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Dextromethorphan (DM or less commonly, DXM) is an antitussive drug that is found in many over-the-counter cold and cough preparations. Dextromethorphan - Chemistry. Dextromethorphan is a salt of the methyl ether dextrorotatory isomer of levorphanol, a narcotic analgesic. It is chemically named as 3-methoxy-17-methyl-9(alpha), 13(alpha), 14(alpha)-morphinan hydrobromide monohydrate. DM occurs as white crystals, is sparingly soluble in water, and freely soluble in alcohol. The drug is dex ...

Including:

• Dextromethorphan - Chemistry
• Dextromethorphan - Indications
• Dextromethorphan - Pharmacodynamics
• Dextromethorphan - Clinical pharmacology
• Dextromethorphan - History

Read more here: » Dextromethorphan: Encyclopedia - Dextromethorphan

To achieve conduction anesthesia a local anesthetic is injected or applied to a body surface. The local anesthetic then diffuses into nerves where it inhibits the propagation of signals for pain, muscle contraction, regulation of blood circulation and other body functions. Relatively high drug doses or concentrations inhibit all qualities of sensation (pain, touch, temperature etc.) as well as muscle control. Lower doses or concentrations may selectively inhibit pain sensation with minimal effect on muscle power. Some techniques of pain therapy, such as walking epidurals for labor pain use ...

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Local anesthesia, Local anesthesia - Techniques, Local anesthesia - Uses in surgery, Local anesthesia - Uses in acute pain, Local anesthesia - Uses in chronic pain, Local anesthesia - Miscellaneous uses, Local anesthesia - History

Read more here: » Local anesthesia: Encyclopedia II - Local anesthesia - Techniques

Following oral administration, DXM is rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, where it enters the bloodstream and crosses the blood-brain barrier. The first-pass through the hepatic portal vein results in some of the drug being metabolized into an active metabolite of dextromethorphan, dextrorphan, the 3-hydroxy derivative of dextromethorphan. The therapeutic activity of dextromethorphan is believed to be caused by both the drug and this metabolite. Dextromethorphan is predominantly metabolized by the liver, by various hepatic enzy ...

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Dextromethorphan, Dextromethorphan - Chemistry, Dextromethorphan - Indications, Dextromethorphan - Pharmacodynamics, Dextromethorphan - Clinical pharmacology, Dextromethorphan - History

Read more here: » Dextromethorphan: Encyclopedia II - Dextromethorphan - Clinical pharmacology

In the past, people often enjoyed tea in old restaurants with a long history, also known as "neighbouring restaurants" (茶寮). This kind of restaurant was built with simple and cheap decoration. However, it was the place for the neighbors to meet as a morning routine. Especially for the elderly, their main entertainment was going to chat with their neighbors in the "old place". They read newspapers, discuss current issues, their family life, their good old days...to name but a few. As time passed by, a strong bond would form between the pa ...

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Hong Kong tea culture, Hong Kong tea culture - The History of Tea Houses in Hong Kong, Hong Kong tea culture - The Packaging of Tea Leaves in Hong Kong, Hong Kong tea culture - The Tea Pocket Trend, Hong Kong tea culture - Special Habit of Tea Drinking in Hong Kong - Morning Tea and Newspaper, Hong Kong tea culture - Special Hong Kong style Tea - Milk Tea, Hong Kong tea culture - Places for Enjoying Tea, Hong Kong tea culture - Flagstaff House Museum of Tea Ware

Read more here: » Hong Kong tea culture: Encyclopedia II - Hong Kong tea culture - Places for Enjoying Tea

76 candidates competed for the positions as mayors or magistrates of the 23 province-administered cities and counties, 1,690 competed for membership in the city or county councils, and 1786 for the 319 leadership for townships, towns and county-administered cities. Of the 23 county and city government positions, the Kuomintang won 14 posts, and its Pan-Blue Coalition allies the People First Party and the Chinese New Party each won one post. In contrast, the Democratic Progressive Party won only six posts. One post was won by an indepe ...

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ROC local elections 2005, ROC local elections 2005 - Background, ROC local elections 2005 - Results, ROC local elections 2005 - Aftermath

Read more here: » ROC local elections 2005: Encyclopedia II - ROC local elections 2005 - Results

The contest was seen as a litmus test for the governing Democratic Progressive Party and the incumbent President Chen Shui-bian in the wake of damaging scandals affecting their image. It was also a test for the popularity of the leading opposition party Kuomintang, which Taipei mayor Ma Ying-jeou assumed the chairmanship of in August 2005. In the months preceding the election the DPP was plagued by a rising unemployment rate and a series of scandals involving the Kaohsiung Mass Rapid Transit system, stock speculations by two deputy pr ...

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ROC local elections 2005, ROC local elections 2005 - Background, ROC local elections 2005 - Results, ROC local elections 2005 - Aftermath

Read more here: » ROC local elections 2005: Encyclopedia II - ROC local elections 2005 - Background

Some while ago, when buying tea leaves at tea houses, the staff would take the tea leaves out of a large, foil container, weigh it and then pack it with papers and a plastic bag. This kind of packaging wasn't considered very attractive and it would negatively affect the quality of the tea leaves as they would oxidise quickly, thereby losing their aroma. The packaging of tea leaves has greatly improved since then. Now tea leaves are vacuum-packed in high density plastic packs with fancy packaging. ...

