Encyclopedia - Cheka: Encyclopedia - Cheka
The Cheka (ЧК - чрезвычайная комиссия) was the first of many Soviet secret police organizations, created on Decembe...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cheka: Encyclopedia Ii - Cheka - The Name
The agency's full name was Всероссийская чрезвычайная комиссия по борьбе с контрревол...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - 1922: Encyclopedia - 1922
1922 (MCMXXII) was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). 1922 - Events. January 7 - Dáil Éireann, the extra-lega...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Yevsektsiya: Encyclopedia - Yevsektsiya
Yevsektsiya (alternative spelling: Yevsektsia), Russian: ЕвСекция, the abbreviation of the phrase "Еврейская секци�...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - 1918: Encyclopedia - 1918
1918 (MCMXVIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Wedn...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Clown: Encyclopedia - Clown
A clown today is one of various types of comedic performers, on stage, television, in the circus and rodeo. Though not every clown is rea...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - St. Andronik Monastery: Encyclopedia Ii - St. Andronik Monastery - Muscovite And Imperial Period
The monastery was established in 1357 by Metropolitan Alexis as a thanksiving for his survival in a storm. Its first hegumen was Saint An...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - List Of Russians: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Russians - Art
List of Russians - Architects. Vasily Bazhenov (1738-1799) Savva Chevakinsky (1709-between 1774 and 1780) Matvei Kazakov (1738-1812) A...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Augustus Agar: Encyclopedia Ii - Augustus Agar - End Of The Dorsetshire
Dorsetshire was in some ways a victim of the lack of British intelligence about the capabilities of the Japanese fleet. Neither Agar nor ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Chronology Of Soviet Secret Police Agencies: Encyclopedia Ii - Chronology Of Soviet Secret Police Agencies - Chronology
February 6, 1922: Cheka became GPU, a section of the NKVD of the Russian SFSR. NKVD - "People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs" GPU ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Clown: Encyclopedia Ii - Clown - Types
There are several different types of clowns, including: The whiteface clown, the best-known of modern clown types - Joey Grimaldi (whose...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Russian Jokes: Encyclopedia Ii - Russian Jokes - Stereotypes
Russian jokes - Fixed characters. Standartenführer Stirlitz, alias Colonel Isayev is a character from a Soviet TV series (based on a ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Russian Civil War: Encyclopedia Ii - Russian Civil War - Course Of Events
The very first attempt to seize the power from Bolsheviks was made by the Kerensky-Krasnov uprising as early as in October, 1917. It was ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Criticisms Of Communism: Encyclopedia Ii - Criticisms Of Communism - 20th Century Communist States
Communism is a social system that abolishes private property, social classes, and the state itself. As such, a "communist state" would be...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Polish-soviet War: Encyclopedia Ii - Polish-soviet War - The Campaign
Polish-Soviet War - 1919. In 1918 the German Army in the east began to retreat westwards. The areas abandoned by the Central Powers be...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Nkvd: Encyclopedia Ii - Nkvd - Nkvd Activities
Although the NKVD performed the important function of state security, the name of the organization today is associated primarily with act...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Yevsektsiya: Encyclopedia Ii - Yevsektsiya - Languages And Culture
Lenin wrote in his Critical Remarks on the National Question (1913): "Whoever directly or indirectly puts forward the slogan of a Jewish ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Grand Duke Michael Alexandrovich Of Russia: Encyclopedia Ii - Grand Duke Michael Alexandrovich Of Russia - Marriage
Michael began a relationship with Natalya Sergeyevna Wulffert née Sheremetevskaya, a twice-divorced commoner. Their only child, George, ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Perm: Encyclopedia Ii - Perm - Modern City
The city is a major administrative, industrial, scientific, and cultural center. The leading industries include machinery, defence, oil p...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Russia: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Russia - Imperial Russia
Main article: Imperial Russia History of Russia - Peter the Great. Peter I, the Great (1672–1725), consolidated autocracy in Russia a...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Russian Jokes: Encyclopedia Ii - Russian Jokes - Stereotypes
Russian jokes - Fixed characters. Standartenführer Stirlitz, alias Colonel Isayev is a character from the Soviet TV series “Sevente...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Polish-soviet War: Encyclopedia Ii - Polish-soviet War - The Campaign
