Catapults are siege engines using an arm to hurl a projectile a great distance. Any machine that hurls an object can be considered a catapult, but the term is generally understood to mean medieval siege weapons. The name is derived from the Greek κατα (against) and παλλειγ(to hurl (a missile)). Originally, "catapult" referred to a dart-thrower, while "ballista" referred to a stone-thrower, but over ...

Including:

Catapult - Types Catapult - History Catapult - Chinese siege warfare

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Catapult, Catapult - Types, Catapult - History, Catapult - Chinese siege warfare

Read more here: » Catapult: Encyclopedia II - Catapult - Types

In Europe, the first catapults appeared in later Greek times (400 BC-300 BC), early adopters being Dionysius of Syracuse and Onomarchus of Phocis. Alexander the Great introduced the idea of using them to provide cover on the battlefield in addition to using them during sieges. Catapults were more fully developed in Roman and Medieval times, with the trebuchet being introduced a relatively short time before the advent of gunpowder, which made the catapult obsolete. Cannons replaced catapults as the standard siege w ...

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Catapult, Catapult - Types, Catapult - History, Catapult - Chinese siege warfare

Read more here: » Catapult: Encyclopedia II - Catapult - History

Catapults are siege engines using an arm to hurl a projectile a great distance. Any machine that hurls an object can be considered a catapult, but the term is generally understood to mean medieval siege weapons. The name is derived from the Greek κατα (against) and παλλειγ(to hurl (a missile)). Originally, "catapult" referred to a dart-thrower, while "ballista" referred to a stone-thrower, but over ...

Including:

Catapult - Types Catapult - History Catapult - Chinese siege warfare

Read more here: » Catapult: Encyclopedia - Catapult

Modern aircraft carriers have a flat-top deck, the flight deck that serves as a take-off and landing area for aircraft. Aircraft take off to the front, into the wind, and land from the rear. Carriers steam at speed, for example up to 35 knots (65 km/h), into the wind during take-off in order to increase the apparent wind speed, thereby reducing the speed of the aircraft relative to the ship. On some ships, a steam-powered catapult is used to propel the aircraft forward assisting the power of its engines and allowing it to take off in a short ...

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Aircraft carrier, Aircraft carrier - Flight deck configuration, Aircraft carrier - Common types, Aircraft carrier - Initial designs and inter-war developments, Aircraft carrier - World War II developments, Aircraft carrier - Post-war developments, Aircraft carrier - History and milestones, Aircraft carrier - Genesis, Aircraft carrier - The inter-war years, Aircraft carrier - The Second World War, Aircraft carrier - Wartime innovations, Aircraft carrier - Light Aircraft Carriers, Aircraft carrier - Escort Carriers and Merchant Aircraft Carriers, Aircraft carrier - Catapult Aircraft Merchantmen, Aircraft carrier - The Angled Deck, Aircraft carrier - Post-War Developments, Aircraft carrier - Aircraft carriers today, Aircraft carrier - Modern carriers, Aircraft carrier - Future aircraft carriers, Aircraft carrier - French Marine Nationale, Aircraft carrier - Indian Navy, Aircraft carrier - Italian Marina Militare, Aircraft carrier - People's Republic of China, Aircraft carrier - Royal Navy, Aircraft carrier - Russian Federation, Aircraft carrier - Spanish Armada Española, Aircraft carrier - US Navy, Aircraft carrier - Aircraft carriers in fiction

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Over the course of the last century there have been several types of aircraft carrier, some of which are now obsolete. They can be generally categorised as follows: Aircraft carrier - Initial designs and inter-war developments. Seaplane tenders, such as HMS Engadine, out of frontline use after the 1920s when carriers capable of handling conventional airplanes came into fleets and the superiority of landplanes over seaplanes in naval operations became firmly established. Standard carri ...

