The American philosopher Charles Peirce (1839-1914) stated his own version of objective idealism in the following manner: The one intelligible theory of the universe is that of objective idealism, that matter is effete mind, inveterate habits becoming physical laws (CP 6.25).1 The literal meaning of the word "effete" is "no longer fruitful", hence it has the connotations of decadent, degenerate, exhausted, outmoded, weak, or worn out. In the light of Peirce's overall philosophy, we may single out "degenerate" as a likely synonym, and take it to mean "reduced in generative power". Thus, matter is ...

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Objective idealism, Objective idealism - Charles Peirce, Objective idealism - Reference

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Charles Sanders Santiago Peirce (pronounced purse), (September 10, 1839, Cambridge, Massachusetts – April 19, 1914, Milford, Pennsylvania) was an American polymath. Although educated as a chemist and employed as a scientist for 30 years, he is now mostly seen as a philosopher. He is the greatest American builder of architectonic systems, and his admirers deem him the most important systemat ...

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• Charles Peirce - Life
• Charles Peirce - Reception
• Charles Peirce - Works
• Charles Peirce - Peirce's philosophy
• Charles Peirce - Pragmatism
• Charles Peirce - Scholastic realism
• Charles Peirce - Formal perspective
• Charles Peirce - Dynamics of representation
• Charles Peirce - Normative sciences
• Charles Peirce - Parallels with Leibniz
• Charles Peirce - Bibliography
• Charles Peirce - Primary literature
• Charles Peirce - Secondary literature

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It is not sufficiently recognized that Peirce’s career was that of a scientist, not a philosopher; and that during his lifetime he was known and valued chiefly as a scientist, only secondly as a logician, and scarcely at all as a philosopher. Even his work in philosophy and logic will not be understood until this fact becomes a standing premise of Peircian studies. (Max Fisch, in Moore and Robin 1964: 486). Upon this first, and in one sense sole, rule of reason, that in order to learn you must desire to learn, and in so desiring not ...

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Charles Peirce, Charles Peirce - Life, Charles Peirce - Reception, Charles Peirce - Works, Charles Peirce - Major publications, Charles Peirce - Peirce's philosophy, Charles Peirce - Pragmatism, Charles Peirce - Scholastic realism, Charles Peirce - Formal perspective, Charles Peirce - Dynamics of representation, Charles Peirce - Normative sciences, Charles Peirce - Parallels with Leibniz, Charles Peirce - Bibliography, Charles Peirce - Primary literature, Charles Peirce - Secondary literature

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It is not sufficiently recognized that Peirce’s career was that of a scientist, not a philosopher; and that during his lifetime he was known and valued chiefly as a scientist, only secondly as a logician, and scarcely at all as a philosopher. Even his work in philosophy and logic will not be understood until this fact becomes a standing premise of Peircian studies. (Max Fisch, in Moore and Robin 1964: 486). Upon this first, and in one sense sole, rule of reason, that in order to learn you must desire to learn, and in so desiring not ...

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Charles Peirce, Charles Peirce - Life, Charles Peirce - Reception, Charles Peirce - Works, Charles Peirce - Peirce's philosophy, Charles Peirce - Pragmatism, Charles Peirce - Scholastic realism, Charles Peirce - Formal perspective, Charles Peirce - Dynamics of representation, Charles Peirce - Normative sciences, Charles Peirce - Parallels with Leibniz, Charles Peirce - Bibliography, Charles Peirce - Primary literature, Charles Peirce - Secondary literature

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Sign can denote any of the following: In astrology sign is often used to mean the Sun sign. In communication sign or signing refers to communicating via hand gestures, such as sign language. In computing, the digits where one bit among them tells the number is either negative or non-negative are called signed, otherwise unsigned. See also: Signedness In divination a sign is an omen, an event or occurrence believed to fortell the future. In lingu ...

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Abduction, or abductive reasoning, is the process of reasoning to the best explanations. In other words, it is the reasoning process that starts from a set of facts and derives their most likely explanations. The term abduction is sometimes used to mean just the generation of hypotheses to explain observations or conclusions, but the former definition is more common both in philosophy and computing. Deduction and abduction differ in the direction in which a rule like “a entail ...

Including:

• Abductive reasoning - Logic-based Abduction
• Abductive reasoning - Set-Cover Abduction
• Abductive reasoning - History of the concept
• Abductive reasoning - Applications

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The following is an example of a formal system based entirely on the Sheffer stroke, yet having the functional expressiveness of the propositional calculus: Sheffer stroke - 1. Symbols. A B C D E F G ' ( | ) The Sheffer stroke commutes but does not associate. Hence any formal system including the Sheffer stroke must also include a means of indicating grouping. We shall employ '(' and ' ...

