Charlemagne's reign is often referred to as the Carolingian Renaissance because of the flowering of scholarship, literature, art, and architecture. Most of the surviving works of classical Latin were copied and preserved by Carolingian scholars. The pan-European nature of Charlemagne's influence is indicated by the origins of many of the men who worked for him: Alcuin, an Anglo-Saxon; Theodulf, a Visigoth; Paul the ...

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Charlemagne, Charlemagne - Background, Charlemagne - Date and place of birth, Charlemagne - Life, Charlemagne - Early life, Charlemagne - Joint rule, Charlemagne - Conquest of Lombardy, Charlemagne - Saxon campaigns, Charlemagne - Spanish campaign, Charlemagne - Imperator, Charlemagne - Administration, Charlemagne - Death, Charlemagne - Cultural significance, Charlemagne - Charlemagne's personal appearance, Charlemagne - Family, Charlemagne - Marriages and Heirs, Charlemagne - Concubinages and Bastards, Charlemagne - Sources

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Charlemagne, Charlemagne - Background, Charlemagne - Date and place of birth, Charlemagne - Personal appearance, Charlemagne - Dress, Charlemagne - Life, Charlemagne - Early life, Charlemagne - Joint rule, Charlemagne - Conquest of Lombardy, Charlemagne - Saxon campaigns, Charlemagne - Spanish campaign, Charlemagne - Charles and his children, Charlemagne - During the Saxon peace, Charlemagne - Avar campaigns, Charlemagne - The Saracens and Spain, Charlemagne - Imperator, Charlemagne - Danish attacks, Charlemagne - Death, Charlemagne - Administration, Charlemagne - Monetary reforms, Charlemagne - Learning, Charlemagne - Writing reforms, Charlemagne - Political organisation, Charlemagne - The division of the empire, Charlemagne - Cultural significance, Charlemagne - Family, Charlemagne - Marriages and Heirs, Charlemagne - Concubinages and Bastards, Charlemagne - Notes, Charlemagne - Sources

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Charlemagne - Early life. Charlemagne was the eldest child of Pippin the Short (714–24 September 768, reigned from 751) and his wife Bertrada of Laon (720–12 July 783), daughter of Caribert of Laon and Bertrada of Cologne. He was the elder brother of Carloman and Gisela. Some sources indicate that he was the brother of Redburga, wife of King Egbert of Wessex, and Bertha, mother of the famous Roland, but he is only ever recorde ...

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Charlemagne, Charlemagne - Background, Charlemagne - Date and place of birth, Charlemagne - Life, Charlemagne - Early life, Charlemagne - Joint rule, Charlemagne - Conquest of Lombardy, Charlemagne - Saxon campaigns, Charlemagne - Spanish campaign, Charlemagne - Imperator, Charlemagne - Administration, Charlemagne - Death, Charlemagne - Cultural significance, Charlemagne - Charlemagne's personal appearance, Charlemagne - Family, Charlemagne - Marriages and Heirs, Charlemagne - Concubinages and Bastards, Charlemagne - Sources

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Charlemagne (c.742 or 747–28 January 814) (also Charles the Great; from Latin, Carolus Magnus or Karolus Magnus) was the king of the Franks from 768 to 814 and king of the Lombards from 774 to 781. He was crowned Imperator Augustus in Rome on Christmas Day, 800 by Pope Leo III and is therefore regarded as the founder of the Holy Roman Empire, a reincarnation of the ancient Western Roman Empire. Through military conquest and defence, he solidified and expanded his realm to cover most of Western Euro ...

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Charlemagne - Background Charlemagne - Date and place of birth Charlemagne - Life
Charlemagne - Early life Charlemagne - Joint rule Charlemagne - Conquest of Lombardy Charlemagne - Saxon campaigns Charlemagne - Spanish campaign Charlemagne - Imperator Charlemagne - Administration Charlemagne - Death
Charlemagne - Cultural significance Charlemagne - Charlemagne's personal appearance Charlemagne - Family
Charlemagne - Marriages and Heirs Charlemagne - Concubinages and Bastards
Charlemagne - Sources

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An officer by career, Charlemagne Péralte was the military chief of the city of Léogane when the US Marines invaded Haiti in July of 1915. (See United States occupation of Haiti (1915-1934)) Refusing to surrender to foreign troops without fighting, Péralte resigned from his position and returned to his native town of Hinche to take care of his family's land. In 1917, he was arrested for assaulting the home of an American Officer of the occupation troops, and was sentenced to five years of forced labor. Escaping his captivity, Charlemagne Péralte gathered a group of nationalis ...

