History of anti-Semitism - The 17th century, History of anti-Semitism - The 18th century, History of anti-Semitism - The 19th century, History of anti-Semitism - The 20th century, History of anti-Semitism - The 21st century, History of anti-Semitism - Books

Read more here: » History of anti-Semitism: Encyclopedia II - History of anti-Semitism - The 4th century

The February Revolution replaced the Tsar with the Russian Provisional Government, 1917 which was itself overthrown by the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917. The Russian army, exhausted by its participation in World War I, was in the final stages of disintegration and collapse. Even though Bolshevik influence in the ranks was strong, the officer corps was staffed with many who violently opposed communism. The Bolsheviks perceived the Tsarist army to be one of the foundations of the hated old regime, and decided to abolish it in favor of establish ...

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Military history of the Soviet Union, Military history of the Soviet Union - Tsarist and revolutionary background, Military history of the Soviet Union - Development of the structure ideology and doctrine of the Soviet military, Military history of the Soviet Union - Party control, Military history of the Soviet Union - Military counterintelligence, Military history of the Soviet Union - Political doctrine, Military history of the Soviet Union - Military-party relations, Military history of the Soviet Union - Military doctrine, Military history of the Soviet Union - Practical deployment of the Soviet military, Military history of the Soviet Union - Interwar period, Military history of the Soviet Union - World War II, Military history of the Soviet Union - The Cold War and conventional forces, Military history of the Soviet Union - The Cold War and nuclear weapons, Military history of the Soviet Union - Military-industrial complex and the economy, Military history of the Soviet Union - Collapse of the Soviet Union and the military, Military history of the Soviet Union - Timeline, Military history of the Soviet Union - Foreign military aid, Military history of the Soviet Union - Crimes against civilians, Military history of the Soviet Union - Notes

Read more here: » Military history of the Soviet Union: Encyclopedia II - Military history of the Soviet Union - Tsarist and revolutionary background

415 Jews are accused of ritual murder during Purim. The Church confiscates or burns synagogues in Antioch, Magona, Alexandria. Bishop (St.) Cyril of Alexandria forces his way into the synagogue, expels the Jews and gives their property to the mob. The prefect Orestes is stoned almost to death for protesting. 418 The first record of Jews being forced to convert or face expulsion. Severus, the Bishop of Minorca, claimed to have forced 540 Jews to accept Christianity upon conquering the island. 419 The monk Barsauma (subsequently the Bishop of Nisibis) gathers a group of followers and for the next ...

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History of anti-Semitism, History of anti-Semitism - Ancient animosity towards Jews, History of anti-Semitism - The 4th century, History of anti-Semitism - The 5th century, History of anti-Semitism - The 6th century, History of anti-Semitism - The 7th century, History of anti-Semitism - The 8th century, History of anti-Semitism - The 9th century, History of anti-Semitism - The 10th century, History of anti-Semitism - The 11th century, History of anti-Semitism - The 12th century, History of anti-Semitism - The 13th century, History of anti-Semitism - The 14th century, History of anti-Semitism - The 15th century, History of anti-Semitism - The 16th century, History of anti-Semitism - The 17th century, History of anti-Semitism - The 18th century, History of anti-Semitism - The 19th century, History of anti-Semitism - The 20th century, History of anti-Semitism - The 21st century, History of anti-Semitism - Books

Read more here: » History of anti-Semitism: Encyclopedia II - History of anti-Semitism - The 5th century

Main article: Russian Revolution of 1917 Tsar Nicholas II and his subjects entered World War I with enthusiasm and patriotism, with the defense of Russia's fellow Orthodox Slavs, the Serbs, as the main battle cry. In August 1914, the Russian army entered Germany to support the French armies. However, the weaknesses of the Russian economy and the inefficiency and corruption in government were hidden only for a brief period under a cloak of fervent nationalism. Military reversals and the government's incompetence soon soured much ...

