Cellular automaton

It should not be imagined that successful parallel computing is a matter of obtaining the required hardware and connecting it suitably. The difficulty of cooperative problem solving is aptly demonstrated by the following dubious reasoning: If it takes one man one minute to dig a post-hole then sixty men can dig it in one second. In practice, linear speedup (i.e., speedup proportional to the number of processors) is very difficult to achieve. This is because many algorithms are essentially sequential in ...

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Parallel computing, Parallel computing - Parallel computing systems, Parallel computing - Performance vs. cost, Parallel computing - Algorithms, Parallel computing - Inter-thread communication, Parallel computing - Parallel programming, Parallel computing - Parallel programming models, Parallel computing - Topics in parallel computing

Read more here: » Parallel computing: Encyclopedia II - Parallel computing - Algorithms

Generic: Automatic parallelization Parallel algorithm Finding parallelism in problems and algorithms Cellular automaton Computer science topics: Lazy evaluation vs strict evaluation Complexity class NC Communicating sequential processes Dataflow architecture Parallel graph reduction Practical problems: Parallel computer interconnects Parallel computer I/O Reliability problems in large systems Programming languages/models: OpenMPSee also:

Parallel computing, Parallel computing - Parallel computing systems, Parallel computing - Performance vs. cost, Parallel computing - Algorithms, Parallel computing - Inter-thread communication, Parallel computing - Parallel programming, Parallel computing - Parallel programming models, Parallel computing - Topics in parallel computing

Read more here: » Parallel computing: Encyclopedia II - Parallel computing - Topics in parallel computing

Parallel computers are theoretically modeled as Parallel Random Access Machines (PRAMs). The PRAM model ignores the cost of interconnection between the constituent computing units, but is nevertheless very useful in providing upper bounds on the parallel solvability of many problems. In reality the interconnection plays a significant role. The processors may either communicate in order to be able to cooperate in solving a problem or they may run completely independently, possibly under the control of another processor which distributes work t ...

See also:

Parallel computing, Parallel computing - Parallel computing systems, Parallel computing - Performance vs. cost, Parallel computing - Algorithms, Parallel computing - Inter-thread communication, Parallel computing - Parallel programming, Parallel computing - Parallel programming models, Parallel computing - Topics in parallel computing

Read more here: » Parallel computing: Encyclopedia II - Parallel computing - Inter-thread communication

Main article: Parallel programming model A parallel programming model is a set of software technologies to express parallel algorithms and match applications with the underlying parallel systems. It encloses the areas of applications, languages, compilers, libraries, communication systems, and parallel I/O. People have to choose a proper parallel programming model or a form of mixture of the ...

See also:

Parallel computing, Parallel computing - Parallel computing systems, Parallel computing - Performance vs. cost, Parallel computing - Algorithms, Parallel computing - Inter-thread communication, Parallel computing - Parallel programming, Parallel computing - Parallel programming models, Parallel computing - Topics in parallel computing

Read more here: » Parallel computing: Encyclopedia II - Parallel computing - Parallel programming models

A huge number of software systems have been designed for programming parallel computers, both at the operating system and programming language level. These systems must provide mechanisms for partitioning the overall problem into separate tasks and allocating tasks to processors. Such mechanisms may provide either implicit parallelism -- the system (the compiler or some other program) partitions the problem and allocates tasks to processors automatically (also called automatic parallelizing compilers) -- or explicit parallelism where the pro ...

See also:

Parallel computing, Parallel computing - Parallel computing systems, Parallel computing - Performance vs. cost, Parallel computing - Algorithms, Parallel computing - Inter-thread communication, Parallel computing - Parallel programming, Parallel computing - Parallel programming models, Parallel computing - Topics in parallel computing

Read more here: » Parallel computing: Encyclopedia II - Parallel computing - Parallel programming

It should not be imagined that successful parallel computing is a matter of obtaining the required hardware and connecting it suitably. The difficulty of cooperative problem solving is aptly demonstrated by the following dubious reasoning: If it takes one man one minute to dig a post-hole then sixty men can dig it in one second. In practice, linear speedup (i.e., speedup proportional to the number of processors) is very difficult to achieve. This is because many algorithms are essentially sequential in ...

See also:

Parallel computing, Parallel computing - Parallel computing systems, Parallel computing - Performance vs. cost, Parallel computing - Algorithms, Parallel computing - Inter-thread communication, Parallel computing - Parallel software, Parallel computing - Parallel programming models, Parallel computing - Topics in parallel computing

Read more here: » Parallel computing: Encyclopedia II - Parallel computing - Algorithms

Generic: Automatic parallelization Parallel programming Parallel algorithm Finding parallelism in problems and algorithms Cellular automaton Computer science topics: Lazy evaluation vs strict evaluation Complexity class NC Communicating sequential processes Dataflow architecture Parallel graph reduction Practical problems: Parallel computer interconnects Parallel ...

