A commitment to pacifism is often based on religious beliefs. In particular, many Buddhists are pacifist, as are members of the Religious Society of Friends, Mennonites, Church of the Brethren, Unitarian Universalist and some other Christian groups. Strictly speaking, Jehovah's Witnesses espouse neutrality rather than pacifism, but in practical terms this means the same thing - a complete rejection of any type of participation in war. Opinions are divided among Christians over whether Jesus advocated pacifist teachings. Certain Christ ...

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Pacifism, Pacifism - History, Pacifism - Pragmatic pacifism, Pacifism - Principled or radical pacifism, Pacifism - Pacifism and international aggressions, Pacifism - Pacifism and religion, Pacifism - Pacifist social movements based on religion, Pacifism - Pacifism in mainstream Christian denominations, Pacifism - Criticisms/paradoxes of Pacifism, Pacifism - Quotes

Read more here: » Pacifism: Encyclopedia II - Pacifism - Pacifism and religion

See main article: Iranian art Iranian art has gone throuigh numerous phases of evolution. The unique aesthetics of Persia is evident from the Achaemenid reliefs in Persepolis to the mosaic paintings of Bishapur. The Islamic era drastically brought changes to the styles and practice of the arts, each dynasty with its own particular foci. The Qajarid era was the last stage of classical Persian art, before modernism was imported and suffused into el ...

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Culture of Iran, Culture of Iran - Persian art, Culture of Iran - Persian language and literature, Culture of Iran - Iranian cinema, Culture of Iran - Persian music, Culture of Iran - Persian architecture, Culture of Iran - Persian rugs, Culture of Iran - Persian gardens, Culture of Iran - Persian cuisine, Culture of Iran - Women in Persian culture, Culture of Iran - Iranian traditional holidays, Culture of Iran - Traditional cultural inheritors of the old Persia, Culture of Iran - Persian contributions to humanity, Culture of Iran - Sources

Read more here: » Culture of Iran: Encyclopedia II - Culture of Iran - Persian art

Purushottam Das Tandon - Religious Tolerance. Several controversies and contradictions abound in the life of Purushottam Das Tandon. While he emphasized the similarities between Hindu and Muslim cultures, he is regarded to have carried the image of a soft Hindutva leader. He was not as successful as Mahatma Gandhi in summoning religious ideals to aspects of Public Service despite being associated with the moderate Radha Soami cult. He and KM Munshi were among those who strongly opposed religious propagatio ...

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Purushottam Das Tandon, Purushottam Das Tandon - Early life, Purushottam Das Tandon - Freedom Struggle, Purushottam Das Tandon - Post-Independence, Purushottam Das Tandon - Controversies, Purushottam Das Tandon - Religious Tolerance, Purushottam Das Tandon - Partition of India, Purushottam Das Tandon - Relations with Nehru, Purushottam Das Tandon - Advocation of Hindi, Purushottam Das Tandon - Anecdotes

Read more here: » Purushottam Das Tandon: Encyclopedia II - Purushottam Das Tandon - Controversies

Yakovlev was born in Yaroslavl. He served in the Red Army during World War II and became a member of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union in 1944. Beginning in 1958, he was an exchange student at Columbia University for one year. Yakovlev served as editor of several party publications and rose to the key position of head of the CPSU's Department of Ideology and Propaganda from 1969 to 1973. In 1972 he took a bold stand by publishing an article critical of Russian chauvinism and Soviet anti-Semitism. As a result he was removed from his position and appoint ...

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Alexander Nikolaevich Yakovlev, Alexander Nikolaevich Yakovlev - Early career, Alexander Nikolaevich Yakovlev - Perestroika and its aftermath

Read more here: » Alexander Nikolaevich Yakovlev: Encyclopedia II - Alexander Nikolaevich Yakovlev - Early career

A simple, if vague, definition of "far-right" is someone deemed too right-wing to be accepted in the nation's mainstream Political Parties on the Right. "Far-right" ideologies and movements often advocate substantial intervention, typically government intervention, in society in order to protect or promote inequalities or privileges, especially those inequalities or privileges that are viewed as "traditional". It is often associated with extreme nationalism and racism. This is in contrast to the left-wing, who advocate intervention in favor ...

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Far right, Far right - Usage, Far right - Terminology, Far right - Current political parties referred to as far right

Read more here: » Far right: Encyclopedia II - Far right - Usage

The term "French" (coming from the Franks) must not be mistaken with the modern concept of French citizenship, which is a heritage of the 1789 French Revolution: to be French, according to the first article of the Constitution, is to be a citizen of France, regardless of one's origin, race, or religion (sans distinction d'origine, de race ou de religion). Furthermore, because of France's history of promoted "miscegenation" (le métissage), a term which never had a pejorative sense in French and recently gained a broader use in ...

