catalan language - history

Catalan (Català) or Valencian (Valencià) is a Romance language, the national language of Andorra and co-official in several regions of Spain. Spain has the majority of active Catalan speakers, and Catalan is the country's second most widely spoken language. It is spoken or understood by as many as 12 million people who live not only in Andorra and Spain, but also in parts of France and Italy. Catalan language - Classification. Catalan is a Romance language. According to the Ethnologue ...

Including:

• Catalan language - Classification
• Catalan language - Geographic distribution
• Catalan language - Official status
• Catalan language - Number of Catalan speakers
• Catalan language - Dialects
• Catalan language - The status of Valencian
• Catalan language - Sounds and writing system
• Catalan language - Grammar
• Catalan language - History
• Catalan language - Examples
• Catalan language - Learning Catalan
• Catalan language - English words of Catalan origin

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Catalan developed by the 9th century from Vulgar Latin on both sides of the eastern part of Pyrenees mountains (counties of Roussillon, Empuries, Besalú, Cerdagne, Urgell, Pallars and Ribagorça). It shares features with Gallo-romance and Ibero-romance, and it could be said to be in its beginnings no more than an eccentric dialect of Occitan (or of Western Romance). The language was spread to the south by the Reconquista in several phases: Barcelona and Tarragona, Lleida and Tortosa, the ancient Kingdom of Valencia, and transplanted to ...

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Catalan language, Catalan language - Classification, Catalan language - Geographic distribution, Catalan language - Official status, Catalan language - Number of Catalan speakers, Catalan language - Dialects, Catalan language - The status of Valencian, Catalan language - Sounds and writing system, Catalan language - Grammar, Catalan language - History, Catalan language - Examples, Catalan language - Learning Catalan, Catalan language - English words of Catalan origin

Read more here: » Catalan language: Encyclopedia II - Catalan language - History

Mallorca (in Catalan, Spanish, and English; also called Majorca in English) is one of the Balearic Islands (Catalan: Illes Balears), which are located in the Mediterranean Sea and are part of Spain. Like the other Balearic Islands Ibiza (Catalan: Eivissa), Formentera, and Minorca ("minor island", Catalan: Menorca), the island is a popular tourist destination. In Germany, where package tourism to Mallorca has been popular since the 1960s, it has become a synonym for mass tourism and also for birdwatchers. The name derives from Latin insula ma ...

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• Mallorca - History
• Mallorca - Language
• Mallorca - Politics

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Aragon (Spanish and Aragonese: Aragón; Catalan: Aragó) is an autonomous community of north-eastern Spain. It has an area of 47,719 km² with a population of 1,217,514 (2003). Aragon is bounded on the north by France, on the east by Catalonia, on the south by Valencia, and on the west by Castile-La Mancha, Castile-Leon, La Rioja, and Navarre. It comprises the provinces of Zaragoza (English: Saragossa or Caesaraugusta), Huesca, and Teruel. It is traversed by the Ebro, mountainous in the north; with beautifu ...

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• Aragon - Language
• Aragon - History
• Aragon - List of Chancellors

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Andorra la Vella (2004 est. pop. 22 035) is the capital of the Principality of Andorra, and is located high in the east Pyrenees between France and Spain. It is also the name of the parish that surrounds it. Andorra la Vella is located at 42°30' North, 1°30' East (42.5, 1.5). [1] The population is very diverse: Spanish 43%, Andorran 33%, Portuguese 11%, French 7%, other 6% (1998). Catalan is the official language, although Spanish and French are also spoken. Most of the inhabitants are Roman Catholics. The principal industry is tourism, although the country also earns foreign income from being ...

Including:

• Andorra la Vella - History

Read more here: » Andorra la Vella: Encyclopedia - Andorra la Vella

A dictionary is a list of words with their definitions, a list of characters with their glyphs, or a list of words with corresponding words in other languages. In some languages, words can appear in many different forms, but only the lemma form appears as the main word or headword in most dictionaries. Many dictionaries also provide pronunciation information; grammatical information; word derivations, histories, or etymologies; illustrations; usage guidance; and examples in phrases or sentences. Dictionaries are most commonly found in ...

