Weathering - Carbonation-solution. Carbonation occurs on rocks which contain calcium carbonate such as limestone and chalk. This takes place when rain combines with carbon dioxide or an organic acid to form a weak carbonic acid which reacts with calcium carbonate and forms calcium bicarbonate. The reactions as follows: CO2 + H2O ⇌ H2CO3 carbon dioxide + water ⇌ carbonic acid H2See also:

Weathering, Weathering - Mechanical Physical Weathering, Weathering - Exfoliation, Weathering - Freeze-thaw, Weathering - Pressure release, Weathering - Salt-crystal growth, Weathering - Organic Activity, Weathering - Abrasion, Weathering - Chemical Weathering, Weathering - Carbonation-solution, Weathering - Hydration, Weathering - Hydrolysis, Weathering - Oxidation, Weathering - Acids rain and plants

Read more here: » Weathering: Encyclopedia II - Weathering - Chemical Weathering

Mechanical weathering is the cause of the disintegration of rocks or wood. Most of the times it produces smaller angular fragments (like scree) as compared to chemical weathering. However, chemical and physical weathering often go hand in hand. For example, cracks exploited by mechanical weathering will increase the surface area exposed to chemical action. Furthermore, the chemical action at minerals in cracks can aid the disintegration pr ...

See also:

Weathering, Weathering - Mechanical Physical Weathering, Weathering - Exfoliation, Weathering - Freeze-thaw, Weathering - Pressure release, Weathering - Salt-crystal growth, Weathering - Organic Activity, Weathering - Abrasion, Weathering - Chemical Weathering, Weathering - Carbonation-solution, Weathering - Hydration, Weathering - Hydrolysis, Weathering - Oxidation, Weathering - Acids rain and plants

Read more here: » Weathering: Encyclopedia II - Weathering - Mechanical Physical Weathering

Mechanical weathering is the cause of the disintegration of rocks or, wood. Most of the times it produces smaller angular fragments (like scree,) as compared to chemical weathering. However, chemical and physical weathering often go hand in hand. For example, cracks exploited by mechanical weathering will increase the surface area exposed to chemical action. Furthermore, the chemical action at minerals in cracks can aid the disintegration pr ...

See also:

Weathering, Weathering - Mechanical Physical Weathering, Weathering - Exfoliation, Weathering - Freeze-thaw, Weathering - Pressure release, Weathering - Salt-crystal growth, Weathering - Organic Activity, Weathering - Abrasion, Weathering - Chemical Weathering, Weathering - Carbonation-solution, Weathering - Hydration, Weathering - Hydrolysis, Weathering - Oxidation, Weathering - Acids rain and plants

Read more here: » Weathering: Encyclopedia II - Weathering - Mechanical Physical Weathering

Physical weathering of building stones occurs by any mechanism which generates physical stresses within the stone. The growth of salt crystals or ice crystals in pore spaces or in cracks can cause the stone to fracture. Extremes of temperature may also have the same effect. Frost weathering refers to the action of ice in causing mechanical breakdown in rocks. Frost weathering can only occur in damp conditions and only if the stone itself ...

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Building weathering, Building weathering - Chemical Weathering, Building weathering - Acid rain, Building weathering - Sulphation, Building weathering - Physical Weathering, Building weathering - Biological weathering, Building weathering - Weeds

Read more here: » Building weathering: Encyclopedia II - Building weathering - Physical Weathering

Definition and meaning of weather:

weather - temperature, precipitation, and wind speed and direction that occur on a daily basis

(Source: US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) )

Also see these pages: Oceanography, Oceanography Sitemap, Coral Reef, Environment, Sustainability, Climate Change,

Many buildings, especially in the UK are made from limestone which is particularly succeptible to chemical attack. Building weathering - Acid rain. Rainfall is naturally slightly acidic because atmospheric carbon dioxide dissolves in the rainwater producing weak carbonic acid. In unpolluted environments, the rainfall pH is around 5.6. Acid rain occurs when pollutant gases from fossil fuel combustion, such as sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides are present in the atmosphere. These oxides react with the rainwater to prod ...

