A Wisdom Archive on cells

Nutrition is the study of the relationship between diet and states of health and disease. It is defined as the study of food. Absence of adequate nutrients can cause certain diseases to take hold that can potentially result in death. Between the extremes of optimal health and death from starvation or malnutrition, there is an array of disease states that can be caused or alleviated by changes in diet. Deficiencies, excesses and imbalances in the diet can produce negative impacts on health, which may result in diseases such as s ... Including:

• Nutrition - Overview
• Nutrition - History of nutrition
• Nutrition - Nutrition and health
• Nutrition - Fatty acids
• Nutrition - Sugar
• Nutrition - Intestinal bacterial flora
• Nutrition - Nutrition and sports
• Nutrition - Nutrition and longevity
• Nutrition - Calorie restriction
• Nutrition - The French paradox
• Nutrition - Nutrition, industry and food processing
• Nutrition - Policy advice and guidance on nutrition
• Nutrition - Current issues and challenges

Read more here: » Nutrition: Encyclopedia - Nutrition

In biology, senescence is the combination of processes of deterioration which follow the period of development of an organism. For the science of the care of the elderly, see gerontology; for experimental gerontology, see life extension. The word senescence is derived from the Latin word senex, meaning "old man" or "old age." Cellular senescence is the phenomenon where cells lose the ability to divide. In response to DNA damage (including shortened telomeres) cells either senesce or self-destruct (apoptosis ... Including:

• Aging senescence - Theories of aging
• Aging senescence - Evolutionary theories
• Aging senescence - Gene regulation
• Aging senescence - Cellular senescence
• Aging senescence - Chemical damage
• Aging senescence - Reliability theory
• Aging senescence - Neuro-endocrine-immunological theories
• Aging senescence - Miscellaneous

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A panic attack is a period of intense fear or discomfort, typically with an abrupt onset and usually lasting no more than thirty minutes. Symptoms include trembling, shortness of breath, heart palpitations, sweating, nausea, dizziness, hyperventilation, paresthesias (tingling sensations), and sensations of choking or smothering. The disorder is strikingly different from other types of anxiety disorders in that panic attacks are very sudden ... Including:

• Panic attack - Introduction
• Panic attack - Symptoms
• Panic attack - Induced phobias
• Panic attack - Occurrence
• Panic attack - Treatment
• Panic attack - Causes

Read more here: » Panic attack: Encyclopedia - Panic attack

Nacre, also known as mother of pearl or sadaf, is a naturally occuring organic-inorganic composite. It is formed of layers of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) platelets (crystals), in the form of aragonite and conchiolin (a scleroprotein), separated by elastic biopolymers (such as chitin and lustrin). This mixture of hard and elastic domains makes the material strong and resilient. Strength and resilience is also likely to be due to the offset or "brickwork" arrangement of the platelets, ... Including:

• Nacre - Decorative uses
• Nacre - Reference

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Mirra Alfassa (later Morisset and Richard), known as The Mother (February 21, 1878 - November 17, 1973), was the spiritual partner of the sage and seer Sri Aurobindo. She was born in Paris to Turkish and Egyptian parents and came to his ashram on March 29, 1914 visiting Pondicherry several times and finally settling there in 1920. After November 24, 1926, when Sri Aurobindo retired into seclusion, she supervised the organization of his ashram and institutes. She became the leader of the community after ... Including:

• The Mother - Difficulties facing the biographer
• The Mother - Early Life
• The Mother - Meeting Sri Aurobindo
• The Mother - The Mother of the Ashram
• The Mother - The Physical Transformation
• The Mother - Auroville
• The Mother - Important Disciples
• The Mother - The Mother - Quotes
• The Mother - Partial bibliography

Read more here: » The Mother: Encyclopedia - The Mother

The Carbonari ("coalmen") were groups of secret revolutionary societies founded in early 19th century Italy, and instrumental in organising revolution in Italy in 1820, 1830–1831 and 1848. They were organised in the fashion of Freemasonry, broken into small cells scattered across Italy. Idealistically, they sought the creation of a liberal, unified Italy through spontaneous rebellion by the working class, led by university students and intellectuals. There was also an anti-c ...