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• Dictionary - Word order
• Dictionary - Pronunciation
• Dictionary - Coverage
• Dictionary - Special-purpose dictionaries
• Dictionary - Bilingual dictionaries
• Dictionary - Specialized dictionaries
• Dictionary - Character dictionaries
• Dictionary - Glossaries
• Dictionary - Variations between dictionaries
• Dictionary - Prescription and description
• Dictionary - Other variations
• Dictionary - History
• Dictionary - Miscellaneous
• Dictionary - List of major dictionaries
• Dictionary - Arabic
• Dictionary - Catalan
• Dictionary - Chinese
• Dictionary - Dutch
• Dictionary - English
• Dictionary - French
• Dictionary - German
• Dictionary - Italian
• Dictionary - Japanese
• Dictionary - Norwegian
• Dictionary - Portuguese
• Dictionary - Romanian
• Dictionary - Spanish
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• Dictionary - Urdu
• Dictionary - Publishers
• Dictionary - List of online dictionaries
• Dictionary - List of collaborative dictionaries

Total (2002) GDP: $146.1 billion GDP per /capita: $26,550 (2nd) Catalonia (Catalan: Catalunya; Spanish: Cataluña; Aranese: Catalonha) is one of the seventeen autonomous communities that constitute Spain. Its territory corresponds to most of the historic territory of the former Principality of Catalonia. The autonomous community of Catalonia covers an area of 31,950 km² with an o ...

Including:

• Catalonia - Administration and Government of Catalonia
• Catalonia - Restoration of Catalan self-government
• Catalonia - Language
• Catalonia - Literacy
• Catalonia - Social Use
• Catalonia - Aranese
• Catalonia - Politics of Catalonia
• Catalonia - Parties
• Catalonia - Summary of votes and seats
• Catalonia - Geography
• Catalonia - Environmental Policy
• Catalonia - UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Catalonia

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The official language academy of the Land of Valencia (the Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua) considers Catalan and Valencian simply to be two names for the same language. There is a roughly continuous set of idiolects covering the various regional forms of Catalan/ Valencian, with no sharp break at the border between Catalonia and Valencia, and the various forms of Catalan and Valencian are mutually intelligible. All universities teaching Romance languages, and virtually all linguists, consider these all to be linguistic variants of the same langu ...

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Catalan language, Catalan language - Classification, Catalan language - Geographic distribution, Catalan language - Official status, Catalan language - Number of Catalan speakers, Catalan language - Dialects, Catalan language - The status of Valencian, Catalan language - Sounds and writing system, Catalan language - Grammar, Catalan language - History, Catalan language - Examples, Catalan language - Learning Catalan, Catalan language - English words of Catalan origin

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Main article: Catalan language Catalonia constitutes the original nucleus where Catalan is spoken. Catalan is regarded by most linguists as being an Ibero-Romance language (the group that includes Spanish), but it has many features of Gallo-Romance languages such as French. Catalan is one of the two official languages of Autonomous Community of Catalonia, as laid down in the Catalan Statute of Autonomy; the other is Spanish. However, Catalan is not an official ...

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Catalonia historic territory, Catalonia historic territory - History of Catalonia, Catalonia historic territory - Development of Catalonia as part of the Crown of Aragon into a Mediterranean Power, Catalonia historic territory - Catalan constitutions 1283, Catalonia historic territory - Catalonia after the Middle Ages, Catalonia historic territory - The Principality, Catalonia historic territory - Language, Catalonia historic territory - Culture

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The Principality of Catalonia (Catalan: el Principat de Catalunya), or simply the Principality (Catalan: el Principat), is one of the traditional names of Catalonia. The origin of this name has been argued to come from the union of the Count of Barcelona Ramon Berenguer IV with Princess Petronila, daughter of Ramiro II, King of Aragon. The agreement of the wedding was done in 1137, but because she was only two years old, this was postponed. The marriage was finally celebrated in 1151, and Ramon Berenguer be ...

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Catalonia historic territory, Catalonia historic territory - History of Catalonia, Catalonia historic territory - Development of Catalonia as part of the Crown of Aragon into a Mediterranean Power, Catalonia historic territory - Catalan constitutions 1283, Catalonia historic territory - Catalonia after the Middle Ages, Catalonia historic territory - The Principality, Catalonia historic territory - Language, Catalonia historic territory - Culture

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Main article: History of Catalonia Catalonia historic territory - Development of Catalonia as part of the Crown of Aragon into a Mediterranean Power. The territory that is now Catalonia was colonized by Ancient Greeks and Carthaginians. Like the rest of the Iberian Peninsula, it participated in the pre-Roman Iberian culture and was part of the Roman Empire, followed by Visigothic rule. In the eighth century it was part of Moorish (Muslim-ruled) al-Andalus, but the northern part of i ...

