Encyclopedia - Cell Membrane: Encyclopedia - Cell Membrane
A component of every biological cell, the selectively permeable cell membrane (or plasma membrane or plasmalemma) is a thin and structure...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cell Membrane: Encyclopedia Ii - Cell Membrane - Detailed Structure
Phospholipid molecules in the cell membrane are "fluid," in the sense of free to diffuse and exhibit rapid lateral diffusion. Lipid rafts...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cell Membrane: Encyclopedia Ii - Cell Membrane - A Fluid Mosaic
The basic composition and structure of the plasma membrane is the same as that of the membranes that surround organelles and other subcel...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Basilar Membrane: Encyclopedia - Basilar Membrane
The basilar membrane within the cochlea of the inner ear separates two liquid filled tubes that run along the coil of the cochlea, the sc...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell: Encyclopedia Ii - Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell - Science
Proton exchange membrane fuel cell - Reactions. For more details on this topic, see Fuel cell. A proton exchange membrane fuel cell t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell: Encyclopedia Ii - Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell - History
Before the invention of PEM fuel cells, existing fuel cell types such as solid-oxide fuel cells were only applied in extreme conditions. ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Resting Potential: Encyclopedia - Resting Potential
The resting potential of a cell is the membrane potential that would be maintained if there were no action potentials, synaptic potential...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Chlorine: Encyclopedia - Chlorine
Chlorine (from the Greek language Chloros, meaning "pale green"), is the chemical element with atomic number 17 and symbol Cl. It is a ha...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Bioelectromagnetics: Encyclopedia - Bioelectromagnetics
Bioelectromagnetics is the study of how electromagnetic fields interact with and influence biological processes. Common areas of investig...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cell Biology: Encyclopedia - Cell Biology
Cell biology (also called cellular biology or cytology, from the Greek kytos, "container") is an academic discipline which studies cells....   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Endocytosis: Encyclopedia - Endocytosis
Endocytosis is a process whereby cells absorb material (molecules or other cells) from outside by engulfing it with their cell membranes....   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cell Wall: Encyclopedia - Cell Wall
A cell wall is a more or less solid layer surrounding a cell. They are found in bacteria, archaea, fungi, plants, and algae. Animals and ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Coenocyte: Encyclopedia - Coenocyte
A coenocyte is a multinucleate cell. It can result from multiple nuclear divisions without accompanying cell divisions, or from cellular ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Mucus: Encyclopedia - Mucus
Mucus is a slippery secretion of the lining of various membranes in the body (mucous membranes). Mucus aids in the protection of the lung...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cytotoxic T Cell: Encyclopedia - Cytotoxic T Cell
A cytotoxic (or TC) T cell is a T cell (a type of white blood cell) which has on its surface antigen receptors that can bind to fragments...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Vacuole: Encyclopedia - Vacuole
Vacuoles are large membrane-bound compartments within some eukaryotic cells where they serve a variety of different functions: capturing ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Binary Fission: Encyclopedia - Binary Fission
Binary fission is the form of asexual reproduction used by most prokaryotes to reproduce. This process results in the reproduction of a l...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cell Biology: Encyclopedia Ii - Cell Biology - Anatomy Of Cells
Cell biology - Prokaryotic cells. Prokaryotes are distinguished from eukaryotes on the basis of nuclear organization, specifically thei...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cytoplasm: Encyclopedia - Cytoplasm
Cytoplasm is a homogeneous, generally clear jelly-like material that fills cells. The cytoplasm consists of cytosol and the cellular orga...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Mitosis: Encyclopedia - Mitosis
In biology, mitosis is the process by which a cell separates its duplicated genome into two identical halves. It is generally followed im...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cd8: Encyclopedia - Cd8
CD8 (cluster of differentiation 8) is a glycoprotein which serves as a co-receptor that is expressed on the surface of cytotoxic T cells....   » Read the article

Dictionary - Cell Membrane: Oceanography Dictionary - Cell Membrane
