chairperson

See regulation. Corporate governance - Self-regulation. Corporate governance - Rules versus principles. Rules are typically thought to be simpler to follow than principles, demarcating a clear line between acceptable and unacceptable behaviour. Rules also reduce discretion on the part of individual managers or auditors. In practice rules can be more complex than principles. They may be ill-equipped to deal with new types of transactions not covered by the code. Mo ...

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Corporate governance, Corporate governance - Definition, Corporate governance - History, Corporate governance - Parties to corporate governance, Corporate governance - Principles, Corporate governance - Mechanisms and controls, Corporate governance - Internal corporate governance controls, Corporate governance - External corporate governance controls, Corporate governance - Systemic problems of corporate governance, Corporate governance - Role of the accountant, Corporate governance - Regulation, Corporate governance - Self-regulation, Corporate governance - Rules versus principles, Corporate governance - Enforcement, Corporate governance - Corporate governance models around the world, Corporate governance - Codes and guidelines, Corporate governance - Corporate governance and firm performance, Corporate governance - Board composition, Corporate governance - Remuneration, Corporate governance - Attention to corporate governance, Corporate governance - Foot notes, Corporate governance - External sources

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Corporate governance mechanisms and controls are designed to reduce the inefficiencies that arise from moral hazard and adverse selection. For example, to monitor managers' behaviour, an independent third party (the auditor) attests the accuracy of information provided by management to investors. An ideal control system should regulate both motivation and ability. Corporate governance - Internal corporate governance controls. Internal corporate governance controls monitor activities and then take correctiv ...

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Corporate governance, Corporate governance - Definition, Corporate governance - History, Corporate governance - Parties to corporate governance, Corporate governance - Principles, Corporate governance - Mechanisms and controls, Corporate governance - Internal corporate governance controls, Corporate governance - External corporate governance controls, Corporate governance - Systemic problems of corporate governance, Corporate governance - Role of the accountant, Corporate governance - Regulation, Corporate governance - Self-regulation, Corporate governance - Rules versus principles, Corporate governance - Enforcement, Corporate governance - Corporate governance models around the world, Corporate governance - Codes and guidelines, Corporate governance - Corporate governance and firm performance, Corporate governance - Board composition, Corporate governance - Remuneration, Corporate governance - Attention to corporate governance, Corporate governance - Foot notes, Corporate governance - External sources

Read more here: » Corporate governance: Encyclopedia II - Corporate governance - Mechanisms and controls

Key elements of good corporate governance principles include honesty, trust and integrity, openness, performance orientation, responsibility and accountability, mutual respect, and commitment to the organisation. Of importance is how directors and management develop a model of governance that aligns the values of the corporate participants and then evaluate this model periodically for its effectiveness. In particular, senior executives should conduct themselves honestly and ethically, especially concerning actual or apparent conflict ...

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Corporate governance, Corporate governance - Definition, Corporate governance - History, Corporate governance - Parties to corporate governance, Corporate governance - Principles, Corporate governance - Mechanisms and controls, Corporate governance - Internal corporate governance controls, Corporate governance - External corporate governance controls, Corporate governance - Systemic problems of corporate governance, Corporate governance - Role of the accountant, Corporate governance - Regulation, Corporate governance - Self-regulation, Corporate governance - Rules versus principles, Corporate governance - Enforcement, Corporate governance - Corporate governance models around the world, Corporate governance - Codes and guidelines, Corporate governance - Corporate governance and firm performance, Corporate governance - Board composition, Corporate governance - Remuneration, Corporate governance - Attention to corporate governance, Corporate governance - Foot notes, Corporate governance - External sources

Read more here: » Corporate governance: Encyclopedia II - Corporate governance - Principles

In the 19th century, state corporation law enhanced the rights of corporate boards to govern without unanimous consent of shareholders in exchange for statutory benefits like appraisal rights, in order to make corporate governance more efficient. Since that time, and because most large publicly traded corporations in America are incorporated under corporate administration friendly Delaware law, and because America's wealth has been increasingly securitized into corporate entities, the rights of owners and shareholders have become derived and ...

