CD8 (cluster of differentiation 8) is a glycoprotein which serves as a co-receptor that is expressed on the surface of cytotoxic T cells. CD8 consists of an α and a ß chain, which both resemble an immunoglobulin-like domain that is connected to the membrane by a thin stalk. It is attracted to the α3 portion of the Class I MHC molecule. This affinity keeps the T cell receptor of the cytotoxic T cell and the target cell bound closely together during antigen-specific activation. Cytotoxic T cells with CD

Read more here: » CD8: Encyclopedia - CD8

Definition and meaning of cell membrane:

cell membrane - the structure enveloping a cell, enclosing the cytoplasm and forming a selective permeability barrier which permits the passage of solvents and solutes into and out of cells. It consists of lipids, proteins and some carbohydrates

(Source: US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) )

Also see these pages: Oceanography, Oceanography Sitemap, Coral Reef, Environment, Sustainability, Climate Change,

The smooth endoplasmic reticulum is responsible for some carbohydrate metabolism. In the liver, for example, the cell breaks down the polysaccharide glycogen. Eventually, the glycogen will be turned into glucose, and released into the blood, but first it is broken into glucose phosphate, an ion that, if released would harm our blood cells. So to remedy this, an enzyme found in the membrane of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum can remove the phosphate, allowing pure glucose to be released. Other rel

Read more here: » Carbohydrate metabolism: Encyclopedia - Carbohydrate metabolism

An action potential is a wave of electrical discharge that travels along the membrane of a cell. Action potentials are used by the body to communicate fast internal messages between its tissues making them an essential feature of animal life at the microscopic level. They can be created by many types of body cells, but are used most extensively by the nervous system to send messages between nerve cells and from nerve ...

Including:

Action potential - Overview Action potential - Underlying mechanism
Action potential - Resting membrane potential Action potential - Action potential phases
Action potential - Threshold and initiation Action potential - Circuit model Action potential - Propagation
Action potential - Speed of propagation Action potential - Saltatory conduction
Action potential - Refractory period Action potential - Why an action potential?

Read more here: » Action potential: Encyclopedia - Action potential

Mammalian embryogenesis is the process of cell division and cellular differentiation which leads to the development of a mammalian embryo. Mammalian embryogenesis - From one cell to blastocyst. A mammal develops from a single cell called a zygote, which results from an oocyte (egg) being fertilized by a single sperm. The zygote is surrounded by a strong membrane of glycoproteins called the zona pellucida which the successful sperm has managed to penetrate. The zygote undergoes cleavage, increa ...

Including:

Mammalian embryogenesis - From one cell to blastocyst Mammalian embryogenesis - Blastocyst grows and invades Mammalian embryogenesis - Inner cell mass differentiation Mammalian embryogenesis - Cavity formation

Read more here: » Mammalian embryogenesis: Encyclopedia - Mammalian embryogenesis

Cell biology - Movement of proteins. Proteins are synthesized by ribosomes in the cytoplasm. This process is also known as protein biosynthesis or simply protein translation. Some proteins, such as those to be incorporated in membranes (membrane proteins), are transported into the ER during synthesis and further processed in the Golgi apparatus. From the Golgi, membrane proteins can move to the plasma membrane, to other subcellular comparments or they can be secreted from the cell. The ER and Golgi can be thought ...

See also:

Cell biology, Cell biology - Processes in cell biology, Cell biology - Movement of proteins, Cell biology - Techniques, Cell biology - Purification of cells and their parts

Read more here: » Cell biology: Encyclopedia II - Cell biology - Processes in cell biology

Cell biology - Cell growth and metabolism. Main articles: Cell growth, Cell metabolism Between successive cell divisions cells grow through the functioning of cellular metabolism. Cell metabolism is the process by which individual cells process nutrient molecules. Metabolism has two distinct divisions; catabolism, in which the cell breaks down complex molecules to produce energy and reducing power, and anabolism, where the cell uses energy and reducing power to construct complex mol ...