  Definition and meaning of cell membrane:   cell membrane - the structure enveloping a cell, enclosing the cytoplasm and...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Carbohydrate Metabolism: Encyclopedia - Carbohydrate Metabolism
The smooth endoplasmic reticulum is responsible for some carbohydrate metabolism. In the liver, for example, the cell breaks down the pol...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Action Potential: Encyclopedia - Action Potential
An action potential is a wave of electrical discharge that travels along the membrane of a cell. Action potentials are used by the body t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Mammalian Embryogenesis: Encyclopedia - Mammalian Embryogenesis
Mammalian embryogenesis is the process of cell division and cellular differentiation which leads to the development of a mammalian embryo...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cell Biology: Encyclopedia Ii - Cell Biology - Processes In Cell Biology
Cell biology - Movement of proteins. Proteins are synthesized by ribosomes in the cytoplasm. This process is also known as protein bios...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cell Biology: Encyclopedia Ii - Cell Biology - Cell Functions
Cell biology - Cell growth and metabolism. Main articles: Cell growth, Cell metabolism Between successive cell divisions cells grow thr...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cell Biology: Encyclopedia Ii - Cell Biology - Subcellular Components
All cells whether prokaryotic or eukaryotic have a membrane, which envelopes the cell, separates its interior from its environment, contr...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cell Biology: Encyclopedia Ii - Cell Biology - Overview
Cell biology - Properties of cells. Each cell is at least somewhat self-contained and self-maintaining: it can take in nutrients, conve...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cell Biology: Encyclopedia Ii - Cell Biology - Overview
Cell biology - Properties of cells. Each cell is at least somewhat self-contained and self-maintaining: it can take in nutrients, conve...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cell Biology: Encyclopedia Ii - Cell Biology - Origins Of Cells
Main article: Origin of life The origin of cells has to do with the origin of life, and was one of the most important steps in evolution ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cytolysis: Encyclopedia Ii - Cytolysis - Osmotic Lysis
An osmotic lysis is a cytolysis caused by excessive osmosis, or movement of water, towards the inside of a cell. The cell membrane cannot...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cell Biology: Encyclopedia Ii - Cell Biology - Techniques
Cell biology - Purification of cells and their parts. Purification of cells and their parts is achieved in the following ways: Cell fr...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cell Biology: Encyclopedia Ii - Cell Biology - Techniques
Cell biology - Purification of cells and their parts. Purification of cells and their parts is achieved in the following ways: Cell fr...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Chlorine: Encyclopedia Ii - Chlorine - The Chemical Processes For Extraction Of Chlorine Gas
Chlorine can be manufactured via the electrolysis of a sodium chloride solution, ie. brine. There are three methods for the extraction of...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Chlorine: Encyclopedia Ii - Chlorine - Precautions
Chlorine irritates respiratory systems especially in children and the elderly. In its gaseous state it irritates mucous membranes and whe...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Chlorine: Encyclopedia Ii - Chlorine - Notable Characteristics
The pure chemical element, has the physical form of a diatomic yellow-green gas, Cl2. This element is a member of the salt-forming haloge...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Chlorine: Encyclopedia Ii - Chlorine - Applications
Chlorine is an important chemical for some processes of water purification, in disinfectants, and in bleach. Ozone can also be used for k...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Chlorine: Encyclopedia Ii - Chlorine - History
Chlorine (Gr. χλωρος, greenish yellow) was discovered in 1774 by Carl Wilhelm Scheele, who mistakenly thought it contained oxygen. ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hypertonic: Encyclopedia Ii - Hypertonic - Living In A Hypertonic Environment
In plant cells, the effect is more dramatic. The cell membrane pulls away from the cell wall, but the cell remains joined to the adjacent...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Chlorine: Encyclopedia Ii - Chlorine - Occurrence
In nature chlorine is found only as the chloride ion. Chlorides make up much of the salt dissolved in the Earth's oceans—about 1.9% of ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Phospholipid: Encyclopedia Ii - Phospholipid - Sphingomyelin
The backbone of sphingomyelin is sphingosine, an amino alcohol formed from palmitate and serine. The amino terminal is acylated with a b...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Bioelectromagnetics: Encyclopedia Ii - Bioelectromagnetics - Effects Of Artificial Fields