See also:

Parallel computing, Parallel computing - Parallel computing systems, Parallel computing - Performance vs. cost, Parallel computing - Algorithms, Parallel computing - Inter-thread communication, Parallel computing - Parallel software, Parallel computing - Parallel programming models, Parallel computing - Topics in parallel computing

Read more here: » Parallel computing: Encyclopedia II - Parallel computing - Topics in parallel computing

The term is believed to have entered computer jargon by way of Heinlein's short story By His Bootstraps. Bootstrapping is generally considered a longer term for booting, or the process of starting up any computer. "Bootstrap" most commonly refers to the program that actually begins the initialization of the computer's operating system, like GRUB, LILO or NTLDR. Modern personal computers have the ability of using their network interface card (NIC) for bootstrapping, on IA-32(x86) and IA-64(Itanium) this ...

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Bootstrapping, Bootstrapping - Computing, Bootstrapping - Compilers, Bootstrapping - Linguistics, Bootstrapping - Physics, Bootstrapping - Biology, Bootstrapping - Electronics, Bootstrapping - Statistics, Bootstrapping - Finance, Bootstrapping - Venture Capital and Start-up Companies, Bootstrapping - External link

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In finance, bootstrapping refers to the procedure used to calculate the zero coupon yield curve, solving for the maturities where no instruments are available. The method uses interpolation to complete the yield curve, using available zero coupon securities with varying maturities. It may also mean a company acquiring a competitor with a sole reason of temporarily increasing earnings per share. Bootstrapping also means starting and operating a business with little or no mo ...

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Bootstrapping, Bootstrapping - Computing, Bootstrapping - Compilers, Bootstrapping - Linguistics, Bootstrapping - Physics, Bootstrapping - Biology, Bootstrapping - Electronics, Bootstrapping - Statistics, Bootstrapping - Finance, Bootstrapping - Venture Capital and Start-up Companies, Bootstrapping - External link

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In statistics bootstrapping is a method for estimating the sampling distribution of an estimator by resampling with replacement from the original sample. It is distinguished from the jackknife procedure, used to detect outliers, and cross-validation, whose purpose is to make sure that results are repeatable. There are more complicated bootstraps for sampling without replacement, two-sample problems, regression, time series, hierarchical sampling, and other statistical problems. Hesterberg, T. C., D. S. Moore, S. Monaghan, A. Cli ...

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Bootstrapping, Bootstrapping - Computing, Bootstrapping - Compilers, Bootstrapping - Linguistics, Bootstrapping - Physics, Bootstrapping - Biology, Bootstrapping - Electronics, Bootstrapping - Statistics, Bootstrapping - Finance, Bootstrapping - Venture Capital and Start-up Companies, Bootstrapping - External link

Read more here: » Bootstrapping: Encyclopedia II - Bootstrapping - Statistics

Parallel computers are theoretically modeled as Parallel Random Access Machines (PRAMs). The PRAM model ignores the cost of interconnection between the constituent computing units, but is nevertheless very useful in providing upper bounds on the parallel solvability of many problems. In reality the interconnection plays a significant role. The processors may either communicate in order to be able to cooperate in solving a problem or they may run completely independently, possibly under the control of another processor which distributes work t ...

See also:

Parallel computing, Parallel computing - Parallel computing systems, Parallel computing - Performance vs. cost, Parallel computing - Algorithms, Parallel computing - Inter-thread communication, Parallel computing - Parallel software, Parallel computing - Parallel programming models, Parallel computing - Topics in parallel computing

Read more here: » Parallel computing: Encyclopedia II - Parallel computing - Inter-thread communication

Main article: Parallel programming model A parallel programming model is a set of software technologies to express parallel algorithms and match applications with the underlying parallel systems. It encloses the areas of applications, languages, compilers, libraries, communication systems, and parallel I/O. People have to choose a proper parallel programming model or a form of mixture of the ...

See also:

Parallel computing, Parallel computing - Parallel computing systems, Parallel computing - Performance vs. cost, Parallel computing - Algorithms, Parallel computing - Inter-thread communication, Parallel computing - Parallel software, Parallel computing - Parallel programming models, Parallel computing - Topics in parallel computing

Read more here: » Parallel computing: Encyclopedia II - Parallel computing - Parallel programming models

A huge number of software systems have been designed for programming parallel computers, both at the operating system and programming language level. These systems must provide mechanisms for partitioning the overall problem into separate tasks and allocating tasks to processors. Such mechanisms may provide either implicit parallelism -- the system (the compiler or some other program) partitions the problem and allocates tasks to processors automatically (also called automatic parallelizing compilers) -- or explicit parallelism where the pro ...