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Catalonia historic territory, Catalonia historic territory - History of Catalonia, Catalonia historic territory - Development of Catalonia as part of the Crown of Aragon into a Mediterranean Power, Catalonia historic territory - Catalan constitutions 1283, Catalonia historic territory - Catalonia after the Middle Ages, Catalonia historic territory - The Principality, Catalonia historic territory - Language, Catalonia historic territory - Culture

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Judeo-Romance languages - Catalanic. Catalanic, or Judeo-Catalan, remains vestigially in the speech of the Crypto-Jewish communities of northern and eastern Spain, as well as in the Balearic Islands Judeo-Romance languages - Judeo-Italian. Judeo-Italian varieties (sometimes referred to as Italkian, a term coined by Solomon Birnbaum in 1942) are today spoken fluently by fewer than 200 people. These speakers represent the last remnant of the widely variant Judeo-Italian dialects spoken throughout Italy, Corfu, and alon ...

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Judeo-Romance languages, Judeo-Romance languages - Languages, Judeo-Romance languages - Catalanic, Judeo-Romance languages - Judeo-Italian, Judeo-Romance languages - Judeo-Aragonese, Judeo-Romance languages - Judeo-Latin or La‘az, Judeo-Romance languages - Judeo-Portuguese or Lusitanic, Judeo-Romance languages - Ladino, Judeo-Romance languages - Shuadit, Judeo-Romance languages - Zarphatic, Judeo-Romance languages - History and Development, Judeo-Romance languages - Present status

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Occitan language - Rich lexicon. A comparison of terms and word counts between languages is not easy, as it is impossible to precisely count the number of words in a language. (See Lexicon, Lexeme, Lexicography for more information.) Some have claimed around 450,000 words exist in the Occitan language, a number comparable to English (The Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged with 1993 addenda reaches 470,000 words, as does the Oxford English Dictionary, Second edition.) The Merriam-Webster Web site estimates that the nu ...

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Occitan language, Occitan language - Origin of name, Occitan language - Linguistic status, Occitan language - Traditional Occitan-speaking areas, Occitan language - Occitan around the world, Occitan language - Linguistic characterization, Occitan language - Differences between Occitan and Catalan, Occitan language - Occitano-Roman linguistic group, Occitan language - Origins of Occitan, Occitan language - Linguistic assets, Occitan language - Rich lexicon, Occitan language - Learning other languages, Occitan language - Languages or dialects of a single language?, Occitan language - History of Occitan, Occitan language - Usage in France, Occitan language - Usage outside France, Occitan language - Features of Occitan, Occitan language - Occitan orthography, Occitan language - Dante and Occitan, Occitan language - Occitan quotes

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There are two orthographies currently used for Occitan, one (known as classical) which is based on that of Mediaeval Occitan, and one (sometimes known as mistralian, due to its use by the Felibres, including Mistral) which is based on modern French orthography. There is some conflict between users of each system. The classical orthography has the advantage of maintaining a link with earlier stages of the language, and reflects the fact that Occitan is not a variety of French. It also allows speakers of one dialect of Occ ...

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Occitan language, Occitan language - Origin of name, Occitan language - Linguistic status, Occitan language - Traditional Occitan-speaking areas, Occitan language - Occitan around the world, Occitan language - Linguistic characterization, Occitan language - Differences between Occitan and Catalan, Occitan language - Occitano-Roman linguistic group, Occitan language - Origins of Occitan, Occitan language - Linguistic assets, Occitan language - Rich lexicon, Occitan language - Learning other languages, Occitan language - Languages or dialects of a single language?, Occitan language - History of Occitan, Occitan language - Usage in France, Occitan language - Usage outside France, Occitan language - Features of Occitan, Occitan language - Occitan orthography, Occitan language - Dante and Occitan, Occitan language - Occitan quotes

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Jules Ronjat has sought to characterize Occitan by 19 principal criteria, as generalized as possible. Of those, 11 are phonetic, 5 morphologic, one syntactic, and two lexical. Close vowels (French: pâte, rose, yeux) are rare or absent in Occitan. This characteristic often carries through to an Occitan speaker's French, leading to a distinctive méridional accent. Unlike French, it is a pro-drop language allowing the omission of the subject (canti: I sing; cantas you sing). Among these 19 discriminating criteria, 7 are different from Spanish ...

