Definition and meaning of cellular differentiation:

cellular differentiation - genetically-induced divergence in the structure and function of cells as they become specialized during a multicellular organism's development

(Source: US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) )

Also see these pages: Oceanography, Oceanography Sitemap, Coral Reef, Environment, Sustainability, Climate Change,

See also:

Cellular differentiation, Cellular differentiation - Overview, Cellular differentiation - Mammalian cell types, Cellular differentiation - Sources

Read more here: » Cellular differentiation: Encyclopedia II - Cellular differentiation - Overview

Mammalian embryogenesis is the process of cell division and cellular differentiation which leads to the development of a mammalian embryo. Mammalian embryogenesis - From one cell to blastocyst. A mammal develops from a single cell called a zygote, which results from an oocyte (egg) being fertilized by a single sperm. The zygote is surrounded by a strong membrane of glycoproteins called the zona pellucida which the successful sperm has managed to penetrate. The zygote undergoes cleavage, increa ...

Including:

• Mammalian embryogenesis - From one cell to blastocyst
• Mammalian embryogenesis - Blastocyst grows and invades
• Mammalian embryogenesis - Inner cell mass differentiation
• Mammalian embryogenesis - Cavity formation

Read more here: » Mammalian embryogenesis: Encyclopedia - Mammalian embryogenesis

Spontaneous abortions, generally referred to as miscarriages, occur when an embryo or fetus is lost due to natural causes. A miscarriage is spontaneous loss of the embryo or fetus before the 20th week of development. Spontaneous abortions after the 20th week are generally considered to be preterm deliveries. Most miscarriages occur very early in a pregnancy. Approximately 10-50% of pregnancies end in miscarriage, depending upon the age and health of the pregnant woman. ^{See also:}

Abortion, Abortion - Definitions, Abortion - Spontaneous abortion, Abortion - Incidence, Abortion - Induced abortion methods, Abortion - Surgical abortion, Abortion - Chemical abortion, Abortion - Other means of abortion, Abortion - Health effects, Abortion - Suggested effects, Abortion - History of abortion, Abortion - Social issues, Abortion - Unsafe abortion, Abortion - Sex-selective abortion, Abortion - Abortion debate, Abortion - Public opinion, Abortion - Abortion law, Abortion - Sources

Read more here: » Abortion: Encyclopedia II - Abortion - Spontaneous abortion

Stem cells are primal undifferentiated cells which retain the ability to differentiate into other cell types. This ability allows them to act as a repair system for the body, replenishing other cells as long as the organism is alive. Medical researchers believe stem cell research has the potential to change the face of human disease by being used to repair specific tissues or to grow organs. Yet as government reports point out, "significant technical hurdles remain that will only be overcome through years of intensive research."^Including:

• Stem cell - Types
• Stem cell - Cord blood stem cells
• Stem cell - Adult stem cells
• Stem cell - Embryonic stem cells
• Stem cell - Treatments
• Stem cell - Current treatments
• Stem cell - Potential treatments
• Stem cell - Embryonic stem cell ethical debate
• Stem cell - Blastocysts
• Stem cell - Policy debate in the U.S.
• Stem cell - Policy debate outside the U.S.
• Stem cell - See Also
• Stem cell - Notes

Read more here: » Stem cell: Encyclopedia - Stem cell

Carcinogenesis (meaning literally, the creation of cancer) is the process by which normal cells are transformed into cancer cells. Carcinogenesis - Introduction. Cell division (proliferation) is a physiological process that occurs in almost all tissues and under many circumstances. Normally homeostasis, the balance between proliferation and programmed cell death, usually in the form of apoptosis, is maintained by tightly regulating both processes to ensure the integrity of organs and tissues. Mutatio ...

Including:

• Carcinogenesis - Introduction
• Carcinogenesis - Properties of malignant cells
• Carcinogenesis - Mechanisms of carcinogenesis
• Carcinogenesis - Proto-oncogenes
• Carcinogenesis - Tumor suppressor genes
• Carcinogenesis - Multiple mutations
• Carcinogenesis - Role of genetic damage
• Carcinogenesis - Non-mutagenic carcinogens
• Carcinogenesis - Role of viral infections
• Carcinogenesis - Etiology
• Carcinogenesis - Non-mainstream theories

Read more here: » Carcinogenesis: Encyclopedia - Carcinogenesis

Iron is one of the more common elements on Earth, making up about 5% of the Earth's crust. Most of this iron is found in various iron oxides, such as the minerals hematite, magnetite, and taconite. The earth's core is believed to consist largely of a metallic iron-nickel alloy. About 5% of the meteorites similarly consist of iron-nickel alloy. Although rare, these are the major form of natural metallic iron on the earth's surface. Iron is also one of the least reactive metals, and therefore, it ...