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Aircraft carrier, Aircraft carrier - Flight deck configuration, Aircraft carrier - Common types, Aircraft carrier - Initial designs and inter-war developments, Aircraft carrier - World War II developments, Aircraft carrier - Post-war developments, Aircraft carrier - History and milestones, Aircraft carrier - Genesis, Aircraft carrier - The inter-war years, Aircraft carrier - The Second World War, Aircraft carrier - Wartime innovations, Aircraft carrier - Light Aircraft Carriers, Aircraft carrier - Escort Carriers and Merchant Aircraft Carriers, Aircraft carrier - Catapult Aircraft Merchantmen, Aircraft carrier - The Angled Deck, Aircraft carrier - Post-War Developments, Aircraft carrier - Aircraft carriers today, Aircraft carrier - Modern carriers, Aircraft carrier - Future aircraft carriers, Aircraft carrier - French Marine Nationale, Aircraft carrier - Indian Navy, Aircraft carrier - Italian Marina Militare, Aircraft carrier - People's Republic of China, Aircraft carrier - Royal Navy, Aircraft carrier - Russian Federation, Aircraft carrier - Spanish Armada Española, Aircraft carrier - US Navy, Aircraft carrier - Aircraft carriers in fiction

Read more here: » Aircraft carrier: Encyclopedia II - Aircraft carrier - Common types

Aircraft carrier - Genesis. As heavier-than-air aircraft developed in the early 20th century various navies began to take an interest in their potential use as scouts for their big gun warships. A number of experimental flights were made to test the concept. Eugene Ely was the first pilot to launch from a stationary ship in November 1910. He took off from a structure fixed over the forecastle of the US armoured cruiser USS Birmingham at Hampton Roads, Virginia and landed nearby on Willoughby Spit after som ...

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Aircraft carrier, Aircraft carrier - Flight deck configuration, Aircraft carrier - Common types, Aircraft carrier - Initial designs and inter-war developments, Aircraft carrier - World War II developments, Aircraft carrier - Post-war developments, Aircraft carrier - History and milestones, Aircraft carrier - Genesis, Aircraft carrier - The inter-war years, Aircraft carrier - The Second World War, Aircraft carrier - Wartime innovations, Aircraft carrier - Light Aircraft Carriers, Aircraft carrier - Escort Carriers and Merchant Aircraft Carriers, Aircraft carrier - Catapult Aircraft Merchantmen, Aircraft carrier - The Angled Deck, Aircraft carrier - Post-War Developments, Aircraft carrier - Aircraft carriers today, Aircraft carrier - Modern carriers, Aircraft carrier - Future aircraft carriers, Aircraft carrier - French Marine Nationale, Aircraft carrier - Indian Navy, Aircraft carrier - Italian Marina Militare, Aircraft carrier - People's Republic of China, Aircraft carrier - Royal Navy, Aircraft carrier - Russian Federation, Aircraft carrier - Spanish Armada Española, Aircraft carrier - US Navy, Aircraft carrier - Aircraft carriers in fiction

Read more here: » Aircraft carrier: Encyclopedia II - Aircraft carrier - History and milestones

An aircraft carrier is a warship whose main role is to deploy and recover aircraft—in effect acting as a sea-going airbase. Aircraft carriers thus allow a naval force to project air power great distances without having to depend on local bases for land-based aircraft. Modern navies, who operate such ships, treat aircraft carriers as the centerpiece of the fleet, a role previously played by the battleship. The change, part of the growth of air power as a significant part of warfare, took place during World War II. Unescorted carriers ...

Including:

Aircraft carrier - Flight deck configuration Aircraft carrier - Common types
Aircraft carrier - Initial designs and inter-war developments Aircraft carrier - World War II developments Aircraft carrier - Post-war developments
Aircraft carrier - History and milestones
Aircraft carrier - Genesis Aircraft carrier - The inter-war years Aircraft carrier - The Second World War
Aircraft carrier - Wartime innovations
Aircraft carrier - Light Aircraft Carriers Aircraft carrier - Escort Carriers and Merchant Aircraft Carriers Aircraft carrier - Catapult Aircraft Merchantmen Aircraft carrier - The Angled Deck Aircraft carrier - Post-War Developments
Aircraft carrier - Aircraft carriers today
Aircraft carrier - Modern carriers
Aircraft carrier - Future aircraft carriers
Aircraft carrier - French Marine Nationale Aircraft carrier - Indian Navy Aircraft carrier - Italian Marina Militare Aircraft carrier - People's Republic of China Aircraft carrier - Royal Navy Aircraft carrier - Russian Federation Aircraft carrier - Spanish Armada Española Aircraft carrier - US Navy
Aircraft carrier - Aircraft carriers in fiction

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Combat experience proved that the British invention of the sealed "hurricane bow" which protected against storms was superior to any other use for the very front of the ship, be it machine-guns or a second flight deck. This became standard for British and American carriers. The Japanese carrier Taiho was the first of their ships to incorporate it. Starting late in the war with the Midway class, American carriers had grown so large that it was no longer practical to continue the concept of designing the hangar deck to be the strength deck, and all subsequent American carriers have the flight deck as the s ...