See also:

Building weathering, Building weathering - Chemical Weathering, Building weathering - Acid rain, Building weathering - Sulphation, Building weathering - Physical Weathering, Building weathering - Biological weathering, Building weathering - Weeds

Read more here: » Building weathering: Encyclopedia II - Building weathering - Chemical Weathering

When installing or replacing siding: Don't bury problems under new siding. If sheathing is rotted in one area, find out why, and fix the sheathing as well as the cause of the rot. Always overlap siding around obstructions, so that water will not find its way in. Use corner boards to protect the corners of the house where siding tends to leak. Be aware that some vinyl siding can be insulated from behind with molded panels called backer boards. If you choose wood siding, apply primer to the back ...

See also:

Weatherization, Weatherization - Sealing bypasses, Weatherization - Freeze protection, Weatherization - Drainage preventing soil saturation, Weatherization - Sources and effects of water in a house, Weatherization - Ventilation, Weatherization - Roofing tips, Weatherization - Flashing, Weatherization - Skylights, Weatherization - Roof drain plane, Weatherization - Roof insulation, Weatherization - Building wrap, Weatherization - Siding, Weatherization - Siding drain plane, Weatherization - Insulation, Weatherization - Installing or replacing doors and windows

Read more here: » Weatherization: Encyclopedia II - Weatherization - Siding

The final stage in the forecasting process is perhaps the most important. Knowledge of what the end user needs from a weather forecast must be taken into account to present the information in a useful and understandable way. Weather forecasting - Public information. One of the main end users of a forecast is the general public. Thunderstorms can cause strong winds, dangerous lightning strikes leading to power outages, and widespread hail damage. Heavy snow or rain can bring transportation and commerce to a ...

See also:

Weather forecasting, Weather forecasting - Data collection, Weather forecasting - Data assimilation, Weather forecasting - Numerical weather prediction NWP, Weather forecasting - Model output post processing, Weather forecasting - Presentation of weather forecasts, Weather forecasting - Public information, Weather forecasting - Air traffic, Weather forecasting - Utility companies, Weather forecasting - Private sector, Weather forecasting - Meteorological agencies, Weather forecasting - Commercial organisations

Read more here: » Weather forecasting: Encyclopedia II - Weather forecasting - Presentation of weather forecasts

Skylights can warm the house, by allowing more sunlight to come in, and can cool the house, if they are the type that you can open. Solar tubes are similar to skylights, in that they allow more sunlight to come in, but they do so differently, by collecting the light in a tube and sending it to a diffuser. Make sure flashing is installed properly around skylights and solar tubes. If you install a skylight, only install a high-quality one with an integral frame. Plastic bubble skylights tend to leak because the seam between the roof and the bubble expands and contracts over time. Pre-framed skylights are built to accommodate thi ...

See also:

Weatherization, Weatherization - Sealing bypasses, Weatherization - Freeze protection, Weatherization - Drainage preventing soil saturation, Weatherization - Sources and effects of water in a house, Weatherization - Ventilation, Weatherization - Roofing tips, Weatherization - Flashing, Weatherization - Skylights, Weatherization - Roof drain plane, Weatherization - Roof insulation, Weatherization - Building wrap, Weatherization - Siding, Weatherization - Siding drain plane, Weatherization - Insulation, Weatherization - Installing or replacing doors and windows

Read more here: » Weatherization: Encyclopedia II - Weatherization - Skylights

Weather is driven by the different amounts of energy received from the Sun on different parts of the planet. Because of a planet's curvature, sunlight is incident at different angles at different latitudes (higher latitude -> lower angle of incidence -> less heating). Different types of surface (e.g. ocean, forest, ice) have different properties of reflectivity (albedo) and absorb differing amounts of energy. It is mainly due to these two factors that ...

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Weather, Weather - Basic mechanism, Weather - Terrestrial weather, Weather - Shaping the Planet, Weather - Human History, Weather - In the Future, Weather - Extra-terrestrial weather, Weather - Extra-planetary weather

Read more here: » Weather: Encyclopedia II - Weather - Basic mechanism

House features that are vulnerable to freezing: Fuel line of external oil tank External hose bibbs, especially if they are dripping and the water supply was not turned off in autumn. Pipes along outside walls Pipes traversing uninsulated spaces Ways to prevent fuel line and plumbing fixtures from freezing: Drain outside hose bibbs and turn off water supply before cold weather comes. In an emergency, provide temporary insulation - anything from leaves, to hay bales, t ...