See also:

Cell biology, Cell biology - Overview, Cell biology - Properties of cells, Cell biology - Types of cells, Cell biology - Subcellular components, Cell biology - Cell membrane - a cell's protective coat, Cell biology - Cytoskeleton - a cell's scaffold, Cell biology - Genetic material, Cell biology - Organelles, Cell biology - Anatomy of cells, Cell biology - Prokaryotic cells, Cell biology - Eukaryotic cells, Cell biology - Cell functions, Cell biology - Cell growth and metabolism, Cell biology - Making new cells, Cell biology - Protein synthesis, Cell biology - Origins of cells, Cell biology - Origin of first cell, Cell biology - Origin of eukaryotic cells, Cell biology - History, Cell biology - External links

Read more here: » Cell biology: Encyclopedia II - Cell biology - Cell functions

All cells whether prokaryotic or eukaryotic have a membrane, which envelopes the cell, separates its interior from its environment, controls what moves in and out, and maintains the electric potential of the cell. Inside the membrane, a salty cytoplasm takes up most of the cell volume. All cells possess DNA, the hereditary material of genes and RNA, which contain the information necessary to build various proteins such as enzymes, the cell's primary machinery. There are also other kinds of biomolecules in cells. This article will list these primary compo ...

See also:

Cell biology, Cell biology - Overview, Cell biology - Properties of cells, Cell biology - Types of cells, Cell biology - Subcellular components, Cell biology - Cell membrane - a cell's protective coat, Cell biology - Cytoskeleton - a cell's scaffold, Cell biology - Genetic material, Cell biology - Organelles, Cell biology - Anatomy of cells, Cell biology - Prokaryotic cells, Cell biology - Eukaryotic cells, Cell biology - Cell functions, Cell biology - Cell growth and metabolism, Cell biology - Making new cells, Cell biology - Protein synthesis, Cell biology - Origins of cells, Cell biology - Origin of first cell, Cell biology - Origin of eukaryotic cells, Cell biology - History, Cell biology - External links

Read more here: » Cell biology: Encyclopedia II - Cell biology - Subcellular components

Cell biology - Properties of cells. Each cell is at least somewhat self-contained and self-maintaining: it can take in nutrients, convert these nutrients into energy, carry out specialized functions, and reproduce as necessary. Each cell stores its own set of instructions for carrying out each of these activities. All cells share several abilities: Reproduction by cell division. Metabolism, including taking in raw materials, building cell components, creating energy, molecules and rel ...

See also:

Cell biology, Cell biology - Overview, Cell biology - Properties of cells, Cell biology - Types of cells, Cell biology - Subcellular components, Cell biology - Cell membrane - a cell's protective coat, Cell biology - Cytoskeleton - a cell's scaffold, Cell biology - Genetic material, Cell biology - Organelles, Cell biology - Anatomy of cells, Cell biology - Prokaryotic cells, Cell biology - Eukaryotic cells, Cell biology - Cell functions, Cell biology - Cell growth and metabolism, Cell biology - Making new cells, Cell biology - Protein synthesis, Cell biology - Origins of cells, Cell biology - Origin of first cell, Cell biology - Origin of eukaryotic cells, Cell biology - History, Cell biology - External links

Read more here: » Cell biology: Encyclopedia II - Cell biology - Overview

Cell biology - Properties of cells. Each cell is at least somewhat self-contained and self-maintaining: it can take in nutrients, convert these nutrients into energy, carry out specialized functions, and reproduce as necessary. Each cell stores its own set of instructions for carrying out each of these activities. All cells share several abilities: Reproduction by cell division. Metabolism, including taking in raw materials, building cell components, converting energy, molecules and r ...

See also:

Cell biology, Cell biology - Overview, Cell biology - Properties of cells, Cell biology - Types of cells, Cell biology - Subcellular components, Cell biology - Cell membrane - a cell's protective coat, Cell biology - Cytoskeleton - a cell's scaffold, Cell biology - Genetic material, Cell biology - Organelles, Cell biology - Anatomy of cells, Cell biology - Prokaryotic cells, Cell biology - Eukaryotic cells, Cell biology - Cell functions, Cell biology - Cell growth and metabolism, Cell biology - Making new cells, Cell biology - Protein synthesis, Cell biology - Origins of cells, Cell biology - Origin of first cell, Cell biology - Origin of eukaryotic cells, Cell biology - History, Cell biology - External links

Read more here: » Cell biology: Encyclopedia II - Cell biology - Overview

Main article: Origin of life The origin of cells has to do with the origin of life, and was one of the most important steps in evolution of life as we know it. The birth of the cell marked the passage from prebiotic chemistry to biological life. Cell biology - Origin of first cell. If life is viewed from the point of view of replicators, that is DNA molecules in the organism, cells satisfy two fundamental conditions: protection from the outside environment and confinement of biochemical activ ...