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French people, French people - History, French people - History of Gaul, French people - The Franks, French people - 15th to 18th century, French people - 19th to 21st century, French people - Population with French ancestry, French people - Ethnic claims and discontents, French people - Language, French people - Notes

Read more here: » French people: Encyclopedia II - French people - History

Nationalism may manifest itself as part of official state ideology or as a popular (non-state) movement and may be expressed along civic, ethnic, cultural, religious or ideological lines. These self-definitions of the nation are used to classify types of nationalism. However such categories are not mutually exclusive and many nationalist movements combine some or all of these elements to varying degrees. Nationalist movements can also be class ...

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Nationalism, Nationalism - Background and problems, Nationalism - Issues in nationalism theory, Nationalism - Historical evolution of nationalism, Nationalism - Prior to 1900, Nationalism - 20th Century nationalism, Nationalism - Language and nationalism, Nationalism - Prominent figures, Nationalism - Types of nationalism, Nationalism - Nationalism within nations, Nationalism - Post-2001 nationalism in the United States, Nationalism - Nationalism and extremism, Nationalism - Racism, Nationalism - Opposition and critique, Nationalism - Historical effect of nationalism, Nationalism - Compare

Read more here: » Nationalism: Encyclopedia II - Nationalism - Types of nationalism

Public good - Dominant assurance contracts. Assurance contracts are contracts in which participants make a binding pledge to contribute to a contract for building a public good, contingent on a quorum of a predetermined size being reached. Otherwise their money is refunded. A dominant assurance contract is a variation in which an entrepreneur creates the contract and refunds the initial pledge plus an additional sum of money if the quorum is not reached. In game theory terms this makes pledging to build the public good a dominant strategy: the ...

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Public good, Public good - Examples of public goods, Public good - Subtypes of public goods, Public good - Global public good, Public good - The free rider problem, Public good - Possible solutions to the free rider problem, Public good - Dominant assurance contracts, Public good - Coasian solution, Public good - Government provision, Public good - Subsidies, Public good - Privileged group, Public good - Merging of free riders, Public good - Legislated exclusion, Public good - Non-individualism, Public good - Efficient production levels of public goods, Public good - Criticism of public goods theory, Public good - Empirical discrepancies with public goods theory, Public good - Subjective value criticisms, Public good - Assumptions regarding government provision, Public good - Normative criticism, Public good - External sources

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UDMR was founded during the Romanian Revolution of 1989, on December 25, 1989, by Domokos Geza, a Moscow-educated communist politician of Romanian origin. UDMR defined itself as one of the political groups that fought against Nicolae Ceauşescu. The context in which UDMR was created was very complex. After WWI, Hungary has started a revanchist campaign to recover the territories it lost after the collapse of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Among these territories was Transylvania, which became part of Romania after that war. This revanch ...

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Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania, Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania - Status, Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania - History, Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania - Structure, Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania - Relationship with the population

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The Conservative Party was founded as the Romanian Humanist Party (PUR) on December 18, 1991. It changed its name in 2005 to reflect a shift in its ideology from centrist politics to more conservative, right-wing politics. The party is currently led by Dan Voiculescu, a businessman who gave up the leadership of some his companies to his relatives in order to embark upon the political construction. Voiculescu created and owns an important media chain comprising among others top-ranking TV channel Antena 1 and the newspapers Jurnalul Naţional ...

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Conservative Party Romania, Conservative Party Romania - History, Conservative Party Romania - Notable members

Read more here: » Conservative Party Romania: Encyclopedia II - Conservative Party Romania - History

The United States, Canada, Australia and New Zealand are all former colonies of the United Kingdom, and were settled by migrants from the United Kingdom. The similarities of these countries, it is sometimes argued, manifest certain historical conditions which they have all faced. Anglosphere nations have a history of co-operation and close political ties. A network of varying military alliances as well as intelligence arrangements exists between all five nations, and some are in free trade areas with each other. The countries of the A ...