Bioelectromagnetics - Powerlines. Bioelectromagnetics - CRTs. Bioelectromagnetics - Cell phones. Bioelectromagnetics - Radar. Bi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Bioelectromagnetics: Encyclopedia Ii - Bioelectromagnetics - Effects On The Level Of A Cell Or Below
Bioelectromagnetics - Calcium efflux. Bioelectromagnetics - Neurotransmitter systems. Bioelectromagnetics - DNA strand breaks and ge...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Bioelectromagnetics: Encyclopedia Ii - Bioelectromagnetics - Effects On The Level Of An Organ Or System
Bioelectromagnetics - Blood-brain barrier permittivity. Bioelectromagnetics - EEG changes. Bioelectromagnetics - Wound healing regen...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Bioelectromagnetics: Encyclopedia Ii - Bioelectromagnetics - Primary Interaction Mechanisms
Bioelectromagnetics - Membrane polarization. Bioelectromagnetics - Electrorotation. Bioelectromagnetics - Ion cyclotron resonance an...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Bioelectromagnetics: Encyclopedia Ii - Bioelectromagnetics - Introduction: General Features Of Observed Interactions
Bioelectromagnetics - Thermal vs nonthermal nature. Most of the molecules that make up the human body interact only weakly with electro...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria: Encyclopedia Ii - Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria - Pathophysiology
All cells have proteins attached to their membranes and they are responsible for performing a vast array of functions. There are several ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Bioelectromagnetics: Encyclopedia Ii - Bioelectromagnetics - Whole-organism Effects
Bioelectromagnetics - Electrical sensing organs fish etc. Bioelectromagnetics - Navigation bees pidgeons etc. Bioelectromagnetics - ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Bioelectromagnetics: Encyclopedia Ii - Bioelectromagnetics - Medical Applications
Bioelectromagnetics - Bone fracture healing. Bioelectromagnetics - TMS and related. A strong changing magnetic field can induce elect...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Integral Membrane Protein: Encyclopedia Ii - Integral Membrane Protein - Function
Most commonly the function of IMPs is to act as a transporter for various molecules that would otherwise not be able to move across the c...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Membrane Potential: Encyclopedia Ii - Membrane Potential - All Other Values Of Membrane Potential
From the viewpoint of biophysics, there is nothing particularly special about the resting membrane potential. It is merely the membrane p...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Membrane Potential: Encyclopedia Ii - Membrane Potential - Effects And Implications
While cells expend energy to transport ions and establish a transmembrane potential, they use this potential in turn to transport other i...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Membrane Potential: Encyclopedia Ii - Membrane Potential - The Ionic Basis Of The Resting Potential
At its core, the genesis of every resting membrane potential is some sort of ion pump, exchanger or transporter. Any voltage, membrane po...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Membrane Potential: Encyclopedia Ii - Membrane Potential - The Ionic Basis Of The Resting Potential
At its core, the origin of every resting membrane potential is some sort of ion pump exchanger or transporter. Any voltage - membrane pot...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Signal Transduction: Encyclopedia Ii - Signal Transduction - Types Of Receptors
Signal transduction - Transmembrane receptors. Transmembrane receptors are proteins that span the thickness of the plasma membrane of t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Fuel Cell: Encyclopedia Ii - Fuel Cell - Science
In the archetypal example of a hydrogen/oxygen proton-exchange membrane (or "polymer electrolyte") fuel cell (PEMFC), a proton-conducting...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Snare Protein: Encyclopedia Ii - Snare Protein - Snare Structure
SNAREs are small, abundant and mostly plasma membrane-bound proteins. Although they vary considerably in structure and size, all share a ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Redox: Encyclopedia Ii - Redox - Oxidizing And Reducing Agents
Substances that have the ability to oxidize (Commonwealth English oxidise) other substances are said to be oxidative and are known as oxi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Redox: Encyclopedia Ii - Redox - Examples Of Redox Reactions
A good example is the reaction between hydrogen and fluorine: H2 + F2 → 2HF We can write this overall reaction as two half-reactions:...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Flagellum: Encyclopedia Ii - Flagellum - Bacterial Flagellum
