A component of every biological cell, the selectively permeable cell membrane (or plasma membrane or plasmalemma) is a thin and structured bilayer of phospholipid and protein molecules that envelopes the cell. It separates a cell's interior from its surroundings and controls what moves in and out. Cell surface membranes often contain receptor proteins and cell adhesion proteins. There are also other proteins with a variety of functions. These membrane proteins are important for the regulation of cel ...

Including:

Cell membrane - A fluid mosaic Cell membrane - Detailed structure Cell membrane - Transport across membranes
Cell membrane - Passive transport Cell membrane - Active transport

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See also:

Cell membrane, Cell membrane - A fluid mosaic, Cell membrane - Detailed structure, Cell membrane - Transport across membranes, Cell membrane - Passive transport, Cell membrane - Active transport

Read more here: » Cell membrane: Encyclopedia II - Cell membrane - Detailed structure

The basic composition and structure of the plasma membrane is the same as that of the membranes that surround organelles and other subcellular compartments. The foundation is a phospholipid bilayer, and the membrane as a whole is often described as a fluid mosaic – a two-dimensional fluid of freely diffusing lipids, dotted or embedded with proteins, which may function as channels or transporters across the membrane, or as receptors. The model was first proposed by S.J. Singer (1971) as a lipid protein model and extended to include the fluid character in a pub ...

See also:

Cell membrane, Cell membrane - A fluid mosaic, Cell membrane - Detailed structure, Cell membrane - Transport across membranes, Cell membrane - Passive transport, Cell membrane - Active transport

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The basilar membrane within the cochlea of the inner ear separates two liquid filled tubes that run along the coil of the cochlea, the scala media and the scala tympani (see figure). The fluids in these two tubes, the endolymph and the perilymph are very different chemically, biochemically, and electrically. Therefore they have to be kept strictly separated. This separation is the main function of the basilar membrane in the hearing organ of all land vertebrates. A l ...

Including:

Basilar membrane - Separation of fluids Basilar membrane - A base for the sensory cells Basilar membrane - Frequency dispersion Basilar membrane - The error of von Békésy

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Proton exchange membrane fuel cell - Reactions. For more details on this topic, see Fuel cell. A proton exchange membrane fuel cell transforms the chemical energy liberated during the electrochemical reaction of hydrogen and oxygen to electrical energy, as opposed to the direct combustion of hydrogen and oxygen gases to produce thermal energy. A stream of hydrogen is delivered to the anode side of the membrane-electrode assembly (MEA). At the anode side it is catalytically split into protons and e ...

See also:

Proton exchange membrane fuel cell, Proton exchange membrane fuel cell - Science, Proton exchange membrane fuel cell - Reactions, Proton exchange membrane fuel cell - Polymer electrolyte membrane, Proton exchange membrane fuel cell - History, Proton exchange membrane fuel cell - Market

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Before the invention of PEM fuel cells, existing fuel cell types such as solid-oxide fuel cells were only applied in extreme conditions. Such fuel cells also required very expensive materials and could only be used for stationary applications due to their size. These issues were addressed by the PEM fuel cell. The PEM fuel cell was invented in the early 1960s by Willard Thomas Grubb and Leonard Niedrach of General Electric [1]. PEM fuel cells were used in the NASA Gemini series of spacecraft, but they were replaced by Alkal ...

See also:

Proton exchange membrane fuel cell, Proton exchange membrane fuel cell - Science, Proton exchange membrane fuel cell - Reactions, Proton exchange membrane fuel cell - Polymer electrolyte membrane, Proton exchange membrane fuel cell - History, Proton exchange membrane fuel cell - Market

Read more here: » Proton exchange membrane fuel cell: Encyclopedia II - Proton exchange membrane fuel cell - History

The resting potential of a cell is the membrane potential that would be maintained if there were no action potentials, synaptic potentials, or other active changes in the membrane potential. In most cells the resting potential has a negative value, which by convention means that there is excess negative charge inside compared to outside. The resting potential is mostly determined by the concentrations of the ions in the fluids on both sides of the cell membrane and the ion transport proteins that are in the cell membrane. How the conc ...

Including:

Resting potential - Related topics

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Chlorine (from the Greek language Chloros, meaning "pale green"), is the chemical element with atomic number 17 and symbol Cl. It is a halogen, found in the periodic table in group 17. As the chloride ion, which is part of common salt and other compounds, it is abundant in nature and necessary to most forms of life, including the human body. As chlorine gas, it is greenish yellow, is two and one half times as heavy as air, has an intensely disagreeable suffocating odor, and is exceedingly poisonous. In its liquid and sol ...

