The Caspian Sea is a landlocked endorheic sea between Asia and Europe (European Russia). It is the world's largest inland body of water. It has a surface area of 371,000 km² (143,000 sq. mi.), and a maximum depth of about 980m (3200 ft). Thus it has characteristics common to both seas and lakes. It is often listed as the world's largest lake, though it is not a freshwater one. Caspian Sea - Geography. The Caspian Sea is bordered by Russia (Dagestan, Kalmykia, Astrakhan Oblast), Republic of Azerbaijan, Iran ...

Including:

• Caspian Sea - Geography
• Caspian Sea - Cities near the Caspian Sea
• Caspian Sea - History
• Caspian Sea - Fauna
• Caspian Sea - Oil
• Caspian Sea - International Disputes
• Caspian Sea - Characteristics and ecology
• Caspian Sea - Transportation
• Caspian Sea - Freezing

Read more here: » Caspian Sea: Encyclopedia - Caspian Sea

See also:

Caspian Sea, Caspian Sea - Geography, Caspian Sea - Cities near the Caspian Sea, Caspian Sea - History, Caspian Sea - Fauna, Caspian Sea - Oil, Caspian Sea - International disputes, Caspian Sea - Characteristics and ecology, Caspian Sea - Transportation, Caspian Sea - Freezing

Read more here: » Caspian Sea: Encyclopedia II - Caspian Sea - Geography

The Caspian Sea is bordered by Russia (Dagestan, Kalmykia, Astrakhan Oblast), Republic of Azerbaijan, Iran/Persia (Guilan, Mazandaran and Golestan provinces), Turkmenistan (Balkan Province), and Kazakhstan, with the central Asian steppes to the north and east. On its eastern Turkmen shore is a large embayment, the Kara Bogaz Gol. The sea is connected to the Sea of Azov by the Manych Canal. Caspian ...

See also:

Caspian Sea, Caspian Sea - Geography, Caspian Sea - Cities near the Caspian Sea, Caspian Sea - History, Caspian Sea - Fauna, Caspian Sea - Oil, Caspian Sea - International Disputes, Caspian Sea - Characteristics and ecology, Caspian Sea - Transportation, Caspian Sea - Freezing

Read more here: » Caspian Sea: Encyclopedia II - Caspian Sea - Geography

The rivers in this section are sorted west to north-east. In Russia: Terek (near Kizlyar) Volga (near Astrakhan) Volga Samara (in Samara) Kama (south of Kazan) Vyatka (near Nizhnekamsk) Belaya (near Neftekamsk) Ufa (in Ufa) Chusovaya (near Perm) Sylva (near Perm) < ...

See also:

List of rivers of Europe, List of rivers of Europe - Barents Sea and White Sea Arctic Ocean, List of rivers of Europe - Atlantic Ocean, List of rivers of Europe - On Iceland, List of rivers of Europe - Norwegian coast, List of rivers of Europe - Scottish Irish Welsh and English coast, List of rivers of Europe - French Spanish and Portuguese coast, List of rivers of Europe - Baltic Sea, List of rivers of Europe - Black Sea, List of rivers of Europe - Caspian Sea, List of rivers of Europe - English Channel, List of rivers of Europe - North coast, List of rivers of Europe - South coast, List of rivers of Europe - Irish Sea, List of rivers of Europe - Mediterranean Sea, List of rivers of Europe - Western Mediterranean, List of rivers of Europe - Adriatic Sea, List of rivers of Europe - Ionian Sea, List of rivers of Europe - Aegean Sea, List of rivers of Europe - North Sea, List of rivers of Europe - European countries, List of rivers of Europe - Other contintents

Read more here: » List of rivers of Europe: Encyclopedia II - List of rivers of Europe - Caspian Sea

There are three major issues regulated by the Caspian Sea status: access to mineral resources (oil and natural gas), access for fishing and access to international waters (through Russia's Volga river and the canals connecting it to the Black Sea and Baltic Sea). Access to the Volga-river is particulary important for the landlocked states of Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan. This issue is of course sensible to Russia, because this potential traffic will move through its territory (albeit onto the inland waterways). If a body of water ...

See also:

Caspian Sea, Caspian Sea - Geography, Caspian Sea - Cities near the Caspian Sea, Caspian Sea - History, Caspian Sea - Fauna, Caspian Sea - Oil, Caspian Sea - International disputes, Caspian Sea - Characteristics and ecology, Caspian Sea - Transportation, Caspian Sea - Freezing

Read more here: » Caspian Sea: Encyclopedia II - Caspian Sea - International disputes

There are three major issues regulated by the Caspian Sea status: access to mineral resources (oil and natural gas), access for fishing and access to international waters (trough Russia's Volga river and the canals connecting it to the Black Sea and Baltic Sea). Access to the Volga-river is particulary important for the landlocked states of Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan. This issue is of course sensible to Russia, becouse this potential traffic will move through its territory (albeit onto the inland waterways). If a body of water i ...