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Anglosphere, Anglosphere - Definitions and membership, Anglosphere - Proponents and critics, Anglosphere - Bonding qualities, Anglosphere - Anglosphere co-operation and common ground, Anglosphere - Anglosphere Institute on the role of civil society, Anglosphere - Critical views, Anglosphere - Regionalists, Anglosphere - Realists, Anglosphere - Autonomists, Anglosphere - Critics of Neo-Liberalism, Anglosphere - The core-and-satellite model, Anglosphere - Historical perspectives, Anglosphere - The United Kingdom and the European 'Continent', Anglosphere - The USA and continental European influence, Anglosphere - The United Kingdom and the 'continental' experience: political history, Anglosphere - Institutional history, Anglosphere - Legacy of the twentieth century

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Anthropology's traditional involvement with nonwestern cultures has involved it in politics in many different ways. Some political problems arise simply because anthropologists usually have more power than the people they study. Some have argued that the discipline is a form of colonialist theft in which the anthropologist gains power at the expense of subjects. The anthropologist, they argue, can gain yet more power by exploiting knowledge and artifacts of the people he studies while the people he studies gain nothing, or even lose, ...

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Anthropology, Anthropology - Historical and institutional context, Anthropology - Anthropology in the U.S., Anthropology - Anthropology in Britain, Anthropology - Anthropology in France, Anthropology - Anthropology after World War Two, Anthropology - Politics of anthropology, Anthropology - Anthropological fields and subfields

Read more here: » Anthropology: Encyclopedia II - Anthropology - Politics of anthropology

Asterix - Stereotypes and allusions. Everywhere they visit, Asterix and Obelix encounter people and things borrowed and caricatured from 20th century real life. In the early album Asterix and the Goths, for instance, the Goths are represented as militaristic and regimented, reminiscent of late nineteenth and early twentieth century Germans. The helmets worn by these Goths even resemble the German Pickelhaube helmets worn up to World War I and one of their leaders bears an uncanny resemblance to Otto von Bi ...

See also:

Asterix, Asterix - Setting and characters, Asterix - Humour, Asterix - Stereotypes and allusions, Asterix - Puns in names, Asterix - Running gags, Asterix - Revisionist explanations, Asterix - Influences, Asterix - Major recurring characters

Read more here: » Asterix: Encyclopedia II - Asterix - Humour

The Bukharan community in Central Asia had periods of prospering, as well as periods of repression. With the establishment of the Silk Road between China and the West in the 2nd century BCE that lasted well into the 16th century, many Jews flocked to Central Asia and played a great role in its development. After their exile from Israel in 135, they came under the Persian Empire, as they prospered and spread through the area. However, around the 5th century, they were persecuted. Famous Jewish academies in Babylon were closed, while many Jews ...

See also:

Bukharan Jews, Bukharan Jews - Background, Bukharan Jews - Name and language, Bukharan Jews - History, Bukharan Jews - Soviet era, Bukharan Jews - After 1991, Bukharan Jews - Culture, Bukharan Jews - Cuisine, Bukharan Jews - Music, Bukharan Jews - Notable Bukharan Jews

Read more here: » Bukharan Jews: Encyclopedia II - Bukharan Jews - History

Culture of Mexico - Family. Mexican culture is known for the unified nature of the family. The country's divorce rate is among the lowest in the world (0.33 divorces per 1000 population, compared to 4.95 in the United States) [1]. Children regularly live with their parents until they marry, even if they remain single until their thirties or later. It is also quite common for family units to remain connected, often with grandparents, parents, aunts, uncles, and children all living in the same area or even in the s ...

See also:

Culture of Mexico, Culture of Mexico - Language, Culture of Mexico - Native languages, Culture of Mexico - Chingar, Culture of Mexico - Relationships, Culture of Mexico - Family, Culture of Mexico - Community, Culture of Mexico - International, Culture of Mexico - Religion, Culture of Mexico - Art, Culture of Mexico - Literature and Poetry, Culture of Mexico - Music, Culture of Mexico - Cuisine, Culture of Mexico - Sport

Read more here: » Culture of Mexico: Encyclopedia II - Culture of Mexico - Relationships

Nationalism may manifest itself as part of official state ideology or as a popular (non-state) movement and may be expressed along civic, ethnic, cultural, religious or ideological lines. These self-definitions of the nation are used to classify types of nationalism. However such categories are not mutually exclusive and many nationalist movements combine some or all of these elements to varying degrees. Nationalist movements can also be class ...