Including:

Chlorine - Notable characteristics Chlorine - Applications Chlorine - History Chlorine - Occurrence Chlorine - Isotopes Chlorine - Precautions Chlorine - The chemical processes for extraction of chlorine gas
Chlorine - Mercury cell electrolysis Chlorine - Diaphragm cell electrolysis Chlorine - Membrane cell electrolysis Chlorine - Other methods
Chlorine - Compounds

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Bioelectromagnetics is the study of how electromagnetic fields interact with and influence biological processes. Common areas of investigation include the mechanism of animal migration and navigation using the geomagnetic field, studying the potential effects of man-made sources of electromagnetic fields, such as those produced by the power distribution system and mobile phones, and developing novel therapies to treat various conditions. While several treatments based on the use of magnetic fields have been reported in peer-reviewed j ...

Including:

Bioelectromagnetics - Introduction: general features of observed interactions
Bioelectromagnetics - Thermal vs nonthermal nature Bioelectromagnetics - Noise-masking time and space integration cooperativity Bioelectromagnetics - Intrinsic fields Bioelectromagnetics - Natural fields
Bioelectromagnetics - Primary interaction mechanisms
Bioelectromagnetics - Membrane polarization Bioelectromagnetics - Electrorotation Bioelectromagnetics - Ion cyclotron resonance and ion parametric resonance Bioelectromagnetics - Nonlinear kinetics Bioelectromagnetics - Frohlich-style macro dipole interactions Bioelectromagnetics - DNA conduction Bioelectromagnetics - Microtubule waveguides Bioelectromagnetics - Ferromagnetic domains Bioelectromagnetics - Frequency selectivity from spatial features
Bioelectromagnetics - Effects on the level of a cell or below
Bioelectromagnetics - Calcium efflux Bioelectromagnetics - Neurotransmitter systems Bioelectromagnetics - DNA strand breaks and genotoxicity Bioelectromagnetics - Ornithine decarboxylase Bioelectromagnetics - Melatonin Bioelectromagnetics - Bacterial growth and metabolism
Bioelectromagnetics - Effects on the level of an organ or system
Bioelectromagnetics - Blood-brain barrier permittivity Bioelectromagnetics - EEG changes Bioelectromagnetics - Wound healing regeneration and bone growth Bioelectromagnetics - Cancer promotion
Bioelectromagnetics - Whole-organism effects
Bioelectromagnetics - Electrical sensing organs fish etc Bioelectromagnetics - Navigation bees pidgeons etc Bioelectromagnetics - Effects on embryonic development Bioelectromagnetics - Behavioral effects
Bioelectromagnetics - Effects of artificial fields
Bioelectromagnetics - Powerlines Bioelectromagnetics - CRTs Bioelectromagnetics - Cell phones Bioelectromagnetics - Radar Bioelectromagnetics - Other transmitters radio TV ...
Bioelectromagnetics - Medical applications
Bioelectromagnetics - Bone fracture healing Bioelectromagnetics - TMS and related Bioelectromagnetics - Low-level Laser Therapy LLLT Bioelectromagnetics - Strong magnetic pulses for disinfection Bioelectromagnetics - Other

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Cell biology (also called cellular biology or cytology, from the Greek kytos, "container") is an academic discipline which studies cells. This includes their physiological properties such as their structure and the organelles they contain, their environment and interactions, their life cycle, division and function (physiology) and eventual death. This is done both on a microscopic and molecular level, and cell biology researches both single-celled organisms like bacteria and specia ...

Including:

Cell biology - Processes in cell biology
Cell biology - Movement of proteins
Cell biology - Techniques
Cell biology - Purification of cells and their parts

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Endocytosis is a process whereby cells absorb material (molecules or other cells) from outside by engulfing it with their cell membranes. It is used by cells (especially protists) because most substances important to them are polar and consist of big molecules, and thus cannot pass through the highly hydrophobic plasma membrane. Endocytosis is the opposite of exocytosis, and always involves the form ...

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A cell wall is a more or less solid layer surrounding a cell. They are found in bacteria, archaea, fungi, plants, and algae. Animals and most other protists have cell membranes without surrounding cell walls. When a cell wall is removed using cell wall degrading enzymes, what is left of the cell and its surrounding plasma membrane is called a protoplast. The cell walls main purpose is to actually protect the interior from any physical movement that may damage the cell.. Cell wall - Plant cell walls. Plant c ...