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Sheffer stroke, Sheffer stroke - NAND, Sheffer stroke - Sheffer stroke, Sheffer stroke - Formal system based on the Sheffer stroke, Sheffer stroke - 1. Symbols, Sheffer stroke - 2. Grammar, Sheffer stroke - 3. Axiom, Sheffer stroke - 4. Inference rules, Sheffer stroke - Simplification, Sheffer stroke - Reference

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Peirce proposed three systems of existential graphs: alpha, isomorphic to the propositional calculus and the two-element Boolean algebra; beta, isomorphic to first order logic with identity, with all formulae closed; gamma, (nearly) isomorphic to normal modal logic. Alpha nests in beta and gamma. Beta does not nest in gamma, quantified modal logic being more than even Peirce could envisage. ...

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Existential graph, Existential graph - The graphs, Existential graph - Alpha, Existential graph - Beta, Existential graph - Gamma, Existential graph - Peirce's role

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The MOQ divides Quality into two forms: static quality patterns (patterned) and Dynamic Quality (unpatterned). The four patterns of static value as well as Dynamic Quality account exhaustively for all of reality. As the initial (cutting edge) Dynamic Quality become habituated, it turns into static patterns. It is important to note that Pirsig is not proposing a duality: Quality is one, yet manifests itself diffe ...

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Metaphysics of Quality, Metaphysics of Quality - Robert M. Pirsig, Metaphysics of Quality - Howard T. Odum, Metaphysics of Quality - Development of Pirsig's thought, Metaphysics of Quality - The MOQ according to Pirsig, Metaphysics of Quality - Quality, Metaphysics of Quality - Books

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Inquiry - Theory of inquiry. For our present purposes, the first feature to note in distinguishing the three principal modes of reasoning from each other is whether each of them is exact or approximate in character. In this light, deduction is the only one the three types of reasoning that can be made exact, in essence, always deriving true conclusions from true premisses, while abduction and induction are unavoidably approximate in their modes of operation, involving elements of fallible judgment in practice and i ...

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Inquiry, Inquiry - Background, Inquiry - Theory of inquiry, Inquiry - Example of inquiry, Inquiry - Pragmatic theory of inquiry, Inquiry - Charles Peirce, Inquiry - John Dewey, Inquiry - Bibliography

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Abstractions sometimes have ambiguous referents; for example, "happiness" (when used as an abstraction) can refer to many things as there are people and events or states of being which make them happy. A further example; suppose one attempts to define the term architecture and what it refers to. Architecture is more than simply designing safe functional buildings, it also involves elements of creation and innovation which aim at elegant solutions to problems of construction, the use of space, and at its best, to evoke an emotional response in the builders, owners, viewers and users of the building. See also:

Abstraction, Abstraction - Thought process, Abstraction - Conceptual schemes for abstraction, Abstraction - Referents, Abstraction - Instantiation, Abstraction - Physicality, Abstraction - Realness, Abstraction - Precise semantic meaning, Abstraction - Abstraction used in philosophy, Abstraction - Ontological status, Abstraction - Reification, Abstraction - Compression, Abstraction - The neurology of abstraction, Abstraction - Abstraction in Art

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In logic, abduction is done from a logical theory T representing a domain and a set of observations O. Abduction is the process of deriving a set of explanations of O according to T. For E to be an explanation of O according to T, it should satisfy two conditions: See also:

Abductive reasoning, Abductive reasoning - Logic-based Abduction, Abductive reasoning - Set-Cover Abduction, Abductive reasoning - History of the concept, Abductive reasoning - Applications

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In Greece, two main competing logical traditions emerged. Stoic logic traced its roots back to Euclid of Megara, a pupil of Socrates, and with its concentration on propositional logic was perhaps closer to modern logic. However, the tradition that survived to influence later cultures was the Peripatetic tradition which originated in Aristotle's collection of works known as the "Organon" or instrument, the first systematic Greek work on logic. Aristotle's examination of the syllogism bears interesting comparison with the Indian schema ...

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History of logic, History of logic - Logic in China, History of logic - Logic in India, History of logic - Logic in Greece, History of logic - Logic in Islamic philosophy, History of logic - Medieval Logic, History of logic - Traditional Logic, History of logic - The advent of modern logic

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Historically, Descartes, may have been the first philosopher to have had the idea of using algebra, especially its techniques for solving for unknown quantities in equations, as a vehicle for scientific exploration. The idea of a calculus of reasoning was also cultivated by Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz. Leibniz was the first to formulate the notion of a broadly applicable system of mathematical logic. However, the relevant documents were not published until 1901 or remain unpublished to the present day, and the current understanding of the power of Leibniz's discoveries did not emerge un ...