See also:

Caspian Sea, Caspian Sea - Geography, Caspian Sea - Cities near the Caspian Sea, Caspian Sea - History, Caspian Sea - Fauna, Caspian Sea - Oil, Caspian Sea - International Disputes, Caspian Sea - Characteristics and ecology, Caspian Sea - Transportation, Caspian Sea - Freezing

Read more here: » Caspian Sea: Encyclopedia II - Caspian Sea - International Disputes

Caspian Flotilla (Каспийская флотилия in Russian, or Kaspiyskaya flotiliya), the oldest Russian military flotilla, stationed in the Caspian Sea. It has been awarded with the Order of the Red Banner in 1945. Caspian Flotilla (CF) was created in November of 1722 in Astrakhan by the order of Peter the Great. Led by the admiral Fyodor Apraksin, it participated in Peter's Persian campaign of 1722-1723 and the Russo-Persian War of 1804-1813, asssiting the Russian army in capturing Derbent and Baku in 1796. As a result of the Gulistan Treaty of 1813, CF remained the only military flotilla ...

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The Caucasus or Caucasia is a region in Eurasia bordered on the south by Anatolia (Turkey) and Iran in Asia, on the west by the Black Sea, on the east by the Caspian Sea, and on the north by the European portion of Russia. Caucasia includes the Caucasus Mountains and surrounding lowlands. The Caucasus Mountains are commonly reckoned as a dividing line between Asia and Europe, and territories in Caucasia are variably considered to be in one or both continents; for example, the Persian name for the region (harking of Asiat ...

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A sea is a large expanse of saline water connected with an ocean, or a large, usually saline, lake that lacks a natural outlet such as the Caspian Sea and the Dead Sea. The Sea of Galilee is a small freshwater lake with a natural outlet, but the term was applied to it anyway. The term is used colloquially as synonymous with ocean, as in the tropical sea or down to the sea shore, or even sea water referring to water of the ocean. Large lakes are sometimes referred t ...

Including:

• Sea - List of seas divided by ocean
• Sea - Pacific Ocean
• Sea - Atlantic Ocean
• Sea - Indian Ocean
• Sea - Arctic Ocean
• Sea - Southern Ocean
• Sea - Landlocked seas
• Sea - Extraterrestrial seas
• Sea - Science

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Alborz (in Persian البرز), also written as Alburz or Elburz, is a mountain range in northern Iran, stretching from the borders of Armenia in the north-west to the southern end of the Caspian Sea, where also Tehran and Iran's highest peak, Damavand (5604m) are, and ending in the east at the borders of Turkmenistan and Afghanistan. The Alborz mountain range forms a barrier between the south Caspian and the Qazvin-Tehran plateau. It is only 60-130 km wide and consists of sedimentary series dating from Upper Devonian to Oligocene, preval ...

Including:

• Alborz - Source

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The Ural River (Russian: Урал, Urál [formerly: Яик, Yaik River], Kazakh: Жайық, Zhayyq) flows through Russia and Kazakhstan. It arises in the southern Ural Mountains and ends at the Caspian Sea. Its total length is 1,509 mi (2,428 km). It forms part of the traditional boundary between Europe and Asia. It arises on the eastern side of the Urals, about 150 km north of Magnitogorsk, flows south through Magnitogorsk, and around the southern end of the Urals, through Orsk where ...

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Alamut was once a mountain fortress in the arid hills south of the Caspian Sea, near Qazvin, about 100 km from present-day Tehran in Iran. Only ruins remain of this fortress today. The fortress was built in 840 according to Hamdollah Mostowfi at 2100 m elevation. It was built in a way that had only one possible entrance, thus making conquering the fortress extremely difficult. The fort has an unusual system of water supply. In 1090 the fortress was invaded and occupied by the powerful Hashshashin (Assassins), and was then fabled for its gardens and libraries. The ruins o ...

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Atil, also spelled Itil (literally meaning "Big River"), was the capital of Khazaria from the middle of the 8th century until the end of the 10th century. The word is also a Turkic name for the Volga River. Atil was located along the Volga delta at the northwestern corner of the Caspian Sea. Following the defeat of the Khazars in the Second Khazar-Arab war, Atil became the capital of Khazaria. The city is refered to as Khamlij in 9th century Arab sources, and the name Atil appears in the 10th century. At its height, the ...