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Charlemagne Péralte, Charlemagne Péralte - Early Life, Charlemagne Péralte - Guerrilla Resistance, Charlemagne Péralte - Death and Aftermath

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History of the Jews in Germany - Moses Mendelssohn. Moses Mendelssohn located with true insight the point of departure for the regeneration of Jewish life. The Middle Ages, which could take from the Jews neither their faith nor their various intellectual gifts, had yet deprived them of the chief means (namely, the vernacular) of comprehending the intellectual labors of others. The chasm that in consequence separated them from their educated fellow citizens was bridged by Mendelssohn's translation of the Torah int ...

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History of the Jews in Germany, History of the Jews in Germany - Early settlements, History of the Jews in Germany - Under Charlemagne, History of the Jews in Germany - Up to the Crusades, History of the Jews in Germany - A period of massacres 1096-1349, History of the Jews in Germany - In the Holy Roman Empire, History of the Jews in Germany - During the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, History of the Jews in Germany - Jewish life through the Holy Roman Empire, History of the Jews in Germany - Separation from the world, History of the Jews in Germany - From Moses Mendelssohn 1778 to the Nazis 1933, History of the Jews in Germany - Moses Mendelssohn, History of the Jews in Germany - The Jewish enlightenment in Germany, History of the Jews in Germany - Reorganization of the German Jewish community, History of the Jews in Germany - Birth of the Reform Movement, History of the Jews in Germany - Freedom and Repression 1815-1930s, History of the Jews in Germany - Jews under the Nazis 1930s-1940, History of the Jews in Germany - The Holocaust 1940-1945, History of the Jews in Germany - Jews in Germany since 1945, History of the Jews in Germany - Literature

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Nevertheless, the legal and civic status of the Jews was undergoing a transformation. They found a certain degree of protection with the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, who claimed the right of possession and protection of all the Jews of the empire in virtue of being the successor of the emperor Titus, who was said to have acquired the Jews as his private property. The German emperors claimed this right of possession more for the sake of taxing the Jews than of protecting them. Ludwig the Bavarian especially exerted his ingenuity in devis ...

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History of the Jews in Germany, History of the Jews in Germany - Early settlements, History of the Jews in Germany - Under Charlemagne, History of the Jews in Germany - Up to the Crusades, History of the Jews in Germany - A period of massacres 1096-1349, History of the Jews in Germany - In the Holy Roman Empire, History of the Jews in Germany - During the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, History of the Jews in Germany - Jewish life through the Holy Roman Empire, History of the Jews in Germany - Separation from the world, History of the Jews in Germany - From Moses Mendelssohn 1778 to the Nazis 1933, History of the Jews in Germany - Moses Mendelssohn, History of the Jews in Germany - The Jewish enlightenment in Germany, History of the Jews in Germany - Reorganization of the German Jewish community, History of the Jews in Germany - Birth of the Reform Movement, History of the Jews in Germany - Freedom and Repression 1815-1930s, History of the Jews in Germany - Jews under the Nazis 1930s-1940, History of the Jews in Germany - The Holocaust 1940-1945, History of the Jews in Germany - Jews in Germany since 1945, History of the Jews in Germany - Literature

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Fortunately, the Jews had kept their piety, their morality, and their intellectual activity. They were devoted to the study of the Halakah. In the eleventh century Rabbi Gershom's pupils had been the teachers of Rashi, and his excellent commentaries on the Bible and Talmud marked out new paths for learning. The German Jews contributed much to the spread and completion of these commentaries. Beginning with the twelfth century they worked independently, especially in the fields of Haggadah and ethics. R. Simon ha-Darshan's "Yalḳuṭ." (c. 11 ...

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History of the Jews in Germany, History of the Jews in Germany - Early settlements, History of the Jews in Germany - Under Charlemagne, History of the Jews in Germany - Up to the Crusades, History of the Jews in Germany - A period of massacres 1096-1349, History of the Jews in Germany - In the Holy Roman Empire, History of the Jews in Germany - During the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, History of the Jews in Germany - Jewish life through the Holy Roman Empire, History of the Jews in Germany - Separation from the world, History of the Jews in Germany - From Moses Mendelssohn 1778 to the Nazis 1933, History of the Jews in Germany - Moses Mendelssohn, History of the Jews in Germany - The Jewish enlightenment in Germany, History of the Jews in Germany - Reorganization of the German Jewish community, History of the Jews in Germany - Birth of the Reform Movement, History of the Jews in Germany - Freedom and Repression 1815-1930s, History of the Jews in Germany - Jews under the Nazis 1930s-1940, History of the Jews in Germany - The Holocaust 1940-1945, History of the Jews in Germany - Jews in Germany since 1945, History of the Jews in Germany - Literature