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History of logic, History of logic - Logic in China, History of logic - Logic in India, History of logic - Logic in Greece, History of logic - Logic in Islamic philosophy, History of logic - Medieval Logic, History of logic - Traditional Logic, History of logic - The advent of modern logic

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A different formalization of abduction is based on inverting the function that calculates the visible effects of the hypotheses. Formally, we are given a set of hypotheses H and a set of manifestations M; they are related by the domain knowledge, represented by a function e that takes as an argument a set of hypotheses and gives as a result the corresponding set of manifestations. In other words, for every subset of the hypotheses , their effects are kn ...

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Abductive reasoning, Abductive reasoning - Logic-based Abduction, Abductive reasoning - Set-Cover Abduction, Abductive reasoning - History of the concept, Abductive reasoning - Applications

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Abduction has been applied in artificial intelligence for various tasks. The most direct application of abduction is that of automatically detect faults in systems: given a theory relating faults and manifestation and a set of manifestations (the visible effects of faults), abduction can be used to derive some set of faults that are likely to be the cause of the problem. Abduction can also be used to model automated planning. Given a logical theory relating action occurrences with their effects (for example, a formula of the event cal ...

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Abductive reasoning, Abductive reasoning - Logic-based Abduction, Abductive reasoning - Set-Cover Abduction, Abductive reasoning - History of the concept, Abductive reasoning - Applications

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George Boole [buːl], (November 2, 1815 Lincoln, Lincolnshire, England – December 8, 1864 Ballintemple, County Cork, Ireland) was a mathematician and philosopher. As the inventor of Boolean algebra, the basis of all modern computer arithmetic, Boole is regarded in hindsight as one of the founders of the field of computer science, although computers did not exist in his day (see "Legacy" section below). George Boole - Biography. George HOMA Boole ...

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• George Boole - Biography
• George Boole - Legacy
• George Boole - Secondary literature

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In semiotics, connotation arises when the denotative relationship between a signifier and its signified is inadequate to serve the needs of the community. A second level of meanings is termed connotative. These meanings are not objective representations of the thing, but new usages produced by the language group. Connotation semiotics - Discussion. Drawing from the original definition proposed by Saussure (1857-1913), a sign has two parts: as a signifier, i.e. it will have a form ...

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• Connotation semiotics - Discussion

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Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz (also Leibnitz) (July 1 (June 21 Old Style) 1646, Leipzig – November 14, 1716, Hanover) was a German polymath, deemed a genius in his lifetime and since, and the last true polyhistor. Trained as a lawyer and active as a diplomat and librarian, he wrote on philosophy, science, mathematics, theology, history, and comparative philology, even writing verse. Through his service to two major German noble houses, he played a major role in the European ...

Including:

• Gottfried Leibniz - Life
• Gottfried Leibniz - Early life and education
• Gottfried Leibniz - Career
• Gottfried Leibniz - Writings
• Gottfried Leibniz - Posthumous reputation
• Gottfried Leibniz - Philosopher
• Gottfried Leibniz - Metaphysics
• Gottfried Leibniz - Theodicy and optimism
• Gottfried Leibniz - Symbolic thought
• Gottfried Leibniz - Characteristica Universalis Universal characteristic and Calculus Ratiocinator
• Gottfried Leibniz - Formal logic
• Gottfried Leibniz - Mathematician
• Gottfried Leibniz - Topology
• Gottfried Leibniz - The dispute over who first invented the calculus
• Gottfried Leibniz - Science and technology
• Gottfried Leibniz - The vis viva
• Gottfried Leibniz - Information technology
• Gottfried Leibniz - Philology
• Gottfried Leibniz - The Sinophile
• Gottfried Leibniz - Works
• Gottfried Leibniz - Secondary literature
• Gottfried Leibniz - Quotes

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Aesthetics is the branch of philosophy that studies the nature of beauty and the moral value of art, so the aestheticization of violence is the process of making the act and the product of violence appear attractive. Aestheticization of violence - The power of art. High culture has the capacity to aestheticize violence into a form of autonomous art. "If any human act evokes the aesthetic experience of the sublime, certainly it is the act of murder. And if murder can be experienced aesthetically, the murdere ...

Including:

• Aestheticization of violence - The power of art
• Aestheticization of violence - Aestheticization through art
• Aestheticization of violence - First step towards an answer
• Aestheticization of violence - Semiotic rules in action
• Aestheticization of violence - An example

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