See also:

Weatherization, Weatherization - Sealing bypasses, Weatherization - Freeze protection, Weatherization - Drainage preventing soil saturation, Weatherization - Sources and effects of water in a house, Weatherization - Ventilation, Weatherization - Roofing tips, Weatherization - Flashing, Weatherization - Skylights, Weatherization - Roof drain plane, Weatherization - Roof insulation, Weatherization - Building wrap, Weatherization - Siding, Weatherization - Siding drain plane, Weatherization - Insulation, Weatherization - Installing or replacing doors and windows

Read more here: » Weatherization: Encyclopedia II - Weatherization - Freeze protection

Miscellaneous advice on choosing shingles and roofing material: If you choose to install a roof with asphalt shingles, be sure to buy fiberglass asphalt shingles. They are stronger and more durable than regular asphalt shingles. If you install a metal roof, you must install some kind of lightning protection, and you will need to remove or isolate all other metal protrusions to prevent the dissimilar metals from corroding each other. If damage occurs, you can solder a piece of metal to a steel roof, whereas, with an alum ...

See also:

Weatherization, Weatherization - Sealing bypasses, Weatherization - Freeze protection, Weatherization - Drainage preventing soil saturation, Weatherization - Sources and effects of water in a house, Weatherization - Ventilation, Weatherization - Roofing tips, Weatherization - Flashing, Weatherization - Skylights, Weatherization - Roof drain plane, Weatherization - Roof insulation, Weatherization - Building wrap, Weatherization - Siding, Weatherization - Siding drain plane, Weatherization - Insulation, Weatherization - Installing or replacing doors and windows

Read more here: » Weatherization: Encyclopedia II - Weatherization - Roofing tips

A bypass is any crack, gap, or hole that allows conditioned air to leak between your home’s conditioned and unconditioned space. This includes, for example, warm air escaping from the living area into an unheated attic, or cold air entering the living area from the basement or from the outdoors. You should focus your attention at the points where the conditioned space in your house meets unconditioned space. Bypasses between two heated rooms, or between one part of an unheated basement and an ...

See also:

Weatherization, Weatherization - Sealing bypasses, Weatherization - Freeze protection, Weatherization - Drainage preventing soil saturation, Weatherization - Sources and effects of water in a house, Weatherization - Ventilation, Weatherization - Roofing tips, Weatherization - Flashing, Weatherization - Skylights, Weatherization - Roof drain plane, Weatherization - Roof insulation, Weatherization - Building wrap, Weatherization - Siding, Weatherization - Siding drain plane, Weatherization - Insulation, Weatherization - Installing or replacing doors and windows

Read more here: » Weatherization: Encyclopedia II - Weatherization - Sealing bypasses

A building wrap or air retarder cuts drafts and seepage that creeps through exteriors, especially at corners and around windows and doors, but allows moisture to pass through, allowing the house to breathe (similar to Gore-Tex). Building wraps do not insulate much, but they block conditioned interior air from escaping, and block unconditioned outdoor air from creeping in, especially on windy days. Thus, they reduce heat transfer, keep the house more comfortable, and save energy. Building ...

See also:

Weatherization, Weatherization - Sealing bypasses, Weatherization - Freeze protection, Weatherization - Drainage preventing soil saturation, Weatherization - Sources and effects of water in a house, Weatherization - Ventilation, Weatherization - Roofing tips, Weatherization - Flashing, Weatherization - Skylights, Weatherization - Roof drain plane, Weatherization - Roof insulation, Weatherization - Building wrap, Weatherization - Siding, Weatherization - Siding drain plane, Weatherization - Insulation, Weatherization - Installing or replacing doors and windows

Read more here: » Weatherization: Encyclopedia II - Weatherization - Building wrap

If they do not already exist, you should add rigid closed-cell foam panels between the roof sheathing and exterior roof surface. You may need to modify skylights to match the new thickness of the insulation and roof. (What if the skylights do not protrude enough? Can you install some kind of protruding flashing that goes around the skylights like window casing?) Advantages of adding rigid closed-cell foam between roof sheathing and exterior roof surface: Thermally insulates attic ceiling. If you install foil-faced ...