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In 1933, persecution of the Jews became active Nazi policy, but at first laws were not as rigorously obeyed and were not as devastating as in later years. On 1 April 1933, Jewish doctors, shops, lawyers and stores were boycotted. Only 6 days later, the "Law for the Restoration of the professional Civil Service" was passed, banning Jews employed in government. These laws meant that Jews were now indirectly and directly dissuaded or banned from privileged and upper-level positions reserved for "Aryan" Germans. From t ...

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History of the Jews in Germany, History of the Jews in Germany - Early settlements, History of the Jews in Germany - Under Charlemagne, History of the Jews in Germany - Up to the Crusades, History of the Jews in Germany - A period of massacres 1096-1349, History of the Jews in Germany - In the Holy Roman Empire, History of the Jews in Germany - During the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, History of the Jews in Germany - Jewish life through the Holy Roman Empire, History of the Jews in Germany - Separation from the world, History of the Jews in Germany - From Moses Mendelssohn 1778 to the Nazis 1933, History of the Jews in Germany - Moses Mendelssohn, History of the Jews in Germany - The Jewish enlightenment in Germany, History of the Jews in Germany - Reorganization of the German Jewish community, History of the Jews in Germany - Birth of the Reform Movement, History of the Jews in Germany - Freedom and Repression 1815-1930s, History of the Jews in Germany - Jews under the Nazis 1930s-1940, History of the Jews in Germany - The Holocaust 1940-1945, History of the Jews in Germany - Jews in Germany since 1945, History of the Jews in Germany - Literature

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Most German Jews who survived the war in exile decided to remain abroad; however, a small number returned to Germany to rebuild democracy in their homeland. Additionally, approximately 15,000 German Jews survived the concentration camps or survived by going into hiding. These German Jews were joined by approximately 200,000 "displaced persons" (DPs), eastern European Jewish Holocaust survivors. They came to Allied-occupied western Germany after finding no homes left for them in eastern Europe (especially in Poland) or after having been liber ...

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History of the Jews in Germany, History of the Jews in Germany - Early settlements, History of the Jews in Germany - Under Charlemagne, History of the Jews in Germany - Up to the Crusades, History of the Jews in Germany - A period of massacres 1096-1349, History of the Jews in Germany - In the Holy Roman Empire, History of the Jews in Germany - During the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, History of the Jews in Germany - Jewish life through the Holy Roman Empire, History of the Jews in Germany - Separation from the world, History of the Jews in Germany - From Moses Mendelssohn 1778 to the Nazis 1933, History of the Jews in Germany - Moses Mendelssohn, History of the Jews in Germany - The Jewish enlightenment in Germany, History of the Jews in Germany - Reorganization of the German Jewish community, History of the Jews in Germany - Birth of the Reform Movement, History of the Jews in Germany - Freedom and Repression 1815-1930s, History of the Jews in Germany - Jews under the Nazis 1930s-1940, History of the Jews in Germany - The Holocaust 1940-1945, History of the Jews in Germany - Jews in Germany since 1945, History of the Jews in Germany - Literature

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The date of the first settlement of Jews in the regions called by the Romans "Germania Superior," "Germania Inferior," and "Germania Magna," is not known. The first authentic document relating to a large and well-organized Jewish community in these regions dates from 321 CE, and refers to Cologne on the Rhine; it indicates that the legal status of the Jews there was the same as elsewhere in the Roman empire. They enjoyed some civil liberties, but were restricted regarding the dissemination of their faith, the keeping ...