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The Republic of Armenia, or Armenia (Armenian: Հայաստան, Hayastan, Հայք, Hayq), is a landlocked country in the southern Caucasus, between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea, bordered by Turkey to the west, Georgia to the north, Azerbaijan to the east and Iran (Persia) and the Nakhichevan exclave of Azerbaijan to the south. Armenia is a member of the Council of Europe and the Commonwe ...

Including:

• Armenia - Origin of the name
• Armenia - History
• Armenia - Politics
• Armenia - Administrative Provinces
• Armenia - Geography
• Armenia - Economy
• Armenia - Demographics
• Armenia - Culture
• Armenia - Miscellaneous topics

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Caviar is the processed, salted roe of various species of fish, most notably sturgeon. It is commercially marketed throughout the world as a delicacy and is eaten principally as a garnish or spread, as with hors d'oeuvres. The name caviar comes from the Persian word خاگ‌آور (Khag-avar) which means "the roe-generator". This name in Persian is actually used to denote the sturgeon itself and its product, the roe. Today the best caviar comes from sturgeon fished from the Caspian Sea by Iran and Russia. Some of the hi ...

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The Caucasus Mountains are a mountain system between the Black and Caspian seas in the Caucasus region, usually considered the southeastern limit of Europe. The Caucasus Mountains are made up of two separate mountain systems/ranges made up of the Greater Caucasus Mountain Range and the Lesser Caucasus Mountains. The Caucasus Mountains formed ca. 28.5–23.8 million years ago as the result of a tectonic plate collision between the Arabian plate moving northward with respect to the Eurasian plate. The mountain system forms a cont ...

Including:

• Caucasus Mountains - Notable peaks
• Caucasus Mountains - Climate
• Caucasus Mountains - Landscape

Read more here: » Caucasus Mountains: Encyclopedia - Caucasus Mountains

For thousands of years, the fruit and plant of Vitis vinifera, the European grapevine, have been harvested for both medicinal and nutritional value; its history is intimately entwined with the history of wine. Vitis vinifera - History. Grapevines were originally native to Southwest Asia somewhere near the Caspian Sea in historic Armenia and in South Caucasus in Georgia. Grapevine cultivation for the purpose of wine production is also believed to have begun here. They were cultivated in ...

Including:

• Vitis vinifera - History
• Vitis vinifera - Uses

Read more here: » Vitis vinifera: Encyclopedia - Vitis vinifera

The Buwayhids or Buyyids or Āl-i Buyeh, were a Shi'ite tribal confederation from Daylam, a region on the southern shore of the Caspian Sea. In pre-Islamic times they had served as mercenaries for the Sasanian kings of Iran, but were independent from their rule. They were considered a formidable military force, especially because of their ability as foot soldiers. Succession of power was hereditary, with fathers dividing their land among their sons. During the time of Harun al-Rashid, the Alid people sought refuge ...

Including:

• Buwayhid - Buwayhid amirs
• Buwayhid - Major amirs
• Buwayhid - Minor Rulers

Read more here: » Buwayhid: Encyclopedia - Buwayhid

The Olive (Olea europaea) is a species of small tree in the family Oleaceae, native to coastal areas of the eastern Mediterranean region, from Syria and the maritime parts of Asia Minor and northern Iran at the south end of the Caspian Sea. Its use as a major agricultural product in preclassical Greece led to its wider distribution thoughout the western Mediterranean. Olive trees show a marked preference for calcareous soils, flourishing best on limestone slope ...

Including:

• Olive - Cultivation and uses
• Olive - Cultivars
• Olive - Growth and propagation
• Olive - Fruit harvest and processing
• Olive - Pests and diseases

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The Varangians (Russian: Variags, Варяги) were Scandinavians who travelled eastwards, mainly from Jutland and Sweden. Promoting trade, piracy and mercenary militarism, they roamed the river systems and portages of what later became Russia, reaching the Caspian Sea and Constantinople. Their name came from Old Norse Væringjar, which may have come from the Old Norse plural noun várar = "pledge, troth". The East Slavs and the Byzantines, however, did not distinguish Scandinavians from other Germa ...

Including:

• Varangian - The Varangian Rus
• Varangian - The Varangian Guard
• Varangian - Primary Sources
• Varangian - Sources
• Varangian - Notes

Read more here: » Varangian: Encyclopedia - Varangian