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Corporate governance, Corporate governance - Definition, Corporate governance - History, Corporate governance - Parties to corporate governance, Corporate governance - Principles, Corporate governance - Mechanisms and controls, Corporate governance - Internal corporate governance controls, Corporate governance - External corporate governance controls, Corporate governance - Systemic problems of corporate governance, Corporate governance - Role of the accountant, Corporate governance - Regulation, Corporate governance - Self-regulation, Corporate governance - Rules versus principles, Corporate governance - Enforcement, Corporate governance - Corporate governance models around the world, Corporate governance - Codes and guidelines, Corporate governance - Corporate governance and firm performance, Corporate governance - Board composition, Corporate governance - Remuneration, Corporate governance - Attention to corporate governance, Corporate governance - Foot notes, Corporate governance - External sources

Read more here: » Corporate governance: Encyclopedia II - Corporate governance - History

Parties involved in corporate governance include the governing or regulatory body (e.g. the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission), the Chief Executive Officer, the board of directors, management and shareholders. Other stakeholders who take part include suppliers, employees, creditors, customers and the community at large. In corporations, the principal (shareholder) delegates decision rights to the agent (manager) to act in the principal's best interests. This separation of ownership from control implies a loss of effective contro ...

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Corporate governance, Corporate governance - Definition, Corporate governance - History, Corporate governance - Parties to corporate governance, Corporate governance - Principles, Corporate governance - Mechanisms and controls, Corporate governance - Internal corporate governance controls, Corporate governance - External corporate governance controls, Corporate governance - Systemic problems of corporate governance, Corporate governance - Role of the accountant, Corporate governance - Regulation, Corporate governance - Self-regulation, Corporate governance - Rules versus principles, Corporate governance - Enforcement, Corporate governance - Corporate governance models around the world, Corporate governance - Codes and guidelines, Corporate governance - Corporate governance and firm performance, Corporate governance - Board composition, Corporate governance - Remuneration, Corporate governance - Attention to corporate governance, Corporate governance - Foot notes, Corporate governance - External sources

Read more here: » Corporate governance: Encyclopedia II - Corporate governance - Parties to corporate governance

There are many different models of corporate governance around the world. These differ according to the variety of capitalism in which they are embedded. The liberal model that is common in Anglo-American countries tends to give priority to the interests of shareholders. The coordinated model that one finds in Continental Europe and Japan also recognizes the interests of workers, managers, suppliers, customers, and the community. Both models have distinct competitive advantages, but in different ways. The liberal model of corporate governanc ...

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Corporate governance, Corporate governance - Definition, Corporate governance - History, Corporate governance - Parties to corporate governance, Corporate governance - Principles, Corporate governance - Mechanisms and controls, Corporate governance - Internal corporate governance controls, Corporate governance - External corporate governance controls, Corporate governance - Systemic problems of corporate governance, Corporate governance - Role of the accountant, Corporate governance - Regulation, Corporate governance - Self-regulation, Corporate governance - Rules versus principles, Corporate governance - Enforcement, Corporate governance - Corporate governance models around the world, Corporate governance - Codes and guidelines, Corporate governance - Corporate governance and firm performance, Corporate governance - Board composition, Corporate governance - Remuneration, Corporate governance - Attention to corporate governance, Corporate governance - Foot notes, Corporate governance - External sources

Read more here: » Corporate governance: Encyclopedia II - Corporate governance - Corporate governance models around the world

Corporate governance principles and codes have been developed in different countries and issued from stock exchanges, corporations, institutional investors, or associations (institutes) of directors and managers with the support of governments and international organizations. As a rule, compliance with these governance recommendations is not mandated by law, although the codes linked to stock exchange listing requirements may have a coercive effect. For example, companies quoted on the London and Toronto Stock Exchanges formally need not fol ...

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Corporate governance, Corporate governance - Definition, Corporate governance - History, Corporate governance - Parties to corporate governance, Corporate governance - Principles, Corporate governance - Mechanisms and controls, Corporate governance - Internal corporate governance controls, Corporate governance - External corporate governance controls, Corporate governance - Systemic problems of corporate governance, Corporate governance - Role of the accountant, Corporate governance - Regulation, Corporate governance - Self-regulation, Corporate governance - Rules versus principles, Corporate governance - Enforcement, Corporate governance - Corporate governance models around the world, Corporate governance - Codes and guidelines, Corporate governance - Corporate governance and firm performance, Corporate governance - Board composition, Corporate governance - Remuneration, Corporate governance - Attention to corporate governance, Corporate governance - Foot notes, Corporate governance - External sources

Read more here: » Corporate governance: Encyclopedia II - Corporate governance - Codes and guidelines

Economy of India - Rupee. The Rupee is the only legal tender accepted in the India and is also accepted as legal tender in neighbouring Nepal and Bhutan, the latter's currency value being pegged to the rupee. The rupee is divided into 100 paise. The highest currency note printed is the 1000 rupee note, and the lowest denomination in circulation is the 10 p coin. For higher numeric figures, India uses its own numbering system of counting in lakhs and crores. A lakh is equal to a hundred t ...