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History of the Jews in Germany, History of the Jews in Germany - Early settlements, History of the Jews in Germany - Under Charlemagne, History of the Jews in Germany - Up to the Crusades, History of the Jews in Germany - A period of massacres 1096-1349, History of the Jews in Germany - In the Holy Roman Empire, History of the Jews in Germany - During the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, History of the Jews in Germany - Jewish life through the Holy Roman Empire, History of the Jews in Germany - Separation from the world, History of the Jews in Germany - From Moses Mendelssohn 1778 to the Nazis 1933, History of the Jews in Germany - Moses Mendelssohn, History of the Jews in Germany - The Jewish enlightenment in Germany, History of the Jews in Germany - Reorganization of the German Jewish community, History of the Jews in Germany - Birth of the Reform Movement, History of the Jews in Germany - Freedom and Repression 1815-1930s, History of the Jews in Germany - Jews under the Nazis 1930s-1940, History of the Jews in Germany - The Holocaust 1940-1945, History of the Jews in Germany - Jews in Germany since 1945, History of the Jews in Germany - Literature

Read more here: » History of the Jews in Germany: Encyclopedia II - History of the Jews in Germany - Early settlements

At the request of Charlemagne, Ludger received episcopal consecration, from Hildebold, Archbishop of Cologne, on 30 March 805. His principal concern was to have a good and efficient clergy. To a great extent he educated his students personally, and generally took some of them on his missionary tours. It was said of him that his peaceful methods were far more effective in promoting Christianity than the aggressive tactics of Charlemagne. He was criticised during his life for spending money on alms that should have gone towards the ornamentation of his churches suffered thereby, but was able to convinc ...

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Ludger, Ludger - Early Life to Ordination, Ludger - The Netherlands, Ludger - Westphalia and Saxony, Ludger - Later life, Ludger - Death and relics, Ludger - Veneration, Ludger - Literature

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In 793 Charlemagne wished to make Ludger Bishop of Trier, but he declined, while declaring himself willing to undertake the evangelization of the Saxons. Charlemagne accepted the offer, and North-western Saxony was thus added to Ludger's missionary field. The monastery of St. Ludger's Abbey at Helmstedt was founded as part of his missionary activity in this part of Germany. To meet necessary expenses the income of the Abbey of Leuze, in the present Belgian province of Hainault, was given him, and he was told to pick hi ...

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Ludger, Ludger - Early Life to Ordination, Ludger - The Netherlands, Ludger - Westphalia and Saxony, Ludger - Later life, Ludger - Death and relics, Ludger - Veneration, Ludger - Literature

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James Pierpont was born in 1822, while his father served as the Unitarian pastor of the Hollis Street Church in Boston. His father, the Rev. John Pierpont (1785-1866) was an strong abolitionist and noted poet. His mother was Mary Sheldon Lord, the daughter of Lynde Lord, Jr. (1762-1813), and Mary Lyman. Together, they had six children. The Pierpont name has been traced back as far as Charlemagne and the invasion of England by William the Conqueror. In 1832, at the age of 10, James was sent to a boarding school in New Hampshire. Four ye ...

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James Pierpont musician, James Pierpont musician - Early life, James Pierpont musician - Later life, James Pierpont musician - Compositions

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Lee is a direct lineal descendent of Charlemagne through his mother's side. She was a famous Edwardian beauty, the Contessa Estelle Marie Carandini di Sarzano. She was painted by Sir John Lavery, as well as Oswald Birley, Olive Snell and sculpted by Clare Sheridan, a cousin of Winston Churchill. The Carandini family was given the right to bear the coat of arms of the Holy Roman Empire by the Emperor Frederick Barbarossa. Cinemareview cites: "Cardinal Consalvi was Papal Secretary of State at the time of Napoleon and is buried at the Pantheon in Rome next to the painter Raphael. His painti ...

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Christopher Lee, Christopher Lee - Early life, Christopher Lee - Career as an actor, Christopher Lee - Notes, Christopher Lee - Books by Christopher Lee, Christopher Lee - Selected films

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Along with his brothers Eustace and Baldwin of Boulogne (the future Baldwin I of Jerusalem) he started in August, 1096 at the head of an army from Lorraine, some 40,000 strong, along "Charlemagne's road," as Urban II seems to have called it (according to the chronicler Robert the Monk)—the road to Jerusalem. After some difficulties in Hungary, where he was unable to stop his men from pillaging fellow Christians, he arrived in Constantinople in November. He was the first of the crusaders to arrive, and came into conflict with Byzantine empe ...

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Godfrey of Bouillon, Godfrey of Bouillon - Early Life, Godfrey of Bouillon - First Crusade, Godfrey of Bouillon - Kingdom of Jerusalem, Godfrey of Bouillon - Godfrey's death, Godfrey of Bouillon - Godfrey in history and legend, Godfrey of Bouillon - Trivia

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Marie Lafarge was born in Paris in 1816, the daughter of an artillery officer, said to be a descendant of Louis XIII, Henri IV and Charlemagne through her grandmother. Her father died suddenly of a hunting accident when she was twelve, and while her mother remarried shortly thereafter, also died seven years later. She was adopted when she was eighteen by her maternal aunt, who was married to the secretary-general of the Bank of France. It was not a good arrangement because Marie and her aunt did not like each other. Despite the fact that her ...