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Occitan language, Occitan language - Origin of name, Occitan language - Linguistic status, Occitan language - Traditional Occitan-speaking areas, Occitan language - Occitan around the world, Occitan language - Linguistic characterization, Occitan language - Differences between Occitan and Catalan, Occitan language - Occitano-Roman linguistic group, Occitan language - Origins of Occitan, Occitan language - Linguistic assets, Occitan language - Rich lexicon, Occitan language - Learning other languages, Occitan language - Languages or dialects of a single language?, Occitan language - History of Occitan, Occitan language - Usage in France, Occitan language - Usage outside France, Occitan language - Features of Occitan, Occitan language - Occitan orthography, Occitan language - Dante and Occitan, Occitan language - Occitan quotes

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One of the most notable passages of Occitan in Western literature occurs in the 26th canto of Dante's Purgatorio in which the troubadour Arnaut Daniel responds to the narrator: «Tan m'abellis vostre cortes deman, / qu'ieu no me puesc ni voill a vos cobrire. / Ieu sui Arnaut, que plor e vau cantan; / consiros vei la passada folor, / e vei jausen lo joi qu'esper, denan. / Ara vos prec, per aquella valor / que vos guida al som de l'escalina, / sovenha vos a temps de ...

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Occitan language, Occitan language - Origin of name, Occitan language - Linguistic status, Occitan language - Traditional Occitan-speaking areas, Occitan language - Occitan around the world, Occitan language - Linguistic characterization, Occitan language - Differences between Occitan and Catalan, Occitan language - Occitano-Roman linguistic group, Occitan language - Origins of Occitan, Occitan language - Linguistic assets, Occitan language - Rich lexicon, Occitan language - Learning other languages, Occitan language - Languages or dialects of a single language?, Occitan language - History of Occitan, Occitan language - Usage in France, Occitan language - Usage outside France, Occitan language - Features of Occitan, Occitan language - Occitan orthography, Occitan language - Dante and Occitan, Occitan language - Occitan quotes

Read more here: » Occitan language: Encyclopedia II - Occitan language - Occitan quotes

The French language is spoken by all the population. The Catalan language is estimated to be spoken by rather more than a quarter of the population and understood by more than 40%, due both to the Catalan history of the region and the proximity of the principality of Catalonia, where Catalan is official. ...

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Pyrénées-Orientales, Pyrénées-Orientales - History, Pyrénées-Orientales - Administration, Pyrénées-Orientales - Geography, Pyrénées-Orientales - Economy, Pyrénées-Orientales - Demographics, Pyrénées-Orientales - Culture

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The history of the island of Sardinia, relatively isolated from the European continent up into modern times, led to the development of a distinct Romance language, which even now preserves traces of the indigenous pre-Roman languages of the island. The language is of Latin origin like all Romance languages yet the following substratal influences are likely: Etruscan Phoenician Proto-Iberian Ligurian Adstratal influences include: Catalan Spanish Italian

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Sardinian language, Sardinian language - History and origins, Sardinian language - Early origins, Sardinian language - Romans, Sardinian language - Other Influences, Sardinian language - Sardinian dialects, Sardinian language - Sardinian and Corsican, Sardinian language - Sardinian Phonemes, Sardinian language - Plosives, Sardinian language - Fricative, Sardinian language - Nasals, Sardinian language - Liquids, Sardinian language - Affricates, Sardinian language - Cultural Status, Sardinian language - The Sardinian language in Italy

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Spanish people tend to call this language español when contrasting it with languages of other states (for example: in a list with French and English), but call it castellano (Castilian, from the Castile region) when contrasting it with other languages of Spain (such as Galician, Basque, and Catalan/Valencian). In some parts of Spain, mainly where the people speak Galician, Basque, and Catalan, it is considered offensive to call the language español, as that is what Francisco Franco imposed during his dictatorship and b ...

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Spanish language, Spanish language - Naming, Spanish language - Classification and related languages, Spanish language - History, Spanish language - Geographic distribution, Spanish language - Variations, Spanish language - Grammar, Spanish language - Sounds, Spanish language - Lexical stress, Spanish language - Writing system, Spanish language - Examples of Spanish, Spanish language - Local varieties

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Spaniards tend to call this language español when contrasting it with languages of other states (for example: in a list with French and English), but call it castellano (Castilian, from the Castile region) when contrasting it with other languages of Spain (such as Galician, Basque, and Catalan/Valencian). In some parts of Spain, mainly where the people speak Galician, Basque, and Catalan, it is considered offensive to call the language español, as that is what Francisco Franco called it during his reign. For the rest o ...

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Spanish language, Spanish language - Spanish or Castilian, Spanish language - Classification and related languages, Spanish language - History, Spanish language - Geographic distribution, Spanish language - Variations, Spanish language - Grammar, Spanish language - Sounds, Spanish language - Lexical stress, Spanish language - Writing system, Spanish language - Examples of Spanish, Spanish language - Local varieties

Read more here: » Spanish language: Encyclopedia II - Spanish language - Spanish or Castilian