See also:

Cell biology, Cell biology - Overview, Cell biology - Properties of cells, Cell biology - Types of cells, Cell biology - Subcellular components, Cell biology - Cell membrane - a cell's protective coat, Cell biology - Cytoskeleton - a cell's scaffold, Cell biology - Genetic material, Cell biology - Organelles, Cell biology - Anatomy of cells, Cell biology - Prokaryotic cells, Cell biology - Eukaryotic cells, Cell biology - Cell functions, Cell biology - Cell growth and metabolism, Cell biology - Making new cells, Cell biology - Protein synthesis, Cell biology - Origins of cells, Cell biology - Origin of first cell, Cell biology - Origin of eukaryotic cells, Cell biology - History, Cell biology - External links

Read more here: » Cell biology: Encyclopedia II - Cell biology - Origins of cells

An osmotic lysis is a cytolysis caused by excessive osmosis, or movement of water, towards the inside of a cell. The cell membrane cannot withstand the osmotic pressure of the water inside, and so it explodes. Osmosis occurs from a region of high water potential to a region of low water potential passing through a semipermeable membrane. Osmotic lysis occurs in a hypotonic environment, where water diffuses into the cell. As the water continues to diffuse into the cell, the cell grows larger, and will eventually burst if too much water ...

See also:

Cytolysis, Cytolysis - Osmotic lysis, Cytolysis - Preventing osmotic lysis, Cytolysis - Viral lysis

Read more here: » Cytolysis: Encyclopedia II - Cytolysis - Osmotic lysis

Cell biology - Purification of cells and their parts. Purification of cells and their parts is achieved in the following ways: Cell fractionation Flow cytometry Release of cellular organelles by disruption of cells. Separation of different organelles by centrifugation. Proteins extracted from membranes by detergents and salts. Hi ...

See also:

Cell biology, Cell biology - Processes in cell biology, Cell biology - Movement of proteins, Cell biology - Techniques, Cell biology - Purification of cells and their parts

Read more here: » Cell biology: Encyclopedia II - Cell biology - Techniques

Cell biology - Purification of cells and their parts. Purification of cells and their parts is achieved in the following ways: Cell fractionation Flow cytometry Release of cellular organelles by disruption of cells. Separation of different organelles by centrifugation. Proteins extracted from membranes by detergents and salts. ...

See also:

Cell biology, Cell biology - Processes in cell biology, Cell biology - Movement of proteins, Cell biology - Techniques, Cell biology - Purification of cells and their parts

Read more here: » Cell biology: Encyclopedia II - Cell biology - Techniques

Chlorine can be manufactured via the electrolysis of a sodium chloride solution, ie. brine. There are three methods for the extraction of chlorine by electrolysis used industrially. Chlorine - Mercury cell electrolysis. Mercury cell electrolysis was the first method used to produce chlorine on an industrial scale. Titanium anodes are located above a liquid mercury cathode, a solution of sodium chloride is positioned between the electrodes. When an electrical current is applied, chloride is released at the titaniu ...

See also:

Chlorine, Chlorine - Notable characteristics, Chlorine - Applications, Chlorine - History, Chlorine - Occurrence, Chlorine - Isotopes, Chlorine - Precautions, Chlorine - The chemical processes for extraction of chlorine gas, Chlorine - Mercury cell electrolysis, Chlorine - Diaphragm cell electrolysis, Chlorine - Membrane cell electrolysis, Chlorine - Other methods, Chlorine - Compounds

Read more here: » Chlorine: Encyclopedia II - Chlorine - The chemical processes for extraction of chlorine gas

Chlorine irritates respiratory systems especially in children and the elderly. In its gaseous state it irritates mucous membranes and when a liquid it burns skin. It takes as little as 3.5 ppm to be detected as a distinct odor, but it takes 1000 ppm or more to be fatal. Because of this, chlorine was one of the gases used during World War I as a war gas. (See: Use of poison gas in World War I) Exposure to this gas should therefore not exceed 0.5 ppm (8-hour ...