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History of Russia, History of Russia - Early history, History of Russia - Early East Slavs, History of Russia - Khazaria, History of Russia - Kievan Rus', History of Russia - Volga Bulgaria, History of Russia - Mongol Invasion, History of Russia - Golden Horde, History of Russia - Muscovy, History of Russia - The rise of Moscow, History of Russia - Ivan III the Great, History of Russia - Ivan IV the Terrible, History of Russia - Time of Troubles, History of Russia - The Romanovs, History of Russia - Peasant uprisings, History of Russia - Imperial Russia, History of Russia - Peter the Great, History of Russia - Ruling the Empire 1725–1825, History of Russia - Imperial Russia since the Decembrist Revolt 1825–1917, History of Russia - Russian Revolution, History of Russia - Russian Civil War, History of Russia - Soviet Union, History of Russia - Creation of the Soviet Union, History of Russia - War communism and the New Economic Policy, History of Russia - Changes in Russian society, History of Russia - Industrialization and collectivization, History of Russia - The Soviet Union on the international stage, History of Russia - The Khrushchev and Brezhnev years, History of Russia - Impending breakup of the Union, History of Russia - The emergence of the Russian republic in the Soviet Union, History of Russia - Russian Federation, History of Russia - Notes, History of Russia - Related histories

Read more here: » History of Russia: Encyclopedia II - History of Russia - Russian Revolution

Immediately, however, supporters of the Tsarist regime broke out in revolt, resulting in years of all-out civil war, which lasted until 1922. Known as the "whites," these forces were aided by Western intervention. Allied armies led by the United States, the United Kingdom, and France, seeking to prevent the spread of Communism or Russia's exit from the war effort, attempted to invade the Soviet Union and support forces hostile to the Bolsheviks with the intention of overthrowing the Soviet regime. The Bolsheviks, later the Communist P ...

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History of the Soviet Union, History of the Soviet Union - The Russian Revolution, History of the Soviet Union - The Russian Civil War, History of the Soviet Union - The Polish-Soviet War, History of the Soviet Union - Creation of the USSR, History of the Soviet Union - The New Economic Policy, History of the Soviet Union - The death of Lenin and the fate of the NEP

Read more here: » History of the Soviet Union: Encyclopedia II - History of the Soviet Union - The Russian Civil War

Main article: Muscovy History of Russia - The rise of Moscow. Daniil Aleksandrovich, the youngest son of Nevski, founded the principality of Muscovy based in the city of Moscow, which eventually expelled the Tartars from Russia. Well-situated in the central river system of Russia and surrounded by protective forests and marshes, Muscovy was at first only a vassal of Vladimir, but soon it absorbed its parent state. A major factor in the ascendancy of Muscovy was the cooperation of its rulers with the ...

See also:

History of Russia, History of Russia - Early history, History of Russia - Early East Slavs, History of Russia - Khazaria, History of Russia - Kievan Rus', History of Russia - Volga Bulgaria, History of Russia - Mongol Invasion, History of Russia - Golden Horde, History of Russia - Muscovy, History of Russia - The rise of Moscow, History of Russia - Ivan III the Great, History of Russia - Ivan IV the Terrible, History of Russia - Time of Troubles, History of Russia - The Romanovs, History of Russia - Peasant uprisings, History of Russia - Imperial Russia, History of Russia - Peter the Great, History of Russia - Ruling the Empire 1725–1825, History of Russia - Imperial Russia since the Decembrist Revolt 1825–1917, History of Russia - Russian Revolution, History of Russia - Russian Civil War, History of Russia - Soviet Union, History of Russia - Creation of the Soviet Union, History of Russia - War communism and the New Economic Policy, History of Russia - Changes in Russian society, History of Russia - Industrialization and collectivization, History of Russia - The Soviet Union on the international stage, History of Russia - The Khrushchev and Brezhnev years, History of Russia - Impending breakup of the Union, History of Russia - The emergence of the Russian republic in the Soviet Union, History of Russia - Russian Federation, History of Russia - Notes, History of Russia - Related histories

Read more here: » History of Russia: Encyclopedia II - History of Russia - Muscovy

1107 Moroccan Almoravid ruler Yoseph Ibn Tashfin orders all Moroccan Jews to convert or leave. 1143 150 Jews killed in Ham, France. 1144 March 20 (Passover), the first blood libel. Jews of Norwich are accused with both ritual murder after a boy (William of Norwich) is found dead with stab wounds. The legend gets turned into a cult, William acquires status of martyr saint and crowds of pilgrims bring wealth to local church. In 1189, Jewish deputation attending coronation of Richard the Lionheart is attacked by the crowd. Pogroms ...

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History of anti-Semitism, History of anti-Semitism - Ancient animosity towards Jews, History of anti-Semitism - The 4th century, History of anti-Semitism - The 5th century, History of anti-Semitism - The 6th century, History of anti-Semitism - The 7th century,