Miscarriages can occur for many reasons, not all of which can be identified. They are most frequent during the first trimester. About 30% of fertilized eggs are actually lost before the woman knows she is pregnant and may only be noticeable by slightly more important blood loss. First trimester losses are most commonly caused by one time non-repeating genetic problems. This can be the result of an abnormal sperm, and abnormal ovum or an abnormal combination of the egg and sperm. The resulting baby does not develop properly and in some ...

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Miscarriage, Miscarriage - Experience, Miscarriage - Prevalence, Miscarriage - Terminology, Miscarriage - Forms and types, Miscarriage - Threatened abortion O20.0, Miscarriage - Inevitable abortion, Miscarriage - Incomplete abortion O03.0-O06.4, Miscarriage - Septic abortion, Miscarriage - Missed abortion O02.1, Miscarriage - Habitual abortion N96, Miscarriage - Pathology, Miscarriage - Timing, Miscarriage - Causes, Miscarriage - Management, Miscarriage - Psychological aspects, Miscarriage - Notes

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The most common symptoms of a miscarriage are bleeding and cramping. Bleeding alone is not necessarily a sign of impending miscarriage, and may be the result of a small area of bleeding behind the placenta. Indeed, between 20-25% of women who go on to have a healthy baby will have some bleeding in the first trimester. In the event that miscarriage is suspected, two tests can be used to determine whether a woman is indeed having a miscarriage. The first test is pelvic ultrasound. A gestational sac will be present on ultrasound approxim ...

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Miscarriage, Miscarriage - Experience, Miscarriage - Prevalence, Miscarriage - Terminology, Miscarriage - Forms and types, Miscarriage - Threatened abortion O20.0, Miscarriage - Inevitable abortion, Miscarriage - Incomplete abortion O03.0-O06.4, Miscarriage - Septic abortion, Miscarriage - Missed abortion O02.1, Miscarriage - Habitual abortion N96, Miscarriage - Pathology, Miscarriage - Timing, Miscarriage - Causes, Miscarriage - Management, Miscarriage - Psychological aspects, Miscarriage - Notes

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In Unicode the capital C is codepoint U+0043 and the lowercase c is U+0063. The ASCII code for capital C is 67 and for lowercase c is 99; or in binary 01000011 and 01100011, respectively. The EBCDIC code for capital C is 195 and for lowercase c is 131. The numeric character references in HTML and XML are "C" and "c" for upper and lower case respectively. ...

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C, C - Phonetic use, C - Codes for computing, C - Meanings for C

Read more here: » C: Encyclopedia II - C - Codes for computing

The scapula is ossified from seven or more centers: one for the body, two for the coracoid process, two for the acromion, one for the vertebral border, and one for the inferior angle. Ossification of the body begins about the second month of fetal life, by the formation of an irregular quadrilateral plate of bone, immediately behind the glenoid cavity. This plate extends so as to form the chief part of the bone, the spine growing up from its dorsal surface about the third month. At birth, a large part of the scapula is osseous, but the glenoid cavity, the coracoid process, the acromion, the vertebral border, a ...

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Scapula, Scapula - Muscles, Scapula - Surfaces, Scapula - Costal, Scapula - Dorsal, Scapula - The Spine 'spina scapulæ', Scapula - The Acromion, Scapula - Borders, Scapula - Angles, Scapula - The Coracoid Process 'processus coracoideus', Scapula - Structure, Scapula - Ossification

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The spine is a prominent plate of bone, which crosses obliquely the medial four-fifths of the dorsal surface of the scapula at its upper part, and separates the supra- from the infraspinatous fossa. It begins at the vertical border by a smooth, triangular area over which the tendon of insertion of the lower part of the Trapezius glides, and, gradually becoming more elevated, ends in the acromion, which overhangs the shoulder joint. The spine is triangular, and flattened from above d ...

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Scapula, Scapula - Muscles, Scapula - Surfaces, Scapula - Costal, Scapula - Dorsal, Scapula - The Spine 'spina scapulæ', Scapula - The Acromion, Scapula - Borders, Scapula - Angles, Scapula - The Coracoid Process 'processus coracoideus', Scapula - Structure, Scapula - Ossification

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('corpus tibiæ') The body has three borders and three surfaces. Tibia - Borders. The anterior crest or border, the most prominent of the three, commences above at the tuberosity, and ends below at the anterior margin of the medial malleolus. It is sinuous and prominent in the upper two-thirds of its extent, but smooth and rounded below; it gives attachment to the deep fascia of the leg. The medial border is smooth and rounded above and below, but more prominent in the center; i ...