See also:

Chlorine, Chlorine - Notable characteristics, Chlorine - Applications, Chlorine - History, Chlorine - Occurrence, Chlorine - Isotopes, Chlorine - Precautions, Chlorine - The chemical processes for extraction of chlorine gas, Chlorine - Mercury cell electrolysis, Chlorine - Diaphragm cell electrolysis, Chlorine - Membrane cell electrolysis, Chlorine - Other methods, Chlorine - Compounds

Read more here: » Chlorine: Encyclopedia II - Chlorine - Precautions

The pure chemical element, has the physical form of a diatomic yellow-green gas, Cl2. This element is a member of the salt-forming halogen series and is extracted from chlorides through oxidation and more commonly, by electrolysis. Chlorine is a greenish-yellow gas that combines readily with nearly all other elements. At 10°C one liter of water dissolves 3.10 liters of chlorine and at 30 °C only 1.77 liters. ...

See also:

Chlorine, Chlorine - Notable characteristics, Chlorine - Applications, Chlorine - History, Chlorine - Occurrence, Chlorine - Isotopes, Chlorine - Precautions, Chlorine - The chemical processes for extraction of chlorine gas, Chlorine - Mercury cell electrolysis, Chlorine - Diaphragm cell electrolysis, Chlorine - Membrane cell electrolysis, Chlorine - Other methods, Chlorine - Compounds

Read more here: » Chlorine: Encyclopedia II - Chlorine - Notable characteristics

Chlorine is an important chemical for some processes of water purification, in disinfectants, and in bleach. Ozone can also be used for killing bacteria, and is preferred by many municipal drinking water systems because ozone does not form organochlorine compounds and does not remain in the water after treatment. Chlorine is also used widely in the manufacture of many everyday items. Used (in the form of hypochlorous acid) to kill bacteria and other microbes from drinking water supplies and swimming pools. Even small wate ...

See also:

Chlorine, Chlorine - Notable characteristics, Chlorine - Applications, Chlorine - History, Chlorine - Occurrence, Chlorine - Isotopes, Chlorine - Precautions, Chlorine - The chemical processes for extraction of chlorine gas, Chlorine - Mercury cell electrolysis, Chlorine - Diaphragm cell electrolysis, Chlorine - Membrane cell electrolysis, Chlorine - Other methods, Chlorine - Compounds

Read more here: » Chlorine: Encyclopedia II - Chlorine - Applications

Chlorine (Gr. χλωρος, greenish yellow) was discovered in 1774 by Carl Wilhelm Scheele, who mistakenly thought it contained oxygen. Chlorine was given its name in 1810 by Humphry Davy, who insisted that it was in fact an element. Chlorine gas was first used as weapon against human beings in WWI on April 22nd, 1915. ...

See also:

Chlorine, Chlorine - Notable characteristics, Chlorine - Applications, Chlorine - History, Chlorine - Occurrence, Chlorine - Isotopes, Chlorine - Precautions, Chlorine - The chemical processes for extraction of chlorine gas, Chlorine - Mercury cell electrolysis, Chlorine - Diaphragm cell electrolysis, Chlorine - Membrane cell electrolysis, Chlorine - Other methods, Chlorine - Compounds

Read more here: » Chlorine: Encyclopedia II - Chlorine - History

In plant cells, the effect is more dramatic. The cell membrane pulls away from the cell wall, but the cell remains joined to the adjacent cells at points called plasmodesmata. Thus, the cell takes on the appearance of a pincushion, with the plasmodesmata almost ceasing to function because they have become so constricted. This condition is known as plasmolysis. In animal cells, being in a hypertonic environment results in crenation, where the shape of ...

See also:

Hypertonic, Hypertonic - Living in a Hypertonic Environment

Read more here: » Hypertonic: Encyclopedia II - Hypertonic - Living in a Hypertonic Environment

In nature chlorine is found only as the chloride ion. Chlorides make up much of the salt dissolved in the Earth's oceans—about 1.9% of the mass of seawater is chloride ions. Even higher concentrations of chloride are dissolved in the Dead Sea and in underground brine deposits. Most chlorides are soluble in water, so solid chlorides are usually only found in abundance in dry climates, or deep underground. Common chloride minerals include halite (sodium chloride), sylvite (potassium chloride), and carnallite (pot ...

See also:

Chlorine, Chlorine - Notable characteristics, Chlorine - Applications, Chlorine - History, Chlorine - Occurrence, Chlorine - Isotopes, Chlorine - Precautions, Chlorine - The chemical processes for extraction of chlorine gas, Chlorine - Mercury cell electrolysis, Chlorine - Diaphragm cell electrolysis, Chlorine - Membrane cell electrolysis, Chlorine - Other methods, Chlorine - Compounds

Read more here: » Chlorine: Encyclopedia II - Chlorine - Occurrence