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Aircraft carrier, Aircraft carrier - Flight deck configuration, Aircraft carrier - Common types, Aircraft carrier - Initial designs and inter-war developments, Aircraft carrier - World War II developments, Aircraft carrier - Post-war developments, Aircraft carrier - History and milestones, Aircraft carrier - Genesis, Aircraft carrier - The inter-war years, Aircraft carrier - The Second World War, Aircraft carrier - Wartime innovations, Aircraft carrier - Light Aircraft Carriers, Aircraft carrier - Escort Carriers and Merchant Aircraft Carriers, Aircraft carrier - Catapult Aircraft Merchantmen, Aircraft carrier - The Angled Deck, Aircraft carrier - Post-War Developments, Aircraft carrier - Aircraft carriers today, Aircraft carrier - Modern carriers, Aircraft carrier - Future aircraft carriers, Aircraft carrier - French Marine Nationale, Aircraft carrier - Indian Navy, Aircraft carrier - Italian Marina Militare, Aircraft carrier - People's Republic of China, Aircraft carrier - Royal Navy, Aircraft carrier - Russian Federation, Aircraft carrier - Spanish Armada Española, Aircraft carrier - US Navy, Aircraft carrier - Aircraft carriers in fiction

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CAM is an abbreviation for all of the following: Cartoon Art Museum Catapult aircraft merchantman, a type of merchant ship which could launch, but not recover, a fighter aircraft during World War II Cell adhesion molecule, a protein located on a cell surface involved with the binding with other cells. Center for the Ancient Mediterranean at Columbia University Christ's Ambassador Mission, an evangelical missionary organization. Classical Association of Minnesota Comple ...

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Aircraft carriers are generally the largest ships operated by navies; a Nimitz-class carrier powered by two nuclear reactors and four steam turbines is 1092 ft (333 m) long and costs about $5 billion. The United States has the majority of aircraft carriers with a dozen in service, and its aircraft carriers are a cornerstone of American power projection capability. Nine countries maintain aircraft carriers: United States, United Kingdom, France, India, Russia, Spain, Brazil, Italy and Thailand. In addition the People's Republic ...

See also:

Aircraft carrier, Aircraft carrier - Flight deck configuration, Aircraft carrier - Common types, Aircraft carrier - Initial designs and inter-war developments, Aircraft carrier - World War II developments, Aircraft carrier - Post-war developments, Aircraft carrier - History and milestones, Aircraft carrier - Genesis, Aircraft carrier - The inter-war years, Aircraft carrier - The Second World War, Aircraft carrier - Wartime innovations, Aircraft carrier - Light Aircraft Carriers, Aircraft carrier - Escort Carriers and Merchant Aircraft Carriers, Aircraft carrier - Catapult Aircraft Merchantmen, Aircraft carrier - The Angled Deck, Aircraft carrier - Post-War Developments, Aircraft carrier - Aircraft carriers today, Aircraft carrier - Modern carriers, Aircraft carrier - Future aircraft carriers, Aircraft carrier - French Marine Nationale, Aircraft carrier - Indian Navy, Aircraft carrier - Italian Marina Militare, Aircraft carrier - People's Republic of China, Aircraft carrier - Royal Navy, Aircraft carrier - Russian Federation, Aircraft carrier - Spanish Armada Española, Aircraft carrier - US Navy, Aircraft carrier - Aircraft carriers in fiction

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Several nations which currently possess aircraft carriers are in the process of planning new classes, to replace current ones. Aircraft carrier - French Marine Nationale. The French Navy has set in motion plans for a second aircraft carrier, to supplement Charles de Gaulle. The design is to be much larger, in the range of 50–60,000 tonnes, and will not be nuclear-powered like Charles de Gaulle. There are plans to work with the Royal Navy to develop a joint design, by BAE Systems and Thales, around the Royal Navy CVF programme. ...