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Tibia, Tibia - The upper extremity, Tibia - The body or shaft, Tibia - Borders, Tibia - Surfaces, Tibia - The lower extremity, Tibia - Surfaces, Tibia - Structure, Tibia - Ossification

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('corpus ulnæ') The body at its upper part is prismatic in form, and curved so as to be convex behind and lateralward; its central part is straight; its lower part is rounded, smooth, and bent a little lateralward. It tapers gradually from above downward, and has three borders and three surfaces. Ulna - Borders. The volar border (margo volaris; anterior border) begins above at the prominent medial angle of the coronoid process, and ends below in front of the styloid process. Its upper part, ...

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Ulna, Ulna - Articulations, Ulna - Proximal and distal aspects, Ulna - The upper extremity, Ulna - The olecranon, Ulna - The coronoid process, Ulna - The semilunar notch, Ulna - The radial notch, Ulna - The body or shaft, Ulna - Borders, Ulna - Surfaces, Ulna - The lower extremity, Ulna - Structure, Ulna - Ossification

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The ulna is broader proximally, and narrower distally. Proximally, the ulna has a bony process, the olecranon process, a hook-like structure that fits into the olecranon fossa of the humerus. This prevents hyperextension and forms a hinge joint with the trochlea of the humerus. There is also a radial notch for the head of the radius, and the ulna tuberosity to which muscles can attach. Distally (near the hand), there is a styloid process. See also:

Ulna, Ulna - Articulations, Ulna - Proximal and distal aspects, Ulna - The upper extremity, Ulna - The olecranon, Ulna - The coronoid process, Ulna - The semilunar notch, Ulna - The radial notch, Ulna - The body or shaft, Ulna - Borders, Ulna - Surfaces, Ulna - The lower extremity, Ulna - Structure, Ulna - Ossification

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Occasionally the coalescence of the laminae is not completed, and consequently a cleft is left in the arches of the vertebrae, through which a protrusion of the spinal membranes (dura mater and arachnoid), and generally of the spinal cord (medulla spinalis) itself, takes place, constituting the malformation known as spina bifida. This condition is most common in the lumbosacral region, but it may occur in the thoracic or cervical region, or the arches throughout th ...

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Vertebral column, Vertebral column - Curves, Vertebral column - Surfaces, Vertebral column - Anterior surface, Vertebral column - Posterior surface, Vertebral column - Lateral surfaces, Vertebral column - Vertebral canal, Vertebral column - Abnormalities, Vertebral column - Links

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The tibia is ossified from three centers : one for the body and one for either extremity. Ossification begins in the center of the body, about the seventh week of fetal life, and gradually extends toward the extremities. The center for the upper epiphysis appears before or shortly after birth; it is flattened in form, and has a thin tongue-shaped process in front, which forms the tuberosity [Fig. 4]; that for the lower epiphysis appears in the second year. The lower epiphysis joins the body at about the eighteenth, and the upp ...

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Tibia, Tibia - The upper extremity, Tibia - The body or shaft, Tibia - Borders, Tibia - Surfaces, Tibia - The lower extremity, Tibia - Surfaces, Tibia - Structure, Tibia - Ossification

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The great wings (alæ magnæ), or ali-sphenoids, are two strong processes of bone, which arise from the sides of the body, and are curved upward, lateralward, and backward; the posterior part of each projects as a triangular process which fits into the angle between the squama and the petrousportion of the temporal and presents at its apex a downwardly directed process, the spina angularis (sphenoidal spine). < ...

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Sphenoid bone, Sphenoid bone - Body, Sphenoid bone - Surfaces, Sphenoid bone - The great wings, Sphenoid bone - Surfaces, Sphenoid bone - Margin, Sphenoid bone - The small wings, Sphenoid bone - Surfaces, Sphenoid bone - Borders, Sphenoid bone - Pterygoid processes, Sphenoid bone - Lateral pterygoid plate, Sphenoid bone - Medial pterygoid plate, Sphenoid bone - The sphenoidal conchæ, Sphenoid bone - Ossification, Sphenoid bone - Presphenoid, Sphenoid bone - Postsphenoid, Sphenoid bone - Intrinsic ligaments of the sphenoid

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Until the seventh or eighth month of fetal life the body of the sphenoid consists of two parts: one in front of the tuberculum sellæ, the presphenoid, with which the small wings are continuous; the other, comprising the sella turcica and dorsum sellæ, the postsphenoid, with which are associated the great wings, and pterygoid processes. The greater part of the bone is ossified in cartilage. There are fourteen centers in all, six for the presphenoid and eight for the postsphenoid. ...