See also:

Iron, Iron - Notable characteristics, Iron - Applications, Iron - History, Iron - Occurrence, Iron - Extraction from ore, Iron - Compounds, Iron - Isotopes, Iron - Biological role, Iron - Precautions

Read more here: » Iron: Encyclopedia II - Iron - Occurrence

This is a sitemap for Oceanography - C . Click on a link and you will find multiple definitions and articles related to the word. The sitemap(s) covers over 5.184 different Oceanography terms.

caco3, cacophonous, cadastral survey, caecum, calathiform, calcarea, calcareous, calcareous ooze, calcariform, calceolus, calcification, calcite, calcite skeleton, calcium carbonate, calibrate, calicle, calicoblastic epithelium, caliculate, calm, calorie, calorimetry, calyciform, calyculus, calypto, calyptoblastic, calyx, cambrian explosion, camouflage, campam, campaniform, campanulate, canal, canaliculus, cancellous, cancriform, cancroid, canine tooth, cannibalism, canopy, cape, capillary, capillary action, capsid, captaculum, captive breeding, capture-recapture method, cara, carapace, carbohydrase, carbohydrates, carbon cycle, carbon fixation, carbonate, carbonate bank, carbonate compensation depth, carbonate mound, carbonate platform, carboxyl group, carcinogen, carcinology, cardinal, cardinalfish, caribbean coastal marine productivity, caribbean coral reef institute, caribbean decision support system, caribbean marine protected area management, caribbean regional association, caricomp, caridean shrimp, carina, carinate, cariniform, carnivore, carolus, carotene, carotenoid, carpogonium, carposporangium, carpospore, carposporophyte, carrageenan, carrier cell, carrion, carrus alliance, carrying capacity, cartagena convention, cartilage, cartilagenous, cartography, caruncle, casi, cast net, catabolism, catadromous species, catalysis, catalyst, catamaran, catastrophe, catch per unit effort, catchment, categorical excusion, category, catenation, cation, caudal, caudal fan, caudal peduncle, cavate, cay, c-card, ccri, cdhc, cdna, cdna library, cd-rom, cdss, cell, cell adhesion, cell body, cell culture, cell cycle, cell division, cell division by mitosis, cell fusion, cell line, cell membrane, cell wall, cellular differentiation, cellular respiration, cellulolytic enzyme, cellulose, cement, cenospecies, cenozoic, census, census of coral reefs, census of marine life, center line, center of genetic diversity, center of origin, centigrade temperature scale, centimorgan, centrad, centradenia, central dogma, central dogma of molecular biology, centrifugation, centriole, centrolecithal, centromere, centrosome, centrum, cephalic, cephalization, cephalopoda, cephalopodium, cephalothorax, ceras, cerebral ganglion, cerioid growth form, cerulean, cetacean, cf, cfc, cfs, chaeta, chaetodontidae, chain transect, champ, channel, character, character displacement, charismatic megafauna, charles law, chela, cheliceramorpha, cheliform, cheliped, chemical bond, chemical equilibrium, chemical evolution, chemical oxygen demand, chemiluminescence, chemoautotroph, chemocline, chemokinesis, chemoorganotroph, chemoreceptor, chemosynthesis, chemotaxis, chemotrophs, chimaera, chimera, chimeric protein, chi-square, chi-square distribution, chi-square test, chitin, chiton, chlorocruorin, chlorofluorocarbons, chlorophyll, chloroplast, chlorosis, choanocyte, choanocyte chamber, choanoderm, choanosome, chondrichthyes, chordata, chorion, chorology, chory, christmas tree coral, chromatid, chromatin, chromatophore, chromocyte, chromoplast, chromosomal aberration, chromosomal deletion, chromosomal mutation, chromosome, chromosome aberration, chronic, chronobiology, chronograph, chronology, chronometer, chub, ci, ciguatera, ciguatoxin, cilia, ciliary, ciliated epithelium, ciliophora, cinclide, circa, circadian, circadian rhythm, circinate, circulatory system, circum, circumesophageal, circumesophageal commissure, circumesophageal connective, circumesophageal nerve ring, cirrus, cistron, cites, citreous, citric acid cycle, clade, cladist, cladistic distance, cladistic species, cladistics, cladogenesis, cladogram, clasper, class, class interval, classical conditioning, classification, clathrate, clavate, clean water act, cleaner wrasse, cleaning behavior, cleaning station, cleavage, cleo, client, climate, climate change, climate variability, climate-induced bleaching, climax, clinal speciation, cline, cloaca, clod, clone, clone cells, cloned dna, cloning, cloning vector, closed circuit scuba, closed circulatory system, closed system, clostridium, clupeoid fish, clupeoid fish poisoning, clupeotoxic fish, clupeotoxin, cluster analysis, cnida, cnidaria, cnidocyte, cnidosac, coacervate, co-adaptation, coalesce, coarse sediment, coastal area, coastal flooding, coastal