See also:

Aircraft carrier, Aircraft carrier - Flight deck configuration, Aircraft carrier - Common types, Aircraft carrier - Initial designs and inter-war developments, Aircraft carrier - World War II developments, Aircraft carrier - Post-war developments, Aircraft carrier - History and milestones, Aircraft carrier - Genesis, Aircraft carrier - The inter-war years, Aircraft carrier - The Second World War, Aircraft carrier - Wartime innovations, Aircraft carrier - Light Aircraft Carriers, Aircraft carrier - Escort Carriers and Merchant Aircraft Carriers, Aircraft carrier - Catapult Aircraft Merchantmen, Aircraft carrier - The Angled Deck, Aircraft carrier - Post-War Developments, Aircraft carrier - Aircraft carriers today, Aircraft carrier - Modern carriers, Aircraft carrier - Future aircraft carriers, Aircraft carrier - French Marine Nationale, Aircraft carrier - Indian Navy, Aircraft carrier - Italian Marina Militare, Aircraft carrier - People's Republic of China, Aircraft carrier - Royal Navy, Aircraft carrier - Russian Federation, Aircraft carrier - Spanish Armada Española, Aircraft carrier - US Navy, Aircraft carrier - Aircraft carriers in fiction

Read more here: » Aircraft carrier: Encyclopedia II - Aircraft carrier - Future aircraft carriers

Aircraft carriers are generally the largest ships operated by navies; a Nimitz-class carrier powered by two nuclear reactors and four steam turbines is 1092 ft (333 m) long and costs about $5 billion. The United States has the majority of aircraft carriers with a dozen in service, and its aircraft carriers are a cornerstone of American power projection capability. Ten countries maintain aircraft carriers: United States, United Kingdom, France, India, Russia, Spain, Brazil, Italy and Thailand. In addition the People's Republic o ...

See also:

Aircraft carrier, Aircraft carrier - Flight deck configuration, Aircraft carrier - Common types, Aircraft carrier - Initial designs and inter-war developments, Aircraft carrier - World War II developments, Aircraft carrier - Post-war developments, Aircraft carrier - History and milestones, Aircraft carrier - Genesis, Aircraft carrier - The inter-war years, Aircraft carrier - The Second World War, Aircraft carrier - Wartime innovations, Aircraft carrier - Light Aircraft Carriers, Aircraft carrier - Escort Carriers and Merchant Aircraft Carriers, Aircraft carrier - Catapult Aircraft Merchantmen, Aircraft carrier - The Angled Deck, Aircraft carrier - Post-War Developments, Aircraft carrier - Aircraft carriers today, Aircraft carrier - Modern carriers, Aircraft carrier - Future aircraft carriers, Aircraft carrier - French Marine Nationale, Aircraft carrier - Indian Navy, Aircraft carrier - Italian Marina Militare, Aircraft carrier - People's Republic of China, Aircraft carrier - Royal Navy, Aircraft carrier - Russian Federation, Aircraft carrier - Spanish Armada Española, Aircraft carrier - US Navy, Aircraft carrier - Aircraft carriers in fiction

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Several nations which currently possess aircraft carriers are in the process of planning new classes, to replace current ones. Aircraft carrier - French Marine Nationale. The French Navy has set in motion plans for a second aircraft carrier, to supplement Charles de Gaulle. The design is to be much larger, in the range of 50–60,000 tonnes, and will not be nuclear-powered like Charles de Gaulle. There are plans to adopt the current Royal Navy design for CTOL operations (the Thales/BAE Systems design for the Royal Navy is for ...

See also:

Aircraft carrier, Aircraft carrier - Flight deck configuration, Aircraft carrier - Common types, Aircraft carrier - Initial designs and inter-war developments, Aircraft carrier - World War II developments, Aircraft carrier - Post-war developments, Aircraft carrier - History and milestones, Aircraft carrier - Genesis, Aircraft carrier - The inter-war years, Aircraft carrier - The Second World War, Aircraft carrier - Wartime innovations, Aircraft carrier - Light Aircraft Carriers, Aircraft carrier - Escort Carriers and Merchant Aircraft Carriers, Aircraft carrier - Catapult Aircraft Merchantmen, Aircraft carrier - The Angled Deck, Aircraft carrier - Post-War Developments, Aircraft carrier - Aircraft carriers today, Aircraft carrier - Modern carriers, Aircraft carrier - Future aircraft carriers, Aircraft carrier - French Marine Nationale, Aircraft carrier - Indian Navy, Aircraft carrier - Italian Marina Militare, Aircraft carrier - People's Republic of China, Aircraft carrier - Royal Navy, Aircraft carrier - Russian Federation, Aircraft carrier - Spanish Armada Española, Aircraft carrier - US Navy, Aircraft carrier - Aircraft carriers in fiction

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A well-known type of assisted take off is the aircraft catapult. In modern systems fitted on aircraft carriers, a piston, known as a shuttle, is propelled down a long cylinder under steam pressure. The aircraft is attached to the shuttle using a tow bar mounted to the nose landing gear (an older system used a steel cable; the forward ramps on older carrier bows were used to catch these cables), and is flung off the deck at about 15 knots above mimimum flying spe ...

