The cerebral cortex is a brain structure in vertebrates, including humans. It is the outermost layer of the cerebrum and has a grey color. (Hence the name "grey matter". Grey matter is formed by neurons and their fibers, and white matter below the grey matter of the cortex is formed predominantly by nerve fibers interconnecting cortical areas with each other and with subcortical structures.) The human cerebral co ...

Including:

• Cerebral cortex - Development
• Cerebral cortex - Laminar pattern
• Cerebral cortex - Classification

Read more here: » Cerebral cortex: Encyclopedia - Cerebral cortex

See also:

Cerebral cortex, Cerebral cortex - Development, Cerebral cortex - Laminar pattern, Cerebral cortex - Classification

Read more here: » Cerebral cortex: Encyclopedia II - Cerebral cortex - Classification

The cerebral cortex develops from the neural plate, a specialised part of the embryonic ectoderm. The neural plate folds and closes to form the neural tube. From the cavity inside the neural tube develops the ventricular system, and from the epithelial cells of its walls, the neurones and glial cells. The most frontal part of the neural tube, the telencephalon gives rise to the cerebral hemispheres and the neocortex. Most cortical neurones are generated within the ventricular zone close to the ventricles. Initially, progenitor cells i ...

See also:

Cerebral cortex, Cerebral cortex - Development, Cerebral cortex - Laminar pattern, Cerebral cortex - Classification

Read more here: » Cerebral cortex: Encyclopedia II - Cerebral cortex - Development

The allocortex is a part of the cerebral cortex characterized by having fewer cell layers than the isocortex (less than six). The specific regions of the brain normally described as part of the allocortex are the olfactory cortex and the hippocampus. These two regions mediate olfaction and limbic input, respectively. The allocortex is also referred to as the "heterotypic cortex." See also. Cerebral cortex Isocortex ...

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Cortex (Latin for bark) in general means the outer layer (contrast with medulla). It has different specific meanings, depending on the context: In neuroanatomy: the cerebral cortex (often simply called "cortex") is the thin wrinkled outermost layer of the brain. It is rich in neurons and is the site of most sophisticated neural processing. the cerebellar cortex is the outermost layer of the cerebellum In botany, the cortex is the outer portion of the stem or root of a p

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Visual cortex is the term applied to both the primary visual cortex (also known as striate cortex or "V1") and upstream visual cortical areas also known as extrastriate cortical areas (V2, V3, V4, V5). The primary visual cortex is anatomically equivalent to Brodmann area 17, or BA17. Brodmann areas are based on a histological map of the human brain created by Korbinian Brodmann. The visual cortex occupies about one third of the surface of the cerebral cortex in humans. It is thou ...

Including:

• Visual cortex - Primary visual cortex V1
• Visual cortex - Function
• Visual cortex - Current research
• Visual cortex - V2
• Visual cortex - V3
• Visual cortex - V4
• Visual cortex - V5

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A cerebral hemisphere is defined as one of the two regions of the brain that are delineated by the body's median plane. The brain can thus be described as being divided into left and right cerebral hemispheres. Each of these hemispheres has an outer layer of grey matter called the cerebral cortex that is supported by an inner layer of white matter. The architecture, types of cells, types of neurotransmitters and neurotransmitter receptor subtypes are all distributed among the two hemispheres in a markedly asymmetric fashion. However, ...

Including:

• Cerebral hemisphere - Hemisphere lateralization
• Cerebral hemisphere - Reference

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In anatomy, the centromedian nucleus, also known as the centrum medianum, (CM or Cm-Pf) is a part of the intralaminar nucleus (ILN) of the thalamus. There are two centromedian nuclei arranged bilaterally. It contains about 2000 neurons per cubic millimetre and has a volume of about 300 cubic millimetres with 600,000 neurons in total. It sends nerve fibres to the caudate, putamen and collateral fibres to the cerebral cortex. It receives nerve fibres from the cerebral cortex, vestibular nuclei, globus pallidus, superio ...

Including:

• Centromedian nucleus - Relevant articles

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Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), Liquor cerebrospinalis, is a clear bodily fluid that occupies the subarachnoid space in the brain (the space between the skull and the cerebral cortex—more specifically, between the arachnoid and pia layers of the meninges). It is basically a saline solution and acts as a "cushion" or buffer for the cortex. Cerebrospinal fluid - Physiology. Cerebrospinal fluid also occupies the ventricular system of the brain and the spinal cord. It is mainly produced by th ...

Including:

• Cerebrospinal fluid - Physiology
• Cerebrospinal fluid - Pathology
• Cerebrospinal fluid - Diagnosis and therapy

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Biological psychology may be looked at as a hybrid of neuroscience and psychology. Practitioners of biological psychology may use their knowledge of the brain, from neurotransmitters to the cerebral cortex to treat their patients. Others may use this knowledge to search for biological causes for common mental illnesses, such as depression and schizophrenia. Many psychologists focus largely on the mental processes of their patients. Biological psychologists work on the basis that there is an organic basis to mental processes, an ...

Including:

• Biological psychology - Biopsychology
• Biological psychology - Divisions of psychobiology and biological psychology:
• Biological psychology - Related Topics

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The arcuate fasciculus (literally the 'curved bundle') is the neural pathway connecting the posterior part of the temporoparietal junction with the frontal cortex in the brain. In the cerebral hemisphere specialised for language, this pathway is thought to connect Broca's area to Wernicke's area. It is thought to be important in the connecting areas of the brain involved in the generation and understanding of language. Damage to this pathway can cause a form of aphasia known as conduction aphasia, where auditory comprehension and speech articulation are preser ...