Polish-Soviet War - 1919. Main articles: Polish-Soviet War in 1919, and [[]], and [[]], and [[]]   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Polish-soviet War: Encyclopedia Ii - Polish-soviet War - The Campaign
Polish-Soviet War - 1919. Main article: Polish-Soviet War in 1919 In 1918 the German Army in the east began to retreat westwards. Th...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Sidney Reilly: Encyclopedia Ii - Sidney Reilly - Career Within British Intelligence
He also told various tales about his supposed exploits. According to himself, he earned and lost several fortunes in his lifetime and had...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Siege Of Sidney Street: Encyclopedia Ii - Siege Of Sidney Street - The Course Of The Siege
The street battle was started by a small gang of Latvian anarchists under the leadership of Peter Piaktow, better known as Peter the Pain...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Victor Serge: Encyclopedia Ii - Victor Serge - Serge In Russia
Serge was in prison on the outbreak of the First World War. He immediately forecast that the war would lead to a Russian Revolution: "Rev...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Warsaw Citadel: Encyclopedia Ii - Warsaw Citadel - History
The Citadel was built by personal order of Tsar Nicholas I after the 1830 November Uprising. Its chief architect, Major General Ivan Dehn...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Pinwheel Calculator: Encyclopedia Ii - Pinwheel Calculator - History
In Russia, Odhner's arithmometers were mass-manufactured first in 1886 by W.T. Odhner, Maschinenfabrik & Metallgiesserei and later in...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Nikolay Gumilyov: Encyclopedia Ii - Nikolay Gumilyov - Early Life And Poems
Nikolai was born in Kronstadt, into a family of a naval physician Stepan Yakovlevich Gumilev (1836—1920) and Anna Ivanovna L'vova (1854...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of The Soviet Union: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of The Soviet Union - The Russian Revolution
During World War I, Tsarist Russia experienced famine and economic collapse. The demoralized Russian Army suffered severe military setbac...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - List Of Poles: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Poles - Science
List of Poles - Astronomy. Franciszek Armiński. Albert Brudzewski. Tadeusz Banachiewicz. Władysław Dziewulski. Felicjan Kępiński....   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - First Chief Directorate: Encyclopedia Ii - First Chief Directorate - History Of Foreign Intelligence In Ussr
From beginning foreign intelligence played important role in Soviet Union foreign policy. In USSR foreign intelligence was formally forme...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Katorga: Encyclopedia Ii - Katorga - History
Unlike concentration camps, "katorga" was within the normal judicial system of (Imperial) Russia, but both share the same main features: ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Maxim Gorky: Encyclopedia Ii - Maxim Gorky - Life
Gorky became an orphan at the age of nine and was brought up by his grandmother, an excellent storyteller. Her death deeply affected him,...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Nkvd Troika: Encyclopedia Ii - Nkvd Troika - Background
Threesome commissions were of common usage in Bolshevik organizations. It was recognized that three persons is the minimal number require...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Military History Of The Soviet Union: Encyclopedia Ii - Military History Of The Soviet Union - Practical Deployment Of The Soviet Military
Military history of the Soviet Union - Interwar period. See also: Interwar period Following the death of Lenin, the Soviet Union was en...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Felix: Encyclopedia Ii - Felix - Church People
Felix - Popes. Pope Felix I (269–274) Pope Felix II (356-365) Pope Felix III (483–492) Pope Felix IV (526-530) Antipope Felix V,...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Russian Famine Of 1921: Encyclopedia Ii - Russian Famine Of 1921 - History Of The Famine
Russia had suffered six and a half years of war before the famine began.[1] The last years of the First World War in the East were fought...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Leon Trotsky: Encyclopedia Ii - Leon Trotsky - After The Russian Revolution
After the Bolsheviks came to power, Trotsky became the People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs and published the secret treaties previous...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Clown: Encyclopedia Ii - Clown - Types
There are several different types of clowns, including: The whiteface clown, the most well-known of modern clown types - Joey Grimaldi (...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - 1922: Encyclopedia Ii - 1922 - Events
January 7 - Dáil Éireann, the extra-legal parliament of the Irish Republic, ratifies the Anglo-Irish Treaty by 64-57 votes. January 8...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Anti-semitism: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Anti-semitism - Ancient Animosity Towards Jews