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Sphenoid bone, Sphenoid bone - Body, Sphenoid bone - Surfaces, Sphenoid bone - The great wings, Sphenoid bone - Surfaces, Sphenoid bone - Margin, Sphenoid bone - The small wings, Sphenoid bone - Surfaces, Sphenoid bone - Borders, Sphenoid bone - Pterygoid processes, Sphenoid bone - Lateral pterygoid plate, Sphenoid bone - Medial pterygoid plate, Sphenoid bone - The sphenoidal conchæ, Sphenoid bone - Ossification, Sphenoid bone - Presphenoid, Sphenoid bone - Postsphenoid, Sphenoid bone - Intrinsic ligaments of the sphenoid

Read more here: » Sphenoid bone: Encyclopedia II - Sphenoid bone - Ossification

The pterygoid processes (processus pterygoidei), one on either side, descend perpendicularly from the regions where the body and great wings unite. Each process consists of a medial and a lateral plate, the upper parts of which are fused anteriorly; a vertical sulcus, the pterygopalatine groove, descends on the front of the line of fusion. The plates are separated below by an angular cleft, the pterygoid fissure, the margins of which are rough for articulation with the pyramidal process of the palatine bone. The two plates diverge beh ...

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Sphenoid bone, Sphenoid bone - Body, Sphenoid bone - Surfaces, Sphenoid bone - The great wings, Sphenoid bone - Surfaces, Sphenoid bone - Margin, Sphenoid bone - The small wings, Sphenoid bone - Surfaces, Sphenoid bone - Borders, Sphenoid bone - Pterygoid processes, Sphenoid bone - Lateral pterygoid plate, Sphenoid bone - Medial pterygoid plate, Sphenoid bone - The sphenoidal conchæ, Sphenoid bone - Ossification, Sphenoid bone - Presphenoid, Sphenoid bone - Postsphenoid, Sphenoid bone - Intrinsic ligaments of the sphenoid

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The small wings (alæ parvæ) or orbito-sphenoids are two thin triangular plates, which arise from the upper and anterior parts of the body, and, projecting lateralward, end in sharp points [Fig. 1]. Sphenoid bone - Surfaces. The superior surface of each is flat, and supports part of the frontal lobe of the brain. The inferior surface forms the back part of the roof of the orbit, and the upper boundary of the superior orbital fissure. This fissure is of a triangular form, and leads from the cavity o ...

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Sphenoid bone, Sphenoid bone - Body, Sphenoid bone - Surfaces, Sphenoid bone - The great wings, Sphenoid bone - Surfaces, Sphenoid bone - Margin, Sphenoid bone - The small wings, Sphenoid bone - Surfaces, Sphenoid bone - Borders, Sphenoid bone - Pterygoid processes, Sphenoid bone - Lateral pterygoid plate, Sphenoid bone - Medial pterygoid plate, Sphenoid bone - The sphenoidal conchæ, Sphenoid bone - Ossification, Sphenoid bone - Presphenoid, Sphenoid bone - Postsphenoid, Sphenoid bone - Intrinsic ligaments of the sphenoid

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Viewed laterally the vertebral column presents several curves, which correspond to the different regions of the column, and are called cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and pelvic. The cervical curve, convex forward, begins at the apex of the odontoid (tooth-like) process, and ends at the middle of the second thoracic vertebra; it is the least marked of all the curves. The thoracic curve, concave forward, begins at the middle of the second and ends at the middle of the twelfth thoracic vertebra. Its most prominent point behind corresponds t ...

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Vertebral column, Vertebral column - Curves, Vertebral column - Surfaces, Vertebral column - Anterior surface, Vertebral column - Posterior surface, Vertebral column - Lateral surfaces, Vertebral column - Vertebral canal, Vertebral column - Abnormalities, Vertebral column - Links

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The vertical part (pars perpendicularis; perpendicular plate) [Fig. 1&2] is thin, of an oblong form, and presents two surfaces and four borders. The nasal surface exhibits at its lower part a broad, shallow depression, which forms part of the inferior meatus of the nose. Immediately above this is a well-marked horizontal ridge, the conchal crest, for articulation with the inferior nasal concha; still higher is a second broad, shallow depression, which forms part of the middle meatus, and is limited above by a ...

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Palatine bone, Palatine bone - The horizontal part, Palatine bone - Surfaces, Palatine bone - Borders, Palatine bone - The vertical part, Palatine bone - Processes, Palatine bone - The pyramidal process or tuberosity, Palatine bone - The orbital process, Palatine bone - The sphenoidal process, Palatine bone - Ossification, Palatine bone - Articulations

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How endometriosis causes pain is the topic of much research. Because many women with endometriosis feel pain during or related to their periods, and may spill further menstrual flow into the pelvis with each menstruation, some researchers are trying to reduce menstrual events in patients with endometriosis. Endometriosic tissue reacts to hormonal stimulation and may "bleed" at time of menstruation. It accumulates locally, causes swelling, and triggers inflammatory responses with activation of cytokines. It is thought ...