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Assisted take off, Assisted take off - Catapults, Assisted take off - JATO and RATO, Assisted take off - Jet Donkeys

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The word as used in the current context originated in the Middle Ages. It comes from the Old French atellier meaning "to arrange", and attillement meaning "equipment". From the 13th century an artillier referred to a builder of any war equipment, and for the next 250 years the sense of the word "artillery" covered all forms of military weapons. Older engines like the catapult, onager, trebuchet and ballista are artillery, but the modern term really dates from the mid 15th c ...

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Artillery, Artillery - Modern Artillery, Artillery - Types, Artillery - Sub-types, Artillery - Projectiles, Artillery - Ammunition, Artillery - Fuses, Artillery - Modern artillery operations, Artillery - Counter-battery fire, Artillery - Field artillery team, Artillery - MRSI, Artillery - History, Artillery - Quotations

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Early development was carried out at Hammondsport, New York by Glenn Curtiss who had beaten Alexander Graham Bell and others in the Aerial Experiment Association. During World Wars I and II, many navies used seaplanes for reconnaissance and anti-submarine warfare. Most battleships carried one or two catapult-launched seaplanes to spot targets over the horizon for the big guns, or to fight off enemy reconnaissance planes. The failure of the German battleship Bismarck's Arado 196 seaplane to hunt down a PBY Catalina reconnaissance aircraft ...

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Seaplane, Seaplane - Types of seaplane, Seaplane - Seaplane uses and operation, Seaplane - History of seaplanes

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Main article: HMS M2 After the loss of the heavy gun carrying HMS M1, the remaining M-Class submarines were converted to other uses. By 1928 the M2 had been fitted with a waterproof hangar and steam catapult and could launch and recover a small seaplane. The submarine and her plane could then act as a reconnaissance unit ahead of the fleet. The M2 herself was lost in 1932 and plane l ...

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Submarine aircraft carrier, Submarine aircraft carrier - HMS M2, Submarine aircraft carrier - French submarine Surcouf, Submarine aircraft carrier - Japanese submarine aircraft carriers, Submarine aircraft carrier - B1 Type 20 units, Submarine aircraft carrier - AM Type I-13I-14, Submarine aircraft carrier - Sentoku Type I-400 I-401 I-402

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This was the most numerous class of Japanese submarines - almost 20 were built, of which only one (I-36) survived. These boats were fast, had a long range, and carried a seaplane, launched via a forward catapult. The keel of I-52 was laid on 29 September 1940 at the Yokosuka Naval Yard, and she was commissioned on 27 February 1942, into the 14th submarine squadron under the command of Li ...

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Japanese submarine I-29, Japanese submarine I-29 - Type B Submarines, Japanese submarine I-29 - Yanagi missions, Japanese submarine I-29 - Missions, Japanese submarine I-29 - First exchange, Japanese submarine I-29 - Second exchange, Japanese submarine I-29 - Sinking, Japanese submarine I-29 - General characteristics, Japanese submarine I-29 - Additional reading

Read more here: » Japanese submarine I-29: Encyclopedia II - Japanese submarine I-29 - Type B Submarines

Launched roller coaster - LIM / LSM. LIM and LSM coasters use propulsion via electromagnets, which utilize large amounts of electricity to propel the coaster train along its track into the ride elements (e.g. inversions, twists, turns and short drops). Two design companies managing these types of rides are Vekoma Industries and Premier. Often large in scale, the rides often initiate by launching into a tower element achieving 200 feet (61 m) or higher, followed by inversions and an upward rise. Once moment ...

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Launched roller coaster, Launched roller coaster - Electromagnetic, Launched roller coaster - LIM / LSM, Launched roller coaster - Fluid pressure, Launched roller coaster - Hydraulic, Launched roller coaster - Pneumatic, Launched roller coaster - Other styles, Launched roller coaster - Catapult, Launched roller coaster - Inverted coaster, Launched roller coaster - Impulse

Read more here: » Launched roller coaster: Encyclopedia II - Launched roller coaster - Electromagnetic