3rd century BCE: Manetho, a Hellenistic Egyptian chronicler and priest, alleges that Moses was not a Jew, but an Egyptian renegade priest...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Vladimir Lenin: Encyclopedia Ii - Vladimir Lenin - Head Of The Soviet State
On November 8, Lenin was elected as the Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars by the Russian Soviet Congress. Faced with the thr...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - 1918: Encyclopedia Ii - 1918 - Events
1918 - January-February. January 8 - President Woodrow Wilson announces his "Fourteen Points" for the aftermath of World War I. Janua...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Anti-semitism: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Anti-semitism - The 7th Century
610-620 Visigothic Hispania After many of his anti-Jewish edicts were ignored, king Sisebur prohibits Judaism. Those not baptized fled. T...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Russia: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Russia - Russian Federation
Main article: History of post-Soviet Russia By the mid-1990s Russia had a system of multiparty electoral politics. But it was harder to e...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Russia: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Russia - Soviet Union
Main article: History of the Soviet Union History of Russia - Creation of the Soviet Union. The history of Russia between 1922 and 1991...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Russia: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Russia - Russian Civil War
Main article: Russian Civil War A powerful group of counterrevolutionaries termed the White movement began to organize to topple the Bols...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Anti-semitism: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Anti-semitism - The 6th Century
519 Ravenna, Italy. After the local synagogues were burned down by the local mob, Ostrogothic king Theodoric the Great orders the town to...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Military History Of The Soviet Union: Encyclopedia Ii - Military History Of The Soviet Union - Development Of The Structure Ideology And Doctrine Of The Soviet Military
Military history of the Soviet Union - Party control. The Communist Party had a number of mechanisms of control over the country's arme...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Anti-semitism: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Anti-semitism - The 4th Century
306 The Synod of Elvira bans intermarriage between Christians and Jews. Other social intercourses, such as eating together, are also forb...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Military History Of The Soviet Union: Encyclopedia Ii - Military History Of The Soviet Union - Tsarist And Revolutionary Background
The February Revolution replaced the Tsar with the Russian Provisional Government, 1917 which was itself overthrown by the Bolshevik Revo...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Anti-semitism: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Anti-semitism - The 5th Century
415 Jews are accused of ritual murder during Purim. The Church confiscates or burns synagogues in Antioch, Magona, Alexandria. Bishop (St...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Russia: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Russia - Russian Revolution
Main article: Russian Revolution of 1917 Tsar Nicholas II and his subjects entered World War I with enthusiasm and patriotism, with the d...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of The Soviet Union: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of The Soviet Union - The Russian Civil War
Immediately, however, supporters of the Tsarist regime broke out in revolt, resulting in years of all-out civil war, which lasted until 1...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Russia: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Russia - Muscovy
Main article: Muscovy History of Russia - The rise of Moscow. Daniil Aleksandrovich, the youngest son of Nevski, founded the principali...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Anti-semitism: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Anti-semitism - The 12th Century
1107 Moroccan Almoravid ruler Yoseph Ibn Tashfin orders all Moroccan Jews to convert or leave. 1143 150 Jews killed in Ham, France. 1144 ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Criticisms Of Communism: Encyclopedia Ii - Criticisms Of Communism - Marxist Theory
The following sections of this article deal with criticisms that are specifically raised against Marxist theory, the ideological foundati...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Clown: Encyclopedia Ii - Clown - Cooperative Bits
A clown duo might employ a number of cooperative "bits" to help them create an improvisational performance. Using this technique allows b...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Clown: Encyclopedia Ii - Clown - Customs And Traditions
As with any ancient artform, fools, clowns and other related artists have developed customs, traditions and even superstitions regarding ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Anti-semitism: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Anti-semitism - The 13th Century