margin, coastal morphology, coastal reef, coastal waterway, coastal zone, coastal zone color scanner, coastal zone management act, coat protein, cobsea, coccoid, coccus, cod, cod end, code, coding, coding region, coding sequence, coding strand, codon, coefficient, coefficient of faunal similarity, coefficient of variation, coelenterata, coelenteron, coelobite, coeloblastula, coelom, coelozoic, coenecium, coenenchyme, coenocline, coenosarc, coenosteum, coenosteum pit, coenzyme, coevolution, cofactor, cohort, cold front, cold seep, cold water, cold-water coral ecosystem, coliform bacteria, collagen, collagenous, collagenous fiber, collar cell, collection, collenchyme, collencytes, collinear, collinear points, colloblast, colloid, colonial, colonial coral, colonization, colonized hardbottom, colony, color, color card, colorimeter, coloumb, columella, column, columnar, columnar colony, co-management, comb row, coml, commensal, commercial extinction, commercial fishing, commission, commissure, common ancestor, common name, commonwealth, communication network, community, community-based ecosystem management, compact airborne spectrographic imager, compact branching, compact disk-read only memory, compact of free association, comparative analysis of reef resilience under stress alliance, compensation depth, competition, competitive exclusion, competitive release, complement, complementarity, complementary base pair, complementary dna, complementary nucleotide, complementary resources, complete protein, complexity, compound, compound chromatophore, compound eye, compressed, compressed air, compression, conchiform, conchology, conciliatory behavior, confidence interval, confluent, congener, conger eel, conjugated protein, conjugation, conopeptide, conservation, conservation biology, conservation commons, conservation international, conserved name, consexual, conspecific, consumer, contaminant, content standard for digital geospatial metadata, continental margin, continental rise, continental shelf, continental slope, continuum, contour, contour interval, controlled environment, controlled experiment, convection current, convention on international trade in endangered species, convergence, convergence zone, convergent evolution, convivium, coordinate taxon, coordinating body on the seas of east asia, copepod, copepodid, coprophagous, coral, coral assemblage, coral bleaching, coral bleaching hotspot, coral bleaching hotspot monitoring program, coral disease and health consortium, coral growth line, coral health and monitoring program, coral holobiont, coral literature, coral mining, coral parks program, coral point count with excel extensions, coral probiotic hypothesis, coral product, coral reef, coral reef alliance, coral reef bleaching monitoring product, coral reef degradation in the indian ocean, coral reef early warning system, coral reef ecosystem research plan, coral reef ecosystems integrated observing system, coral reef ecosystems studies- caribbean program, coral reef initiative for the south pacific, coral reef targeted research & capacity building for management, coral reef watch, coral reef watch experimental doldrums product, coral reef watch program, coral reef virtual laboratory, coral rock, coral rubble, coral stress index, corallimorpharia, coralline algae, coralline lethal orange disease, corallite, corallivore, corallum, cordate, cordio, core, coremo 2, cornetfish, cornute, correlate, correlation, correlation coefficient, correlogram, corridor, corrugated, cortex, corvil, corymbose, cosmid, cosmopolitan, cosmopolitan distribution, costa, cost-benefit analysis, coulombmeter, coulter counter, counter current, counter shading, courtship behavior, covalence, covalent bond, cove, cpce, cpp, crag, craggy, craterform, crateriform, creefs, creefs project, creel survey, creios, crenulate, crepuscular, cres, crews, crinoidea, crinose, crisp, criterion, critical depth, critical habitat, critical value, crocodile, crocodilefish, cross, crossing over, crtr project, crust, crustacea, crustose, crustose coralline algae, crw, crw satellite bleaching alert, crypsis, cryptic, cryptobiosis, cryptogenic, cryptogenic species, cscor, ctene, ctenidium, cteniform, ctenoid, ctenophore, cucumiform, cue, cuirass, culling, culture, culture medium, cuneiform, curvilinear relationship, cusp, cutaneous, cuticle, cuticular pore, cuttle bone, cuvierian tubules, cwa, cyanide fishing, cyano-, cyanobacteria, cyanocyte, cyberspace, cycloid, cyclomorphosis, cyclone, cyclonic, cyclosystem, cydippid larva, cymbiform, cyst, cystid, cytochrome, cytochrome oxidase, cytogenetics, cytokinesis, cytology, cytometer, cytoplasm, cytoplasmic genes, cytoplasmic inheritance, cytosine, cytoskeleton, cytosol, cytotoxic, czcs,