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Endocytosis is a process whereby cells absorb material (molecules or other cells) from outside by engulfing it with their cell membranes. It is used by cells (especially protists) because most substances important to them are polar and consist of big molecules, and thus cannot pass through the highly hydrophobic plasma membrane. Endocytosis is the opposite of exocytosis, and always involves the form ...

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Actinobacteria Aquificae Bacteroidetes/Chlorobi Chlamydiae/Verrucomicrobia Chloroflexi Chrysiogenetes Cyanobacteria Deferribacteres Deinococcus-Thermus Dictyoglomi Fibrobacteres/Acidobacteria Firmicutes Fusobacteria Gemmatimonadetes Nitrospirae Planctomycetes Proteobacteria Spirochaetes Thermodesulfo ... Including:

• Bacteria - History and taxonomy
• Bacteria - Metabolism
• Bacteria - Movement
• Bacteria - Groups and identification
• Bacteria - Benefits and dangers
• Bacteria - Miscellaneous
• Bacteria - Sources

Read more here: » Bacteria: Encyclopedia - Bacteria

Iron is a chemical element with the symbol Fe (L.: Ferrum) and atomic number 26. Iron is a group 8 and period 4 metal. Iron is notable for being the final element produced by stellar nucleosynthesis, and thus the heaviest element which does not require a supernova or similarly cataclysmic event for its formation. It is therefore the most abundant heavy metal in the universe. Iron - Notable characteristics. Iron is the most abundant metal on Earth, and is believed to be the tenth most abundant element ... Including:

• Iron - Notable characteristics
• Iron - Applications
• Iron - History
• Iron - Occurrence
• Iron - Extraction from ore
• Iron - Compounds
• Iron - Biological role
• Iron - Isotopes
• Iron - Precautions

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Dust is a general name for minute solid particles of diameters less than 500 micrometers (otherwise see sand or granulates) and, more generally, for finely divided matter. On Earth, dust occurs in the atmosphere from various sources: soil dust lifted up by wind, volcanic eruptions, and pollution are some examples; airborne dust is considered an aerosol and can have a strong, local radiative forcing on the atmosphere and significant effects on climate. In addition, if composed of a flammable substance (suc ... Including:

• Dust - House dust
• Dust - Dust in outer space
• Dust - Reference

Read more here: » Dust: Encyclopedia - Dust

Feathers are one of the epidermal growths that form the distinctive outer covering, or plumage, on birds. They are the outstanding characteristic that distinguishes the Class Aves from all other living groups. Other Theropoda also had feathers (see Feathered dinosaurs). Feather - Characteristics. Feathers are among the most complex structural organs found in vertebrates: integumentary appendages, formed by controlled proliferation of cells in the epidermis, or outer skin layer, that produce keratin proteins ... Including:

• Feather - Characteristics
• Feather - Origins
• Feather - Feathered dinosaurs
• Feather - Human uses

Read more here: » Feather: Encyclopedia - Feather

An abscess is a collection of pus collected in a cavity formed by the tissue on the basis of an infectious process (usually caused by bacteria or parasites) or other foreign materials (e.g. splinters or bullet wounds). It is a defensive reaction of the tissue to prevent the spread of infectious materials to other parts of the body. The organisms or foreign materials that gain access to a part of tissue kill the local cells, release toxins and trigger an inflammatory response by drawing huge amounts of white blood cells to the a ... Including:

• Abscess - Manifestations
• Abscess - Treatment
• Abscess - Perianal abscess

Read more here: » Abscess: Encyclopedia - Abscess

Onion in the general sense can be used for any plant in the Genus Allium but used without qualifiers usually means Allium cepa L., also called the garden onion. Onions (usually but not exclusively the bulbs) are edible with a distinctive strong flavour and pungent odour which is mellowed and sweetened by cooking. They generally have a papery outer skin over a fleshy, layered inner core. Used worldwide for culinary purposes, they come in a wide variety of forms and colors. Onions may be grown f ... Including:

• Onion - History
• Onion - Culinary and medicinal uses
• Onion - Nutrition
• Onion - Why do onions make you cry?
• Onion - Types of onion Allium cepa
• Onion - Related species

Read more here: » Onion: Encyclopedia - Onion