13th century Germany. Appearance of Judensau: obscene and dehumanizing imagery of Jews, ranging from etchings to Cathedral ceilings. Its ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Anti-semitism: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Anti-semitism - The 11th Century
1008-1013 Fatimid Caliph Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah issues severe restrictions against Jews in the Land of Israel. All Jews are forced to wear...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Felix: Encyclopedia Ii - Felix - People
Felix - Roman Empire. Lucius Cornelius Sulla Felix - Roman dictator Antonius Felix, procurator of Judaea Felix was part of many Roman ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Military History Of The Soviet Union: Encyclopedia Ii - Military History Of The Soviet Union - Military-industrial Complex And The Economy
With the notable exceptions of Khrushchev and possibly Gorbachev, Soviet leaders since the late 1920s have emphasized military production...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Russia: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Russia - Early History
History of Russia - Early East Slavs. Main article: Early East Slavs The ancestors of the Russians were the Slavic tribes, whose origin...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - First Chief Directorate: Encyclopedia Ii - First Chief Directorate - Chiefs Of Foreign Intelligence
First chief of soviet foreign intelligence service, Cheka foreign department (Inostrannyj Otdieł -INO), was born in 1888 Yakov Davydov. ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Anti-semitism: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Anti-semitism - The 9th Century
807 Abbassid Caliph Harun al-Rashid orders all Jews in the Calipate to wear a yellow belt, with Christians to wear a blue one. 820 After ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Anti-semitism: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Anti-semitism - The 8th Century
717 Caliph Omar II introduces discriminatory regulations against the dhimmi, among them for Jews to wear a special yellow garb. 722 Byzan...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Clown: Encyclopedia Ii - Clown - Fictional Clowns
Coulrophobia. The term coulrophobia, the fear of clowns, is a recent coining in response to a surprisingly large amount of interest in ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Siege Of Sidney Street: Encyclopedia Ii - Siege Of Sidney Street - Aftermath
Five people were later put on trial, accused of belonging to the robbery gang, but were acquitted. One of them was Jacob Peters (or Jan P...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - 1922: Encyclopedia Ii - 1922 - Marriages
1922 - January-March. January 27 - Bill Robinson & Fannie S. Clay February 4 - Pauline Frederick & Dr. C.A. Rutherford Februar...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Clown: Encyclopedia Ii - Clown - Word Origin
The word clown comes from words meaning "clot" or "clod" which came also to mean "clumsy fellow", according to the Oxford English Diction...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Sidney Reilly: Encyclopedia Ii - Sidney Reilly - Youth And Early Career
Reilly told various tall tales about his origins. Apparently the most widespread version is that he was born Georgi Rosenblum in Odessa, ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Vladimir Lenin: Encyclopedia Ii - Vladimir Lenin - Early Life
Born in Simbirsk, Russia, Lenin was the son of Ilya Nikolaevich Ulyanov (1831 - 1886), a Russian civil service official who worked for in...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Vladimir Lenin: Encyclopedia Ii - Vladimir Lenin - Premature Death
Lenin's health had already been severely damaged due to the intolerable strains of revolution and war. The assassination attempt earlier ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - 1918: Encyclopedia Ii - 1918 - Births
1918 - January-February. January 10 - Arthur Chung, President of Guyana January 15 - Gamal Abdal Nasser, President of Egypt (d. 1970) ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Victor Serge: Encyclopedia Ii - Victor Serge - Early Life
The son of Russian Polish parents, was born in Belgium in 1890. His father, an officer in the Imperial Guard, was a member of the Land an...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - 1922: Encyclopedia Ii - 1922 - Births
1922 - January-March. January 1 - Ernest "Fritz" Hollings, U.S. Senator from South Carolina January 7 - Jean-Pierre Rampal, French flu...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Vladimir Lenin: Encyclopedia Ii - Vladimir Lenin - After Death
Lenin's preserved body is on permanent display at the Lenin Mausoleum in Moscow. Due to Lenin's unique role in the creation of the first ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Russian Jokes: Encyclopedia Ii - Russian Jokes - Political Jokes
Every nation is fond of this category, but in the Soviet Union telling political jokes was in a sense an extreme sport (like mountaineeri...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Russian Jokes: Encyclopedia Ii - Russian Jokes - Inner Voice
The "inner voice" series, often set within the framework of cowboys, has a typical template: the inner voice gives a series of smart advi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Nikolay Gumilyov: Encyclopedia Ii - Nikolay Gumilyov - War Experience