Including:

Cell wall - Plant cell walls
Cell wall - Composition of plant cell walls
Cell wall - Algal cell walls
Cell wall - Diatom cell walls
Cell wall - Prokaryotic cell walls Cell wall - Fungal cell walls Cell wall - Pictures

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A coenocyte is a multinucleate cell. It can result from multiple nuclear divisions without accompanying cell divisions, or from cellular aggregation followed by dissolution of the cell membranes inside the mass. Coenocytes are found in fungi and some protists, such as algae and slime mold. Some plant structures, such as endosperm, are coenocytic as well. See also: hypha. Other related archivesalgae, cell, cell divisions, cell membranes, endosperm, fungi, hypha, protists, slime mold

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Mucus is a slippery secretion of the lining of various membranes in the body (mucous membranes). Mucus aids in the protection of the lungs by trapping foreign particles that enter the nose during normal breathing. Additionally, it prevents tissues from drying out. Mucus is made by goblet cells in the mucous membranes that cover the surfaces of the membranes. It is made up of mucins and inorganic salts suspended in water. In the digestive system, mucus is used as a lubricant for materials which must pass over membranes, e ...

Including:

Mucus - Dried nasal mucus Mucus - Booger Bogey

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A cytotoxic (or TC) T cell is a T cell (a type of white blood cell) which has on its surface antigen receptors that can bind to fragments of antigens displayed by the Class I MHC molecules of virus (or other intracellular pathogen) infected somatic cells and tumor cells. Once activated by a MHC-antigen complex, TC cells release the cytoxins perforin and granulysin, which forms pores in the target cell's plasma membrane; this causes ions and water to flow into the target cell, making it expand ...

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Vacuoles are large membrane-bound compartments within some eukaryotic cells where they serve a variety of different functions: capturing food materials or unwanted structural debris surrounding the cell, sequestering materials that might be toxic to the cell, maintaining fluid balance (called turgor) within the cell, exporting unwanted substances from the cell, or even determining relative cell size. The cavity that is the vacuole is considered nonprotoplasmic and the contents classified as ergastic according to some authors (Esau, 1965). Vacuoles a ...

Including:

Vacuole - Vacuoles in protists Vacuole - Vacuoles in plant cells: the central vacuole Vacuole - Vacuoles in budding yeast cells

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Binary fission is the form of asexual reproduction used by most prokaryotes to reproduce. This process results in the reproduction of a living cell by division into two equal or near-equal parts. Binary fission begins when the DNA replication occurs. Each circular DNA strand then attaches to the plasma membrane. The cell elongates, causing the two chromosomes to separate. The plasma membrane then invaginates (grows inwards) and splits the cell into two daughter cells through a process called cytokinesis. Organisms that reproduce ...

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Cell biology - Prokaryotic cells. Prokaryotes are distinguished from eukaryotes on the basis of nuclear organization, specifically their lack of a nuclear membrane. Prokaryotes also lack most of the intracellular organelles and structures that are characteristic of eukaryotic cells (an important exception is the ribosomes, which are present in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells). Most of the functions of organelles, such as mitochondria, chloroplasts, and the Golgi apparatus, are taken over by the prokaryotic ...

See also:

Cell biology, Cell biology - Overview, Cell biology - Properties of cells, Cell biology - Types of cells, Cell biology - Subcellular components, Cell biology - Cell membrane - a cell's protective coat, Cell biology - Cytoskeleton - a cell's scaffold, Cell biology - Genetic material, Cell biology - Organelles, Cell biology - Anatomy of cells, Cell biology - Prokaryotic cells, Cell biology - Eukaryotic cells, Cell biology - Cell functions, Cell biology - Cell growth and metabolism, Cell biology - Making new cells, Cell biology - Protein synthesis, Cell biology - Origins of cells, Cell biology - Origin of first cell, Cell biology - Origin of eukaryotic cells, Cell biology - History, Cell biology - External links

Read more here: » Cell biology: Encyclopedia II - Cell biology - Anatomy of cells

Cytoplasm is a homogeneous, generally clear jelly-like material that fills cells. The cytoplasm consists of cytosol and the cellular organelles, except the nucleus. The cytosol is made up of water, salts, organic molecules and many enzymes that catalyze reactions. The cytoplasm plays an important role in a cell, serving as a "molecular soup" in which the organelles are suspended and held together by a fatty membrane. It is found within the plasma membrane of a cell and surrounds the ...

Including:

Cytoplasm - Components of the cytoplasm Cytoplasm - Differences between animal and plant cytoplasm Cytoplasm - Function

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In biology, mitosis is the process by which a cell separates its duplicated genome into two identical halves. It is generally followed immediately by cytokinesis which divides the cytoplasm and cell membrane. This results in two identical daughter cells with a roughly equal distribution of organelles and other cellular components. Mitosis and cytokinesis together is defined as the mitotic (M) phase of the cell cycle, the division of the mother cell into two daughter cells, e ...

Including:

Mitosis - Overview Mitosis - How mitosis distributes genetic information Mitosis - Phases of mitosis
Mitosis - Prophase Mitosis - Prometaphase Mitosis - Metaphase Mitosis - Anaphase Mitosis - Telophase
Mitosis - Errors in mitosis Mitosis - Endomitosis Mitosis - Online textbooks

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