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Economy of India, Economy of India - History, Economy of India - Pre-colonial, Economy of India - Colonial, Economy of India - Post-independence, Economy of India - Government intervention, Economy of India - State planning, Economy of India - Mixed economy, Economy of India - Public expenditure, Economy of India - Public receipts, Economy of India - General budget, Economy of India - Currency System, Economy of India - Rupee, Economy of India - Exchange rates, Economy of India - Determinants, Economy of India - Demographics, Economy of India - Geography and natural resources, Economy of India - Physical infrastructure, Economy of India - Politics, Economy of India - Financial institutions, Economy of India - Sectors, Economy of India - Agriculture, Economy of India - Industry, Economy of India - Services, Economy of India - Banking and finance, Economy of India - Socio-economic characteristics, Economy of India - Poverty, Economy of India - Corruption, Economy of India - Occupations and unemployment, Economy of India - Regional imbalance, Economy of India - External trade and investment, Economy of India - Global trade relations, Economy of India - Balance of payments, Economy of India - Notes

Read more here: » Economy of India: Encyclopedia II - Economy of India - Currency System

Economy of India - Demographics. India, with a population of 1.027 billion people, is the second most populous country in the world, accounting for nearly 17% of the world's population. Growth rate of population has shown signs of decrease, coming down from a compound annual growth rate of 2.15 (1951–1981) to 1.93 (1991–2001); despite the decrease in the death rates owing to improvements in healthcare. The large population puts further pressure on infrastructure, social services like education and has ...

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Economy of India, Economy of India - History, Economy of India - Pre-colonial, Economy of India - Colonial, Economy of India - Post-independence, Economy of India - Government intervention, Economy of India - State planning, Economy of India - Mixed economy, Economy of India - Public expenditure, Economy of India - Public receipts, Economy of India - General budget, Economy of India - Currency System, Economy of India - Rupee, Economy of India - Exchange rates, Economy of India - Determinants, Economy of India - Demographics, Economy of India - Geography and natural resources, Economy of India - Physical infrastructure, Economy of India - Politics, Economy of India - Financial institutions, Economy of India - Sectors, Economy of India - Agriculture, Economy of India - Industry, Economy of India - Services, Economy of India - Banking and finance, Economy of India - Socio-economic characteristics, Economy of India - Poverty, Economy of India - Corruption, Economy of India - Occupations and unemployment, Economy of India - Regional imbalance, Economy of India - External trade and investment, Economy of India - Global trade relations, Economy of India - Balance of payments, Economy of India - Notes

Read more here: » Economy of India: Encyclopedia II - Economy of India - Determinants

Economy of India - State planning. After independence, India opted to have a centrally planned economy to ensure an effective and equitable allocation of national resources for the purpose of balanced economic development. After liberalisation, the emergence of a market economy with a fast growing private sector, planning has become indicative, rather than prescriptive in nature. The process of formulation and direction of the Five-Year Plans is carried out by the Planning Commission, headed by the Prime Minister of India as its chairperson.

Economy of India, Economy of India - History, Economy of India - Pre-colonial, Economy of India - Colonial, Economy of India - Post-independence, Economy of India - Government intervention, Economy of India - State planning, Economy of India - Mixed economy, Economy of India - Public expenditure, Economy of India - Public receipts, Economy of India - General budget, Economy of India - Currency System, Economy of India - Rupee, Economy of India - Exchange rates, Economy of India - Determinants, Economy of India - Demographics, Economy of India - Geography and natural resources, Economy of India - Physical infrastructure, Economy of India - Politics, Economy of India - Financial institutions, Economy of India - Sectors, Economy of India - Agriculture, Economy of India - Industry, Economy of India - Services, Economy of India - Banking and finance, Economy of India - Socio-economic characteristics, Economy of India - Poverty, Economy of India - Corruption, Economy of India - Occupations and unemployment, Economy of India - Regional imbalance, Economy of India - External trade and investment, Economy of India - Global trade relations, Economy of India - Balance of payments, Economy of India - Notes

Read more here: » Economy of India: Encyclopedia II - Economy of India - Government intervention

Corporate governance issues are receiving greater attention in both developed and developing countries as a result of the increasing recognition that a firm’s corporate governance affects both its economic performance and its ability to access long-term, low-cost investment capital. In response to calls by OECD ministers, a revised version of its "Principles of Corporate Governance" was produced in 2004. Numerous high-profile cases of corporate governance failure have focused the minds of governments, companies and the general publi ...