The filament is composed of the protein flagellin and is a hollow tube 20 nanometers thick. It is helical, and has a sharp bend just outs...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Redox: Encyclopedia Ii - Redox - Redox Reactions In Biology
Much biological energy is stored and released by means of redox reactions. Photosynthesis involves the reduction of carbon dioxide into s...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Redox: Encyclopedia Ii - Redox - Oxidizing And Reducing Agents
Substances that have the ability to oxidize (Commonwealth English oxidise) other substances are said to be oxidative and are known as oxi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Redox: Encyclopedia Ii - Redox - Examples Of Redox Reactions
A good example is the reaction between hydrogen and fluorine: H2 + F2 → 2HF We can write this overall reaction as two half-reactions:...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Mitochondrion: Encyclopedia Ii - Mitochondrion - Mitochondrion Structure
The outer and inner membranes of the mitochondria are composed of phospholipid bilayers studded with proteins, much like a typical cell m...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cytokine: Encyclopedia Ii - Cytokine - Effects
Cytokines mediate many important physiological functions including growth, development, wound healing and immune response. They may affec...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Eukaryote: Encyclopedia Ii - Eukaryote - Internal Membranes
Eukaryotic cells include a variety of membrane-bound structures, collectively referred to as the endomembrane system. Simple compartments...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Mammalian Embryogenesis: Encyclopedia Ii - Mammalian Embryogenesis - Cavity Formation
By separating from the trophoblast, the epiblast forms a new cavity, the amniotic cavity. This is lined by the amnionic membrane, with ce...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cardiac Action Potential: Encyclopedia Ii - Cardiac Action Potential - Resting Membrane Potential
The resting membrane potential is the difference in ionic charge across the membrane of the cell during phase 4 of the action potential. ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Phospholipid: Encyclopedia Ii - Phospholipid - Phosphoglycerides
In phosphoglycerides, the carboxyl group of each fatty acid is esterified to the hydroxyl groups on carbon-1 and carbon-2. The phosphate ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Sulfonylurea: Encyclopedia Ii - Sulfonylurea - Pharmacology
Sulfonylurea - Method of action. Sulfonylureas bind to an ATP-dependent K+ channel on the cell membrane of pancreatic beta cells. This ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Calcium In Biology: Encyclopedia Ii - Calcium In Biology - Cell Biology
In eukaryotes, Ca2+ ions are one of the most widespread second messengers used in signal transduction. They make their entrance into the ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ribosome: Encyclopedia Ii - Ribosome - Membrane Bound Ribosomes
When certain proteins are synthesized by a ribosome, it can become "membrane-bound", associated with the membrane of the nucleus and the ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Calcium In Biology: Encyclopedia Ii - Calcium In Biology - Calcium In Plants
Calcium in biology - Structural roles. Ca2+ ions are an essential component of plant cell walls and cell membranes, and are used as cat...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Renal Cell Carcinoma: Encyclopedia Ii - Renal Cell Carcinoma - Pathology
Gross examination shows a hypervascular lesion in the renal cortex, which is frequently multilobulated, yellow (because of the lipid accu...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Chloroplast: Encyclopedia Ii - Chloroplast - Structure
The chloroplast has a two membrane envelope termed the Inner & Outer membrane respectively. Between these two layers is the Intermemb...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Prokaryote: Encyclopedia Ii - Prokaryote - Structure
The cell structure of prokaryotes differs greatly from eukaryotes in many ways. The defining characteristic is, of course, the absence of...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - T-virus: Encyclopedia Ii - T-virus - Effects Of Infection
The T-Virus is like any other virus. It is a protein crystal with a DNA core. As the crystal makes contact with a cell's membrane, it des...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ketoconazole: Encyclopedia Ii - Ketoconazole - Method Of Action
Ketoconazole is structurally similar to imidazole, and interferes with the fungal synthesis of ergosterol, the main constituent of cell m...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Mammalian Embryogenesis: Encyclopedia Ii - Mammalian Embryogenesis - Blastocyst Grows And Invades
In trophoblast cells which eventually form the placenta, and inner cell mass (also called embryoblast) of undifferentiated cells which ar...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Electrochemical Gradient: Encyclopedia Ii - Electrochemical Gradient - Ion Gradients