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Endometriosis, Endometriosis - Symptoms, Endometriosis - Epidemiology, Endometriosis - Extent, Endometriosis - Causes, Endometriosis - Diagnosis, Endometriosis - Cause of pain, Endometriosis - Treatments, Endometriosis - Infertility, Endometriosis - Treatment of infertility, Endometriosis - Relation to cancer

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Currently, there is no cure for endometriosis although in most patients menopause (natural or surgical) will abate the process. Nevertheless, a hysterectomy or removal of the ovaries will not guarantee that the endometriosis areas and/or the symptoms of endometriosis will not come back. However, endometriosis can be effectively managed in a large majority of patients. Conservative treatments try to ...

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Endometriosis, Endometriosis - Symptoms, Endometriosis - Epidemiology, Endometriosis - Extent, Endometriosis - Causes, Endometriosis - Diagnosis, Endometriosis - Cause of pain, Endometriosis - Treatments, Endometriosis - Infertility, Endometriosis - Treatment of infertility, Endometriosis - Relation to cancer

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A history and a physical examination can in many patients lead the physician to suspect the diagnosis. Use of imaging tests may identify larger endometriotic areas, such as nodules or endometriotic cysts. The two most common imaging tests are ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Normal results on these tests do not eliminate the possibility of endometriosis - areas of endometriosis are ...

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Endometriosis, Endometriosis - Symptoms, Endometriosis - Epidemiology, Endometriosis - Extent, Endometriosis - Causes, Endometriosis - Diagnosis, Endometriosis - Cause of pain, Endometriosis - Treatments, Endometriosis - Infertility, Endometriosis - Treatment of infertility, Endometriosis - Relation to cancer

Read more here: » Endometriosis: Encyclopedia II - Endometriosis - Diagnosis

Early endometriosis typically occurs on the surfaces of organs in the pelvic and intraabdominal areas. Health care providers may call areas of endometriosis by different names, such as implants, lesions, or nodules. Larger lesions may be seen within the ovaries as endometriomas or chocolate cysts (They are termed chocolate because they contain a thick brownish fluid, mostly old blood). Endometriosis may trigger inflammatory responses leading to scar formation and adhesions. Most endometriosis is found on structures in the pelvic cavit ...

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Endometriosis, Endometriosis - Symptoms, Endometriosis - Epidemiology, Endometriosis - Extent, Endometriosis - Causes, Endometriosis - Diagnosis, Endometriosis - Cause of pain, Endometriosis - Treatments, Endometriosis - Infertility, Endometriosis - Treatment of infertility, Endometriosis - Relation to cancer

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A major symptom of endometriosis is pain, mostly in the lower abdomen, lower back, and pelvic area. The amount of pain a woman feels is not necessarily related to the extent of endometriosis. Some women will have little or no pain despite having extensive endometriosis affecting large areas or endometriosis with scarring. On the other hand, women may have severe pain even though they have only a few small areas of endometriosis. Symptoms of endometriosis can include (but are not limited to): Painful, sometimes disabling m ...

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Endometriosis, Endometriosis - Symptoms, Endometriosis - Epidemiology, Endometriosis - Extent, Endometriosis - Causes, Endometriosis - Diagnosis, Endometriosis - Cause of pain, Endometriosis - Treatments, Endometriosis - Infertility, Endometriosis - Treatment of infertility, Endometriosis - Relation to cancer

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Endometriosis can affect any woman of reproductive age, from menarche (the first period) to menopause, regardless of her race, ethnicity, whether or not she has children or her socio-economic status. Most patients with endometriosis are in their 20s and 30s. Rarely, endometriosis persists after menopause; sometimes, hormones taken for menopausal symptoms may cause the symptoms of endometriosis to continue. Current estimates place the number of women with endometriosis between 2 percent and 10 percent of women of reproductive age. Abou ...

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Endometriosis, Endometriosis - Symptoms, Endometriosis - Epidemiology, Endometriosis - Extent, Endometriosis - Causes, Endometriosis - Diagnosis, Endometriosis - Cause of pain, Endometriosis - Treatments, Endometriosis - Infertility, Endometriosis - Treatment of infertility, Endometriosis - Relation to cancer

Read more here: » Endometriosis: Encyclopedia II - Endometriosis - Epidemiology