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Oceanography Dictionary, Oceanography Dictionary - A-Z,
Oceanography Dictionary - A, Oceanography Dictionary - B, Oceanography Dictionary - C, Oceanography Dictionary - D, Oceanography Dictionary - E, Oceanography Dictionary - F, Oceanography Dictionary - G, Oceanography Dictionary - H, Oceanography Dictionary - I, Oceanography Dictionary - J, Oceanography Dictionary - K, Oceanography Dictionary - L, Oceanography Dictionary - M, Oceanography Dictionary - N, Oceanography Dictionary - O, Oceanography Dictionary - P, Oceanography Dictionary - Q, Oceanography Dictionary - R, Oceanography Dictionary - S, Oceanography Dictionary - T, Oceanography Dictionary - U, Oceanography Dictionary - V, Oceanography Dictionary - W, Oceanography Dictionary - X, Oceanography Dictionary - Y, Oceanography Dictionary - Z,

Oceanography, Coral Reef, Environment, Sustainability, Climate Change,

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Caenorhabditis elegans (pronounced see-no-rab-DYE-tis) is a free-living nematode (a roundworm), about 1 mm in length, which lives in a temperate soil environment. Research into the molecular and developmental biology of C. elegans began in 1965 by Sydney Brenner. C. elegans is vermiform, bilaterally symmetric, with a cuticle integument, no segmentations, with four main epidermal cords and a fluid-filled pseudocoelomate cavity. Members of the species have many of the same organ systems as other animals. They ...

Read more here: » Caenorhabditis elegans: Encyclopedia - Caenorhabditis elegans

An abortion is the termination of a pregnancy associated with the death of an embryo or a fetus. This can occur spontaneously, in the form of a miscarriage, or be intentionally induced through chemical, surgical, or other means. The pregnancy of any female mammal can be aborted; however, this article focuses exclusively on the phenomenon in women. Abortions have been induced by various methods for centuries. In the 20th century, the ethics and morality of abortions became the subject of intense political debate in many areas of ...

Including:

• Abortion - Definitions
• Abortion - Spontaneous abortion
• Abortion - Induced abortions
• Abortion - Methods of inducing abortion
• Abortion - Chemical abortion
• Abortion - Surgical abortion
• Abortion - Other means of abortion
• Abortion - Health effects
• Abortion - Physical health
• Abortion - Suggested effects
• Abortion - History of abortion
• Abortion - Abortion debate
• Abortion - Public opinion
• Abortion - Abortion law
• Abortion - Sources

Read more here: » Abortion: Encyclopedia - Abortion

The controversial abortion-breast cancer (ABC) hypothesis posits a causal relationship between having an induced abortion and a higher risk of developing breast cancer in the future. An increased level of estrogen in early pregnancy helps to initiate cellular differentiation (growth) in the breast in preparation for lactation. If this process is terminated, through abortion, before full differentiation in the third trimester, then more "vulnerable" undifferentiated cells will be left than there were prior to the pregnancy. It is propo ...