See also:

Parallel computing, Parallel computing - Parallel computing systems, Parallel computing - Performance vs. cost, Parallel computing - Algorithms, Parallel computing - Inter-thread communication, Parallel computing - Parallel software, Parallel computing - Parallel programming models, Parallel computing - Topics in parallel computing

Read more here: » Parallel computing: Encyclopedia II - Parallel computing - Parallel software

Patterns of certain seashells, like the ones in Conus and Cymbiola genus, are generated by natural cellular automata. The pigment cells reside in a narrow band along the shell's lip. Each cell secretes pigments according to the activating and inhibiting activity of its neighbours, obeying a natural version of a mathematical rule. The cell band leaves the colored pattern on the shell as it slowly grows. For instance, the widespread species Conus text ...

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Cellular automaton, Cellular automaton - History of cellular automata, Cellular automaton - The simplest cellular automata, Cellular automaton - Reversible cellular automata, Cellular automaton - Totalistic cellular automata, Cellular automaton - Uses in cryptography, Cellular automaton - Related automata, Cellular automaton - Cellular automata in nature, Cellular automaton - Cellular automata in the chemistry lab, Cellular automaton - Articles on specific cellular automata

Read more here: » Cellular automaton: Encyclopedia II - Cellular automaton - Cellular automata in nature

There are many possible generalizations of the CA concept. One way is by using something other than a rectangular (cubic, etc.) grid. For example, if a plane is tiled with equilateral triangles, those triangles could be used as cells. Also, rules can be probabilistic rather than deterministic. A probabilistic rule gives, for each pattern at time t, the probabilities that the central cell will transition to each possible state at time t+1. Sometimes a simpler rule is used; for example: "The rule is the Game of Life, but on each time step there is a 0.001% probability ...

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Cellular automaton, Cellular automaton - History of cellular automata, Cellular automaton - The simplest cellular automata, Cellular automaton - Reversible cellular automata, Cellular automaton - Totalistic cellular automata, Cellular automaton - Uses in cryptography, Cellular automaton - Related automata, Cellular automaton - Cellular automata in nature, Cellular automaton - Cellular automata in the chemistry lab, Cellular automaton - Articles on specific cellular automata

Read more here: » Cellular automaton: Encyclopedia II - Cellular automaton - Related automata

The simplest nontrivial CA would be one-dimensional, with two possible states per cell, and a cell's neighbors defined to be the adjacent cells on either side of it. A cell and its two neighbors form a neighborhood of 3 cells, so there are 23=8 possible patterns for a neighborhood. There are then 28=256 possible rules. These 256 CAs are generally referred to using a standard naming convention invented by Wolfram. The name of a CA is the decimal number which, in binary, gives the rule table, with the eight possible neigh ...

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Cellular automaton, Cellular automaton - History of cellular automata, Cellular automaton - The simplest cellular automata, Cellular automaton - Reversible cellular automata, Cellular automaton - Totalistic cellular automata, Cellular automaton - Uses in cryptography, Cellular automaton - Related automata, Cellular automaton - Cellular automata in nature, Cellular automaton - Cellular automata in the chemistry lab, Cellular automaton - Articles on specific cellular automata

Read more here: » Cellular automaton: Encyclopedia II - Cellular automaton - The simplest cellular automata

A CA is said to be reversible if for every current configuration of the CA there is exactly one past configuration (preimage). If one thinks of a cellular automaton as a function mapping configurations to configurations, reversibility implies that this function is bijective. For one dimensional CA there are known algorithms for finding preimages, and any 1D rule can be proved either reversible or irreversible. For CA of two or more dimensions it has been proved that the reversibility is undecidable for arbitrary rules. The p ...

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Cellular automaton, Cellular automaton - History of cellular automata, Cellular automaton - The simplest cellular automata, Cellular automaton - Reversible cellular automata, Cellular automaton - Totalistic cellular automata, Cellular automaton - Uses in cryptography, Cellular automaton - Related automata, Cellular automaton - Cellular automata in nature, Cellular automaton - Cellular automata in the chemistry lab, Cellular automaton - Articles on specific cellular automata

Read more here: » Cellular automaton: Encyclopedia II - Cellular automaton - Reversible cellular automata

Rule 30 was originally suggested as a possible stream cipher for use in cryptography. Cellular automata have been proposed for public key cryptography. The one way function is the evolution of a finite CA whose inverse is hard to find. Given the rule, anyone can easily calculate future states, but it is very difficult to calculate previous states. However, the designer of the rule can create it in such a way as to be able to easily invert it. Therefore, it is a trapdoor function, and can be used as a public-key cryptos ...

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Cellular automaton, Cellular automaton - History of cellular automata, Cellular automaton - The simplest cellular automata, Cellular automaton - Reversible cellular automata, Cellular automaton - Totalistic cellular automata, Cellular automaton - Uses in cryptography, Cellular automaton - Related automata, Cellular automaton - Cellular automata in nature, Cellular automaton - Cellular automata in the chemistry lab, Cellular automaton - Articles on specific cellular automata

Read more here: » Cellular automaton: Encyclopedia II - Cellular automaton - Uses in cryptography