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The corpus callosum is the largest white matter structure in the mammalian brain. It consists mostly of contralateral axon projections. It appears as a wide, flat region just ventral (below) the cortex. It is missing in monotremes and marsupials. The corpus callosum connects the left and right cerebral hemispheres. Most (but certainly not all) communication between regions in different halves of the brain are carried over the corpus callosum. The posterior portion of the corpus callosum is the splenium; the anterior the genu. Agenesis of the corpus callosum is a complet ...

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A widely accepted theory regarding the function of the prefrontal cortex is that it serves as a store of short-term memory. This idea was first formulated by Jacobsen, who reported in 1935 that damage to the primate prefrontal cortex caused short-term memory deficits. Karl Pribram and colleagues (1952) identified the part of the prefrontal cortex responsible for this deficit as area 46, also known as the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (PFdl). More recently, Goldman-Rakic and colleagues (1993) evoked short-term memory loss in localized region ...

Including:

• Attention versus memory in prefrontal cortex - Suggested Reading

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The telencephalon (te-len-seff-a-lon) is the technical name for a large region within the brain which is attributed many functions, which some groups would class as unique features which make humans stand out from other species. Many people refer to it as the cerebrum, but due to naming conventions of organs, is technically refered to as the telencephalon. As a more technical definition, the telencephalon refers to the cerebral hemispheres and other, smaller structures within the brain, despite the fact tha ...

Including:

• Telencephalon - Structure
• Telencephalon - Composition
• Telencephalon - Functions
• Telencephalon - Language and communication
• Telencephalon - Movement
• Telencephalon - Olfaction
• Telencephalon - Memory
• Telencephalon - Emotion
• Telencephalon - Programmed cell death
• Telencephalon - Purpose
• Telencephalon - Effects
• Telencephalon - Stages
• Telencephalon - Cell regeneration
• Telencephalon - Xenopus laevis

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White matter is one of the two main solid components of the central nervous system. It forms the bulk of the deep parts of the brain and the superficial parts of the spinal cord. Aggregates of grey matter such as the basal ganglia (caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, subthalamic nucleus, nucleus accumbens) and brain stem nuclei (red nucleus, substantia nigra, cranial nerve n ...

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Cerebral palsy or CP is a group of permanent disorders associated with developmental brain injuries that occur during fetal development, birth, or shortly after birth. It is characterized by a disruption of motor skills, with symptoms such as spasticity, paralysis, or seizures. Cerebral palsy is a form of static encephalopathy. The incidence is about 1.5 to 4 per 1000 live births. One form of it, spastic diplegia, is sometimes known as Little's disease in the United Kingdom. Properly speaking, the fact that CP doe ...

Including:

• Cerebral palsy - History
• Cerebral palsy - Cause
• Cerebral palsy - Incidence and prevalence
• Cerebral palsy - Types
• Cerebral palsy - Classified by group of muscles involved
• Cerebral palsy - Classified by presentation
• Cerebral palsy - Presentation signs and symptoms
• Cerebral palsy - Imaging Findings
• Cerebral palsy - Soft Tissue
• Cerebral palsy - Bones
• Cerebral palsy - Prognosis
• Cerebral palsy - Treatment
• Cerebral palsy - Usage of the term spastic

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The ventricular system is a set of structures in the brain continuous with the central canal of the spinal cord. The system comprises four ventricles: right and left lateral ventricles, third ventricle, and fourth ventricle. Each ventricle contains a choroid plexus that produces cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) used to bathe and cushion the brain and spinal cord within their bony confines. Ventricular system - Ventricles. There are four cerebral ventricles: the paired lateral ventricles and the third and fourth ve ...

Including:

• Ventricular system - Ventricles
• Ventricular system - Flow of cerebrospinal fluid
• Ventricular system - Protection of the brain
• Ventricular system - Role in disease
• Ventricular system - Embryology

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Sir Victor Alexander Haden Horsley (April 14, 1857-July 16, 1916) was an accomplished scientist and professor. He was born in London. He was educated at Cranbrook School, Kent and studied medicine at University College London and in Berlin, Germany (1881), and in the same year started his career as a house surgeon and registrar at the University College Hospital. From 1884 to 1890 Horsley was Professor-Superintendent of the Brown Institute. In 1886 he was appointed as Assistant Professor of Surgery at the National Hospital for Paralysis and Epilepsy, and as a Professor of Pathology (1887-1896) and Professor of Clini ...

Including:

• Victor Horsley - Source

Read more here: » Victor Horsley: Encyclopedia - Victor Horsley

The visual system is the part of the nervous system which allows organisms to see. It interprets the information from visible light to build a representation of the world surrounding the body. Note that different species are be able to see different part of the light spectrum; for example, some can see into the ultraviolet, while others can see into the infrared. This article mostly describes the visual system of mammals, although other "higher" animals have similar visual systems. In this case, the visual system consists of:Including:

• Visual system - Eye
• Visual system - Optic nerve
• Visual system - Optic chiasm
• Visual system - Optic tract
• Visual system - Lateral geniculate nucleus
• Visual system - Optic radiations
• Visual system - Visual cortex

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The standard areas of cortex (isocortex) is characterized as having six distinct layers. From outside inward: Molecular layer External granular layer External pyramidal layer Internal granular layer Internal pyramidal layer Multiform layer After migration (interestingly, the inner layers are formed first during development), neurons form efferents and receive afferent connections characteristic of its layer. The molecular layer I contains few scattered neuro ...

See also:

Cerebral cortex, Cerebral cortex - Development, Cerebral cortex - Laminar pattern, Cerebral cortex - Classification

Read more here: » Cerebral cortex: Encyclopedia II - Cerebral cortex - Laminar pattern