See also:

Weatherization, Weatherization - Sealing bypasses, Weatherization - Freeze protection, Weatherization - Drainage preventing soil saturation, Weatherization - Sources and effects of water in a house, Weatherization - Ventilation, Weatherization - Roofing tips, Weatherization - Flashing, Weatherization - Skylights, Weatherization - Roof drain plane, Weatherization - Roof insulation, Weatherization - Building wrap, Weatherization - Siding, Weatherization - Siding drain plane, Weatherization - Insulation, Weatherization - Installing or replacing doors and windows

Read more here: » Weatherization: Encyclopedia II - Weatherization - Roof insulation

The first weather satellite ,Vanguard 2, was launched on 17 February 1959. It was designed to measure cloud cover, but a poor axis of rotation kept it from collecting a notable amount of useful data. The first weather satellite to be considered a success was TIROS-1, launched by NASA on 1 April 1960. TIROS operated for 78 days and proved to be much more successful than Vanguard II. TIROS paved the way for mo ...

See also:

Weather satellite, Weather satellite - History, Weather satellite - Types, Weather satellite - External link

Read more here: » Weather satellite: Encyclopedia II - Weather satellite - History

There are two basic types of meteorological satellites: geostationary and polar orbiting. Geostationary weather satellites orbit the Earth above the equator at altitudes of 22,300 miles (35,880 kilometres). Because of this orbit, they remain stationary with respect to the rotating Earth and thus can record or transmit images of the entire hemisphere below continuously with their visual and infrared sensors. The news media use the geostationary photos in their daily weather presentation ...

See also:

Weather satellite, Weather satellite - History, Weather satellite - Types, Weather satellite - External link

Read more here: » Weather satellite: Encyclopedia II - Weather satellite - Types

Some American Indians had rituals which they believed could induce rain. The Finnish people, on the other hand, were believed by others to be able to control all weather. Thus Vikings refused to take Finns on their raids by sea. Remnants of this belief lasted well into the modern age, with many ship crews being reluctant to accept Finnish sailors. The early modern era saw people observe that during battles the firing of cannons and other firearms often initiated precipitation. The fi ...

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Weather control, Weather control - History of weather control, Weather control - Modern aspirations, Weather control - Ideas to Consider for the Future, Weather control - In fiction, Weather control - Film and Television, Weather control - Computer games, Weather control - Prose, Weather control - Other Fictional Weather Controllers

Read more here: » Weather control: Encyclopedia II - Weather control - History of weather control

The Weather Channel went on the air on May 2, 1982 and reports the weather and other meteorological information for the United States as well as other countries and regions of the world. TWC originally gathered its national region forecasts from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), and gathered its local forecasts from local National Weather Service offices, but since 2002 has done local forecasting in-house; however, current weather and forecast model data is still provided by the National Weather Service, and the ultraviolet ind ...

See also:

The Weather Channel, The Weather Channel - History, The Weather Channel - Weather Channel failures, The Weather Channel - More information, The Weather Channel - The Weather Channel logo, The Weather Channel - Local on the 8s, The Weather Channel - Current Programs, The Weather Channel - On-Camera Meteorologists, The Weather Channel - Current, The Weather Channel - Past, The Weather Channel - Slogans, The Weather Channel - See Also

Read more here: » The Weather Channel: Encyclopedia II - The Weather Channel - History

BBC Weather - Early History. The first BBC weather forecast was a shipping forecast broadcast on the radio on behalf of the Met Office on November 14, 1922, and the first daily weather forecast was broadcast March 26, 1923. In 1936, the BBC experimented with the worlds first televised weather maps, which was brought into practice in 1949 after World War II. The map filled the entire screen, with an off-screen narrator commenting on the next day's weather. BBC Weat ...

See also:

BBC Weather, BBC Weather - History, BBC Weather - Early History, BBC Weather - Advancement of Technology, BBC Weather - Graphical Technology, BBC Weather - Great Storm of 1987, BBC Weather - Today, BBC Weather - Online Forecasts, BBC Weather - External link

Read more here: » BBC Weather: Encyclopedia II - BBC Weather - History

It is in Earth's middle latitudes, between roughly 30° to 60° North and South, that a significant portion of humanity's daily activities take place. It is also within these rough boundaries that "weather" can be said to happen, that is, where meteorological phenomena do not persist over the long term, and where it may be warm, sunny, and calm one day, and cold and stormy the next. A great percentage of the world's population lives in the equatorial regions, but for the most part, these regions do not experience weather as it is unde ...

See also:

Weather lore, Weather lore - A typical example, Weather lore - Where does weather happen?, Weather lore - How accurate is weather lore?, Weather lore - True lore and why, Weather lore - False lore and why, Weather lore - A reliable prediction

Read more here: » Weather lore: Encyclopedia II - Weather lore - Where does weather happen?