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Corporate governance, Corporate governance - Definition, Corporate governance - History, Corporate governance - Parties to corporate governance, Corporate governance - Principles, Corporate governance - Mechanisms and controls, Corporate governance - Internal corporate governance controls, Corporate governance - External corporate governance controls, Corporate governance - Systemic problems of corporate governance, Corporate governance - Role of the accountant, Corporate governance - Regulation, Corporate governance - Self-regulation, Corporate governance - Rules versus principles, Corporate governance - Enforcement, Corporate governance - Corporate governance models around the world, Corporate governance - Codes and guidelines, Corporate governance - Corporate governance and firm performance, Corporate governance - Board composition, Corporate governance - Remuneration, Corporate governance - Attention to corporate governance, Corporate governance - Foot notes, Corporate governance - External sources

Read more here: » Corporate governance: Encyclopedia II - Corporate governance - Attention to corporate governance

In its 'Global Investor Opinion Survey' of over 200 institutional investors first undertaken in 2000 and updated in 2002, McKinsey found that 80% of the respondents would pay a premium for well-governed companies. They defined a well-governed company as one that had mostly out-side directors, who had no management ties, undertook formal evaluation of its directors, and was responsive to investors' requests for information on governance issues. The size of the premium varied by market, from 11% for Canadian companies to around 40% for companies whe ...

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Corporate governance, Corporate governance - Definition, Corporate governance - History, Corporate governance - Parties to corporate governance, Corporate governance - Principles, Corporate governance - Mechanisms and controls, Corporate governance - Internal corporate governance controls, Corporate governance - External corporate governance controls, Corporate governance - Systemic problems of corporate governance, Corporate governance - Role of the accountant, Corporate governance - Regulation, Corporate governance - Self-regulation, Corporate governance - Rules versus principles, Corporate governance - Enforcement, Corporate governance - Corporate governance models around the world, Corporate governance - Codes and guidelines, Corporate governance - Corporate governance and firm performance, Corporate governance - Board composition, Corporate governance - Remuneration, Corporate governance - Attention to corporate governance, Corporate governance - Foot notes, Corporate governance - External sources

Read more here: » Corporate governance: Encyclopedia II - Corporate governance - Corporate governance and firm performance

Economy of India - Poverty. The National sample survey organisation (NSSO) estimated that 26.1% of the population was living below the poverty line in 1999–2000, down from 51.3% in 1977–1978. The criterion used was monthly consumption of goods below Rs. 211.30 for rural areas and Rs. 454.11 for urban areas. 75% of the poor are in rural areas (27.1% of the total rural population) with most of them comprising daily wagers, self-employed households and landless labourers. The major causes for poverty are unemployment or under-employment, low ownership of assets (especia ...

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Economy of India, Economy of India - History, Economy of India - Pre-colonial, Economy of India - Colonial, Economy of India - Post-independence, Economy of India - Government intervention, Economy of India - State planning, Economy of India - Mixed economy, Economy of India - Public expenditure, Economy of India - Public receipts, Economy of India - General budget, Economy of India - Currency System, Economy of India - Rupee, Economy of India - Exchange rates, Economy of India - Determinants, Economy of India - Demographics, Economy of India - Geography and natural resources, Economy of India - Physical infrastructure, Economy of India - Politics, Economy of India - Financial institutions, Economy of India - Sectors, Economy of India - Agriculture, Economy of India - Industry, Economy of India - Services, Economy of India - Banking and finance, Economy of India - Socio-economic characteristics, Economy of India - Poverty, Economy of India - Corruption, Economy of India - Occupations and unemployment, Economy of India - Regional imbalance, Economy of India - External trade and investment, Economy of India - Global trade relations, Economy of India - Balance of payments, Economy of India - Notes

Read more here: » Economy of India: Encyclopedia II - Economy of India - Socio-economic characteristics