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Marie Lafarge, Marie Lafarge - Early life, Marie Lafarge - Charles Lafarge, Marie Lafarge - Disillusionment, Marie Lafarge - Parisian illness, Marie Lafarge - Suspicions of murder, Marie Lafarge - The Marsh test, Marie Lafarge - Arrest and trial, Marie Lafarge - An incident of theft, Marie Lafarge - The trial, Marie Lafarge - Enter Mathieu Orfila, Marie Lafarge - Conviction and controversy, Marie Lafarge - Aftermath

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Much of what is known of Charlemagne's life comes from his biographer, Einhard, who wrote a Vita Caroli Magni (or Vita Karoli Magni), which translates The Life of Charlemagne. Charlemagne - Early life. Charlemagne was the eldest child of Pippin the Short (714 – 24 September 768, reigned from 751) and his wife Bertrada of Laon (720 – 12 July 783), daughter of Caribert of Laon and Bertrada of Cologne. He was the elder brother of Carloman and Gisela. Some sources indicate that he was ...

See also:

Charlemagne, Charlemagne - Background, Charlemagne - Date and place of birth, Charlemagne - Personal appearance, Charlemagne - Dress, Charlemagne - Life, Charlemagne - Early life, Charlemagne - Joint rule, Charlemagne - Conquest of Lombardy, Charlemagne - Saxon campaigns, Charlemagne - Spanish campaign, Charlemagne - Charles and his children, Charlemagne - During the Saxon peace, Charlemagne - Avar campaigns, Charlemagne - The Saracens and Spain, Charlemagne - Imperator, Charlemagne - Danish attacks, Charlemagne - Death, Charlemagne - Administration, Charlemagne - Monetary reforms, Charlemagne - Learning, Charlemagne - Writing reforms, Charlemagne - Political organisation, Charlemagne - The division of the empire, Charlemagne - Cultural significance, Charlemagne - Family, Charlemagne - Marriages and Heirs, Charlemagne - Concubinages and Bastards, Charlemagne - Notes, Charlemagne - Sources

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Charlemagne's personal appearance is not known from any contemporary portrait, but it is known rather famously from a good description of Einhard, who wrote his biography Vita Caroli Magni. He is well known to have been tall, stately, and fair-haired, with disproportionately thick neck. As Einhard tells it in his 22nd chapter: Charles was large and strong, and of lofty stature, though not disproportionately tall (his height is well known to have been seven times the length of his foot); the upper part of his head was r ...

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Charlemagne, Charlemagne - Background, Charlemagne - Date and place of birth, Charlemagne - Life, Charlemagne - Early life, Charlemagne - Joint rule, Charlemagne - Conquest of Lombardy, Charlemagne - Saxon campaigns, Charlemagne - Spanish campaign, Charlemagne - Imperator, Charlemagne - Administration, Charlemagne - Death, Charlemagne - Cultural significance, Charlemagne - Charlemagne's personal appearance, Charlemagne - Family, Charlemagne - Marriages and Heirs, Charlemagne - Concubinages and Bastards, Charlemagne - Sources

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The Franks, originally a pagan, barbarian, Germanic people who migrated over the River Rhine in the late fifth century into a crumbling Roman Empire, were, by the early eighth century, the masters of Gaul and a good portion of central Europe east of the Rhine and the protectors of the Papacy and the Roman Catholic faith. However, their ancient dynasty of kings, the Merovingians, had long before descended into a state of complete disutility. Their chief officers, the mayors of the palace, had, practically-speaking, usurped all government powe ...

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Charlemagne, Charlemagne - Background, Charlemagne - Date and place of birth, Charlemagne - Life, Charlemagne - Early life, Charlemagne - Joint rule, Charlemagne - Conquest of Lombardy, Charlemagne - Saxon campaigns, Charlemagne - Spanish campaign, Charlemagne - Imperator, Charlemagne - Administration, Charlemagne - Death, Charlemagne - Cultural significance, Charlemagne - Charlemagne's personal appearance, Charlemagne - Family, Charlemagne - Marriages and Heirs, Charlemagne - Concubinages and Bastards, Charlemagne - Sources

Read more here: » Charlemagne: Encyclopedia II - Charlemagne - Background