See also:

Hong Kong tea culture, Hong Kong tea culture - The History of Tea Houses in Hong Kong, Hong Kong tea culture - The Packaging of Tea Leaves in Hong Kong, Hong Kong tea culture - The Tea Pocket Trend, Hong Kong tea culture - Special Habit of Tea Drinking in Hong Kong - Morning Tea and Newspaper, Hong Kong tea culture - Special Hong Kong style Tea - Milk Tea, Hong Kong tea culture - Places for Enjoying Tea, Hong Kong tea culture - Flagstaff House Museum of Tea Ware

Read more here: » Hong Kong tea culture: Encyclopedia II - Hong Kong tea culture - The Packaging of Tea Leaves in Hong Kong

Fast and convenient without losing the original taste, the tea pocket is changing the domestic habit of tea drinking in Hong Kong. "Tea pockets", also known as tea bags, have in recent years been used in Chinese tea. Initially they could be found in the supermarket, but were not popular as they were not well-publicised and not very attractively packaged. As earlier with tea leaves, there has been an increase of well-packaged tea bags with any number of varieties of tea leave contained within. Most modern packages can be resealed so as ...

See also:

Hong Kong tea culture, Hong Kong tea culture - The History of Tea Houses in Hong Kong, Hong Kong tea culture - The Packaging of Tea Leaves in Hong Kong, Hong Kong tea culture - The Tea Pocket Trend, Hong Kong tea culture - Special Habit of Tea Drinking in Hong Kong - Morning Tea and Newspaper, Hong Kong tea culture - Special Hong Kong style Tea - Milk Tea, Hong Kong tea culture - Places for Enjoying Tea, Hong Kong tea culture - Flagstaff House Museum of Tea Ware

Read more here: » Hong Kong tea culture: Encyclopedia II - Hong Kong tea culture - The Tea Pocket Trend

The first tea house in Hong Kong was established at the end of the 19th century. At that time people bought tea leaves from tea houses so that they could serve tea to visiting guests. Tea would be brewed at the beginning of the day and would be served as guests arrived during the day. At night, the remaining tea would be poured away. They did this whether or not visitors actually arrived. This gave rise to the idiom "Tea is for pouring away." < ...

See also:

Hong Kong tea culture, Hong Kong tea culture - The History of Tea Houses in Hong Kong, Hong Kong tea culture - The Packaging of Tea Leaves in Hong Kong, Hong Kong tea culture - The Tea Pocket Trend, Hong Kong tea culture - Special Habit of Tea Drinking in Hong Kong - Morning Tea and Newspaper, Hong Kong tea culture - Special Hong Kong style Tea - Milk Tea, Hong Kong tea culture - Places for Enjoying Tea, Hong Kong tea culture - Flagstaff House Museum of Tea Ware

Read more here: » Hong Kong tea culture: Encyclopedia II - Hong Kong tea culture - The History of Tea Houses in Hong Kong

Acute pain may occur due to trauma, surgery, infection, disruption of blood circulation or many other conditions in which there is tissue injury. In a medical setting it is usually desirable to alleviate pain when its warning function is no longer needed. Besides improving patient comfort, pain therapy can also reduce harmful physiological consequences of untreated pain. Acute pain can often be managed using analgesics. However, conduction anesthesia may be preferable because of superior pain control and fewer side effects. For purpos ...

See also:

Local anesthesia, Local anesthesia - Techniques, Local anesthesia - Uses in surgery, Local anesthesia - Uses in acute pain, Local anesthesia - Uses in chronic pain, Local anesthesia - Miscellaneous uses, Local anesthesia - History

Read more here: » Local anesthesia: Encyclopedia II - Local anesthesia - Uses in acute pain

Dextromethorphan is a salt of the methyl ether dextrorotatory isomer of levorphanol, a narcotic analgesic. It is chemically named as 3-methoxy-17-methyl-9(alpha), 13(alpha), 14(alpha)-morphinan hydrobromide monohydrate. DXM occurs as white crystals, is sparingly soluble in water, and freely soluble in alcohol. The drug is dextrorotatory in water (at 20 degrees Celsius, Sodium D-line) with a specific rotation of +27.6 degrees. DXM is metabolized by various liver enzymes and subsequently undergoes O-demethylation, N-demethylation ...

See also:

Dextromethorphan, Dextromethorphan - Chemistry, Dextromethorphan - Indications, Dextromethorphan - Pharmacodynamics, Dextromethorphan - Clinical pharmacology, Dextromethorphan - History

Read more here: » Dextromethorphan: Encyclopedia II - Dextromethorphan - Chemistry

At therapeutic doses, the drug acts centrally to elevate the threshold for coughing, without inhibiting ciliary activity. DXM is rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, and exerts its activity within 15 to 60 minutes of ingestion. The duration of action after oral administration is approximately three to six hours. Because administration of DXM can be accompanied by histamine release, its use in atopic children is very limited. The average dosage necessary for effective antitussive ther ...

See also:

Dextromethorphan, Dextromethorphan - Chemistry, Dextromethorphan - Indications, Dextromethorphan - Pharmacodynamics, Dextromethorphan - Clinical pharmacology, Dextromethorphan - History

Read more here: » Dextromethorphan: Encyclopedia II - Dextromethorphan - Pharmacodynamics

Topical anesthesia, in the form of EMLA cream is most commonly used to enable relatively painless venipuncture (blood collection) and placement of intravenous cannulae (or 'drip') in children. It may also be suitable for other kinds of punctures such as ascites drainage and amniocentesis. Surface anesthesia also facilitates some endoscopic procedures such as bronchoscopy (visualization of the lower airways) or cystosco ...

See also:

Local anesthesia, Local anesthesia - Techniques, Local anesthesia - Uses in surgery, Local anesthesia - Uses in acute pain, Local anesthesia - Uses in chronic pain, Local anesthesia - Miscellaneous uses, Local anesthesia - History

Read more here: » Local anesthesia: Encyclopedia II - Local anesthesia - Miscellaneous uses