With respect to a cell, organelle, or other subcellular compartment, the propensity of an electrically charged solute, such as a potassiu...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hyperpolarization Biology: Encyclopedia Ii - Hyperpolarization Biology - Examples
1. During the undershoot period after an action potential, the membrane potential is more negative than when the cell is in the "resting ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Electrochemical Gradient: Encyclopedia Ii - Electrochemical Gradient - Ion Gradients
With respect to a cell, organelle, or other subcellular compartments, the inclined tendency of an electrically charged solute, such as a ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Skin: Encyclopedia Ii - Skin - Layers
Skin is composed of the epidermis and the dermis. Below these layers lies the hypodermis, which is not usually classified as a layer of s...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Action Potential: Encyclopedia Ii - Action Potential - Overview
An electrical voltage, or potential, always exists between the inside and outside of a cell. The voltage of an inactive cell stays at a n...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Warm Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia: Encyclopedia Ii - Warm Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia - Pathophysiology
The most common antibody involved in warm AIHA is IgG, though sometimes IgA is found. The IgG antibodies attach to a red blood cell, leav...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gram Staining: Encyclopedia Ii - Gram Staining - Mechanism
Gram-positive bacteria have a thick mesh-like cell wall made of peptidoglycan which is capable of retaining the violet dye/iodine complex...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Healing: Encyclopedia Ii - Healing - Healing By Regeneration
In order for an injury to be healed by regeneration, the cell type that was destroyed must be able to replicate. Most cells have this abi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cardiac Action Potential: Encyclopedia Ii - Cardiac Action Potential - Phases Of The Cardiac Action Potential
The standard model used to understand the cardiac action potential is the action potential of the ventricular myocyte. The action potenti...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Nakatpase: Encyclopedia Ii - Nakatpase - Function
In order to maintain the cell potential, cells must keep a low concentration of sodium ions and high levels of potassium ions within the ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Tyrosine Kinase: Encyclopedia Ii - Tyrosine Kinase - C-kit Cd117
This CD molecule is the membrane receptor for stem cell factor (SCF), also known as "steel factor" or "c-kit ligand". Steel factor is a p...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Na+/k+-atpase: Encyclopedia Ii - Na+/k+-atpase - Function
In order to maintain the cell potential, cells must keep a low concentration of sodium ions and high levels of potassium ions within the ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Action Potential: Encyclopedia Ii - Action Potential - Underlying Mechanism
Action potential - Resting membrane potential. The membrane voltage changes that take place during an action potential result from chan...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Action Potential: Encyclopedia Ii - Action Potential - Propagation
In unmyelinated axons, action potentials propagate as an interaction between passively spreading membrane depolarization and voltage-gate...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Liquid Crystal: Encyclopedia Ii - Liquid Crystal - Biological Liquid Crystals
Lyotropic liquid-crystalline nanostructures are abundant in living systems. Accordingly, lyotropic liquid crystals attract particular att...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Mammalian Embryogenesis: Encyclopedia Ii - Mammalian Embryogenesis - From One Cell To Blastocyst
A mammal develops from a single cell called a zygote, which results from an oocyte (egg) being fertilized by a single sperm. The zygote i...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Direct-methanol Fuel Cell: Encyclopedia Ii - Direct-methanol Fuel Cell - Issues
However, efficiency is low, due to the high permeation of methanol through the membrane, and the dynamic behaviour is sluggish. Methanol ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Major Histocompatibility Complex: Encyclopedia Ii - Major Histocompatibility Complex - Molecular Biology Of Mhc Proteins
The classical MHC molecules (also referred to as HLA molecules in humans) have a vital role in the complex immunological dialog that must...   » Read the article

Dictionary - Serous Membrane: Oceanography Dictionary - Serous Membrane
  Definition and meaning of serous membrane:   serous membrane - an epithelial and connective tissue membrane that lines...   » Read the article

Dictionary - Cell Division By Mitosis: Oceanography Dictionary - Cell Division By Mitosis
  Definition and meaning of Cell division by mitosis:   Cell division by mitosis. A-B: Prophase - the replicated (daughte...   » Read the article