See also:

Nationalism, Nationalism - Background and problems, Nationalism - Issues in nationalism theory, Nationalism - Historical evolution of nationalism, Nationalism - Prior to 1900, Nationalism - 20th Century nationalism, Nationalism - Language and nationalism, Nationalism - Prominent figures, Nationalism - Types of nationalism, Nationalism - Nationalism within nations, Nationalism - Post-2001 nationalism in the United States, Nationalism - Patriotism and extremism, Nationalism - Racism, Nationalism - Opposition and critique, Nationalism - Historical effect of nationalism

Read more here: » Nationalism: Encyclopedia II - Nationalism - Types of nationalism

The Bukharan community in Central Asia had periods of prospering, as well as periods of repression. With the establishment of the Silk Road between China and the West in the 2nd century BCE that lasted well into the 16th century, many Jews flocked to Central Asia and played a great role in its development. After their exile from Israel in 135, they came under the Persian Empire, as they prospered and spread through the area. However, around the 5th century, they were persecuted. Famous Jewish academies in Babylon were closed, while many Jews ...

See also:

Bukharan Jews, Bukharan Jews - Background, Bukharan Jews - Name and language, Bukharan Jews - History, Bukharan Jews - Under the Soviet rule, Bukharan Jews - After 1991, Bukharan Jews - Culture, Bukharan Jews - Cuisine, Bukharan Jews - Music, Bukharan Jews - Notable Bukharan Jews

Read more here: » Bukharan Jews: Encyclopedia II - Bukharan Jews - History

Asterix - Stereotypes and allusions. Everywhere they visit, Asterix and Obelix encounter people and things borrowed and caricatured from 20th century real life. In the early album Asterix and the Goths, for instance, the Goths are represented as militaristic and regimented, reminiscent of late nineteenth and early twentieth century Germans. The helmets worn by these Goths even resemble the German Pickelhaube helmets worn up to World War I and one of their leaders bears an uncanny resemblance to Otto von Bi ...

See also:

Asterix, Asterix - Setting and characters, Asterix - Humour, Asterix - Stereotypes and allusions, Asterix - Puns in names, Asterix - Running gags, Asterix - Revisionist explanations, Asterix - Influences, Asterix - Recurring characters, Asterix - Major recurring characters

Read more here: » Asterix: Encyclopedia II - Asterix - Humour

See main article: Iranian art Culture of Iran - Persian language and literature. See main article: Persian literature. See main article: Persian language. The Persian language has been in continuous use for over 2500 years. Yet it is a subset of the superset of Iranian languages. Persian literature inspired Goethe, Ralph Waldo Emerson and many others, and it has been often dubbed as a most worthy language to serve as a conduct for poetry. Culture of Iran - Iranian Cinema. See also:

Culture of Iran, Culture of Iran - Persian Art, Culture of Iran - Persian language and literature, Culture of Iran - Iranian Cinema, Culture of Iran - Persian Music, Culture of Iran - Persian Architecture, Culture of Iran - Persian rugs, Culture of Iran - Persian Gardens, Culture of Iran - Persian Cuisine, Culture of Iran - Women in Persian culture, Culture of Iran - Iranian traditional holidays, Culture of Iran - Traditional cultural inheritors of the old Persia, Culture of Iran - Persian contributions to humanity, Culture of Iran - Sources

Read more here: » Culture of Iran: Encyclopedia II - Culture of Iran - Persian Art

In the realm of science fiction there have occasionally been forms of life proposed that, while often highly speculative and unsupported by rigorous theoretical examination, are nevertheless interesting and in some cases even somewhat plausible. One of the major sentient species in Terry Pratchett's Discworld universe is Trolls. Their being mineral-based has various interesting effects on their physiology and culture. Trolls eat rocks, which suggests that their biochemistry is similar to that of plants. A heterotrophic silicon-based l ...

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Alternative biochemistry, Alternative biochemistry - Silicon biochemistry, Alternative biochemistry - Nitrogen/Phosphorus biochemistry, Alternative biochemistry - Other exotic biochemical elements, Alternative biochemistry - Non-water solvents, Alternative biochemistry - Ammonia, Alternative biochemistry - Other solvents, Alternative biochemistry - Artificial life, Alternative biochemistry - In fiction

Read more here: » Alternative biochemistry: Encyclopedia II - Alternative biochemistry - In fiction

The Prussians entered Paris briefly and left again without incident. But Paris continued to be encircled while the issue of war indemnities dragged on. As the Central Committee of the National Guard was adopting an increasingly radical stance and steadily gaining in authority, the government could not indefinitely allow it to have four hundred cannons at its disposal. And so, as a first step, on March 18 Thiers ordered regular troops to seize the cannons stored on the Buttes Montmartre. Instead of following instructions, however, the ...

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Paris Commune, Paris Commune - Background, Paris Commune - The rise and nature of the commune, Paris Commune - The assault, Paris Commune - The commune in retrospect, Paris Commune - Other Communes, Paris Commune - Fictional treatments

Read more here: » Paris Commune: Encyclopedia II - Paris Commune - The rise and nature of the commune