When the WWI started, Gumilyov rushed to Russia and enthusiastically joined a corps of elite cavalry. For his bravery he was invested wit...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Nikolay Gumilyov: Encyclopedia Ii - Nikolay Gumilyov - Guild Of Poets
In 1910, Gumilyov fell under the spell of the Symbolist poet and philosopher Vyacheslav Ivanov and absorbed his views on poetry at the ev...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Clown: Encyclopedia Ii - Clown - Clown Skills
It has been said "clowns can do anything", mostly because clowns have such wildly varying performances. "Everyone knows" a clown can do m...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Nkvd Troika: Encyclopedia Ii - Nkvd Troika - Repression Of Kulaks
A notable step was the NKVD Order no. 00447 by July 30, 1937 О репрессировании бывших кулаков, уголов�...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Nikolay Gumilyov: Encyclopedia Ii - Nikolay Gumilyov - Later Poems And Death
In 1920 Gumilyov co-founded the All-Russia Union of Writers. Gumilyov made no secret of his anti-communist views. He also crossed himself...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Clown: Encyclopedia Ii - Clown - Cooperative Bits
A clown duo might employ a number of cooperative "bits" to help them create an improvisational performance. Using this technique allows b...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Russian Jokes: Encyclopedia Ii - Russian Jokes - Political Jokes
Every nation is fond of this category, but in the Soviet Union telling political jokes was in a sense an extreme sport (like mountaineeri...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Clown: Encyclopedia Ii - Clown - Clown Skills
It has been said "clowns can do anything", mostly because clowns have such wildly varying performances. "Everyone knows" a clown can do m...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Polish-soviet War: Encyclopedia Ii - Polish-soviet War - Aftermath
According to the British historian A. J. P. Taylor, the Polish-Bolshevik War "largely determined the course of European history for the n...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Clown: Encyclopedia Ii - Clown - Customs And Traditions
As with any ancient artform, fools, clowns and other related artists have developed customs, traditions and even superstitions regarding ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Military History Of The Soviet Union: Encyclopedia Ii - Military History Of The Soviet Union - Collapse Of The Soviet Union And The Military
The political and economic chaos of the late 1980s and early 1990s soon erupted into the disintegration of the Warsaw Pact and the collap...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Anti-semitism: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Anti-semitism - The 14th Century
1305 Philip IV of France seizes all Jewish property (except the clothes they wear) and expels them from France (approx. 100,000). His suc...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Anti-semitism: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Anti-semitism - The 20th Century
In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the Roman Catholic Church adhered to a distinction between "good anti-Semitism" and "bad anti-...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Anti-semitism: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Anti-semitism - The 16th Century
1505 Ten České Budějovice Jews are tortured and executed for killing a Christian girl; later, on deathbed, shepherd confesses to fabri...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Anti-semitism: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Anti-semitism - The 21st Century
2003 October 16. The Malaysian Prime Minister Dr. Mahathir Mohammed draws standing ovation at the 57-member Organization of the Islamic C...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Vladimir Lenin: Encyclopedia Ii - Vladimir Lenin - Revolutionary
Upon graduation, Lenin took on a job as an assistant to a lawyer. He worked for a couple of years in Samara, Russia, then in 1893 moved t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Polish-soviet War: Encyclopedia Ii - Polish-soviet War - Aftermath
According to the British historian A. J. P. Taylor, the Polish-Bolshevik War "largely determined the course of European history for the n...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Russian Civil War: Encyclopedia Ii - Russian Civil War - Overview
The war was fought mainly between the "Reds" who were the communists and revolutionaries, and the "Whites" who were the monarchists, cons...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Anti-semitism: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Anti-semitism - The 19th Century
1805 Massacre of Jews in Algeria. 1815 Pope Pius VII reestablishes the ghetto in Rome after the defeat of Napoleon. 1819 A series of anti...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Anti-semitism: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Anti-semitism - The 18th Century
1711 Johann Andreas Eisenmenger writes his Entdecktes Judenthum ("Judaism Unmasked"), a work denouncing Judaism and which had a formative...   » Read the article