Including:

• Abortion-breast cancer ABC hypothesis - Scientific studies
• Abortion-breast cancer ABC hypothesis - Confounding factors and hormones
• Abortion-breast cancer ABC hypothesis - Spontaneous abortion
• Abortion-breast cancer ABC hypothesis - Rats
• Abortion-breast cancer ABC hypothesis - Interviews
• Abortion-breast cancer ABC hypothesis - Meta-analysis
• Abortion-breast cancer ABC hypothesis - Cohorts
• Abortion-breast cancer ABC hypothesis - NCI workshop
• Abortion-breast cancer ABC hypothesis - Anti-abortion bias
• Abortion-breast cancer ABC hypothesis - North Dakota lawsuit
• Abortion-breast cancer ABC hypothesis - State laws
• Abortion-breast cancer ABC hypothesis - Conclusion

Read more here: » Abortion-breast cancer ABC hypothesis: Encyclopedia - Abortion-breast cancer ABC hypothesis

Differentiation can mean the following: In biology: cellular differentiation; evolutionary differentiation; In mathematics: see: derivative In cosmogony: planetary differentiation Differentiation (geology); Differentiation (logic); Differentiation (psychotherapy); Differentiation (marketing). Differentiation (ethnography).<

Read more here: » Differentiation: Encyclopedia - Differentiation

There are several different kinds of scientific studies involved in the ABC debate. Each has strengths and weaknesses and involve testing of rats, interviews (case-control), meta-analysis and cohorts. These are listed roughly in order of scientific significance and cover recent ABC research history, starting in 1980 when the first rat study was published. ABC studies have been conducted since 1957, and have advanced both in size and in methodology. [5] The majority of the results in epidemiologic scientific studies are calculated as a ...

See also:

Abortion-breast cancer ABC hypothesis, Abortion-breast cancer ABC hypothesis - Scientific studies, Abortion-breast cancer ABC hypothesis - Confounding factors and hormones, Abortion-breast cancer ABC hypothesis - Spontaneous abortion, Abortion-breast cancer ABC hypothesis - Rats, Abortion-breast cancer ABC hypothesis - Interviews, Abortion-breast cancer ABC hypothesis - Meta-analysis, Abortion-breast cancer ABC hypothesis - Cohorts, Abortion-breast cancer ABC hypothesis - NCI workshop, Abortion-breast cancer ABC hypothesis - Anti-abortion bias, Abortion-breast cancer ABC hypothesis - North Dakota lawsuit, Abortion-breast cancer ABC hypothesis - State laws, Abortion-breast cancer ABC hypothesis - Conclusion

Read more here: » Abortion-breast cancer ABC hypothesis: Encyclopedia II - Abortion-breast cancer ABC hypothesis - Scientific studies

Any step of gene expression may be modulated, from the DNA-RNA transcription step to post-translational modification of a protein. Following is a list of stages where gene expression is regulated: Modification of DNA; Transcription; Translation; Post-transcriptional modification; RNA transport; mRNA degradation; Post-translational modifications;See also:

Regulation of gene expression, Regulation of gene expression - Stages of gene expression that are regulated, Regulation of gene expression - Modification of DNA, Regulation of gene expression - Regulation of transcription, Regulation of gene expression - Examples of gene regulation

Read more here: » Regulation of gene expression: Encyclopedia II - Regulation of gene expression - Stages of gene expression that are regulated

In trophoblast cells which eventually form the placenta, and inner cell mass (also called embryoblast) of undifferentiated cells which are a source of embryonic stem cells. The blastocyst can be thought of as a ball of a (mostly single) layer of trophoblast cells, with inner cell mass attached to this ball's inner wall. The embryo plus its membranes is called the conceptus. By this stage the conceptus is in the uterus. The zona pellucida ultimately disappears. The trophoblast then differentiates into two distinct layers: the inner is the cytotrophoblast consisting of cuboidal cells that are ...

See also:

Mammalian embryogenesis, Mammalian embryogenesis - From one cell to blastocyst, Mammalian embryogenesis - Blastocyst grows and invades, Mammalian embryogenesis - Inner cell mass differentiation, Mammalian embryogenesis - Cavity formation

Read more here: » Mammalian embryogenesis: Encyclopedia II - Mammalian embryogenesis - Blastocyst grows and invades

As with most surgical procedures, the most common surgical abortion methods carry the risk of potentially serious complications. These risks include: a perforated uterus, perforated bowel or bladder, septic shock, sterility, and death. The risk of complications occurring can increase depending on how far the pregnancy has progressed, but these risks may be counterbalanced by complications that would ...

See also:

Abortion, Abortion - Definitions, Abortion - Spontaneous abortion, Abortion - Incidence, Abortion - Induced abortion methods, Abortion - Surgical abortion, Abortion - Chemical abortion, Abortion - Other means of abortion, Abortion - Health effects, Abortion - Suggested effects, Abortion - History of abortion, Abortion - Social issues, Abortion - Unsafe abortion, Abortion - Sex-selective abortion, Abortion - Abortion debate, Abortion - Public opinion, Abortion - Abortion law, Abortion - Sources

Read more here: » Abortion: Encyclopedia II - Abortion - Health effects

Development begins with fertilization, the process by which the male gamete, the sperm cell, and the female gamete, the oocyte, fuse to give rise to a diploid cell, the zygote. In medicine, pregnancy is defined as beginning when a fertilized zygote becomes implanted in a woman's uterus. This occurs when the zygote then becomes embedded into the endometrium (lining of the uterus) where it forms a placenta, for the purpose of receiving essential nutrients through the uterus wall. The umbilical cor ...

See also:

Human development, Human development - Biological development, Human development - Physical stages, Human development - Physical development milestones, Human development - Cognitive development

Read more here: » Human development: Encyclopedia II - Human development - Biological development

Angiotensin receptor - AT1. The AT1 receptor is the best elucidated angiotensin receptor. It is coupled to phospholipase C and angiotensin II increases the cytosolic Ca2+ level. It also inhibits adenylate cyclase and activate various tyrosine kinases. Effects mediated by the AT1 receptor include vasoconstriction, aldosterone synthesis and secretion, increased vasopressin secretion, cardiac hypertrophy, augmentation of peripheral noradrenergic activity, vascular smooth m ...

See also:

Angiotensin receptor, Angiotensin receptor - Structure, Angiotensin receptor - Members, Angiotensin receptor - AT₁, Angiotensin receptor - AT₂, Angiotensin receptor - AT₃ and AT₄

Read more here: » Angiotensin receptor: Encyclopedia II - Angiotensin receptor - Members

One of the best understood morphogenetic systems is the patterning along the future head to tail (antero-posterior) axis of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. The development of Drosophila is particularly well studied, and it is representative of one major class of insects, called insecta. Other multicellular organisms sometimes use similar mechanisms for axis formation, although the relative importance of signal transfer between the earliest cells of many developing organisms is greater than in the ex ...

See also:

Morphogenesis, Morphogenesis - Anterior-posterior axis patterning in Drosophila, Morphogenesis - Maternal effect genes, Morphogenesis - Gap genes, Morphogenesis - Additional segmentation genes

Read more here: » Morphogenesis: Encyclopedia II - Morphogenesis - Anterior-posterior axis patterning in Drosophila

Serine/threonine protein kinases (EC 2.7.1.37) phosphorylate the OH group of serine or threonine (which have similar sidechains). These protein kinases can be regulated by: cAMP/cGMP Diacylglycerol Ca2+/calmodulin These kinases are not specific to a similar consensus sequence (a consensus sequence is a group of flanking amino acids that determines whether the protein kinase can act on it). Since the substrate to be phosphorylated aligns with the kinase by several key amino acids ...

See also:

Protein kinase, Protein kinase - Serine/threonine-specific protein kinases, Protein kinase - Phosphorylase kinase, Protein kinase - Protein kinase A, Protein kinase - Protein kinase C, Protein kinase - Ca²⁺/calmodulin-dependent protein kinases, Protein kinase - MAP kinases, Protein kinase - Mos/Raf kinases, Protein kinase - Tyrosine-specific protein kinases, Protein kinase - Receptor tyrosine kinases, Protein kinase - Histidine-specific protein kinases, Protein kinase - Aspartic acid/glutamic acid-specific protein kinases

Read more here: » Protein kinase: Encyclopedia II - Protein kinase - Serine/threonine-specific protein kinases