CASE

A fourth-generation programming language (abbreviated 4GL) is a programming language designed with a specific purpose in mind, such as the development of commercial business software. Such languages arose after the introduction of modern, block-structured third-generation programming languages, which improved the process of software development. However, it was still frustrating, slow, and error prone to program computers. This led to the first "programming crisis", in which the amount of work that might be assigned to programm ...

Including:

• Fourth-generation programming language - Some successful fourth-generation languages

Read more here: » Fourth-generation programming language: Encyclopedia - Fourth-generation programming language

COBOL is a third-generation programming language. Its name is an acronym, for COmmon Business Oriented Language, defining its primary domain in business, finance, and administrative systems for companies and governments. The COBOL 2002 standard includes support for object-oriented programming and other modern language features. However, most of this article is based on COBOL 85. COBOL - Prehistory and specification. COBOL was initially created in 1959 by The Short R ...

Including:

• COBOL - Prehistory and specification
• COBOL - Defining features
• COBOL - Still going strong
• COBOL - Hello world
• COBOL - Opposing views on COBOL
• COBOL - Criticism
• COBOL - Defense

Read more here: » COBOL: Encyclopedia - COBOL

Software engineering was spurred by the so-called software crisis of the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s, which identified many of the problems of software development. Many software projects ran over budget and schedule. Some projects caused property damage. A few projects caused loss of life. Some used the term software crisis to refer to their inability to hire qualified programmers. The software crisis was originally defined in terms of productivity, but evolved to emphasize quality. Cost and Budget Overruns: The OS/36 ...

See also:

History of software engineering, History of software engineering - 1945 to 1965: The origins, History of software engineering - 1965 to 1985: The software crisis, History of software engineering - 1985 to present: No silver bullet, History of software engineering - Major developments

Read more here: » History of software engineering: Encyclopedia II - History of software engineering - 1965 to 1985: The software crisis

IDEF is short for ICAM DEFinition language. ICAM was an initiative managed by the US Air Force out of Wright Patterson AFB, Materials Laboratory and was part of their Technology Modernization efforts, specifically the Computers in Manufacturing (CIM) initiative. ICAM is short for Integrated Computer-Aided Manufacturing. The specific projects that produced IDEF were the IISS projects (project priorities 6201, 6202 and 6203). IISS stands for "Integrated Information Support System" and was an effort to create an information processing en ...

See also:

IDEF, IDEF - History

Read more here: » IDEF: Encyclopedia II - IDEF - History

Synon Ltd was founded in London in 1984 by Simon Williams (CEO), Melinda Horton (COO) and Nick Knowles (CTO) with the objective of developing an application generator for the IBM System/38 platform. They were soon joined by Simon Haigh (VP Sales). Seed funding was provided by French Connection, a UK fashion house which later achieved notoriety for its FCUK advertising slogan. Synon's first product was Synon/1, a programming productivity toolkit for the System/38, launched in 1985. In the same year the company appointed its first overseas di ...

See also:

Synon, Synon - Chronology, Synon - Technology

Read more here: » Synon: Encyclopedia II - Synon - Chronology

Software tools come in many forms: Revision control: SCM, SCCS, RCS, CVS, SVN, SourceSafe, PVCS, ClearCase, Bonsai Compilation and linking tools: GNU toolchain (Make, automake, gcc), Microsoft Visual Studio Lint: lint, Splint Search: grep, find Editors: emacs, vi Scripts: Shell, Perl Parsing: Lex, Yacc Bug Databases: gnats, Bugzilla, Trac Debuggers: gdb, GNU Binutils Debugging tools also are used in the process of debugging code, and can also be used to create code that is more compliant to ...

See also:

Programming tool, Programming tool - List of tools, Programming tool - IDEs

Read more here: » Programming tool: Encyclopedia II - Programming tool - List of tools

All computer languages have their advocates and detractors. It has been said of languages like C, C++, and Java that the only way to modify legacy code is to rewrite it - write once and write once again; or write once and throw away. On the other hand, it has been said of COBOL that there actually is one original COBOL program, and it only has been copied and modified millions of times. COBOL - Criticism. A motivation of COBOL's design was to make programming easier by making the language as English-like a ...

See also:

COBOL, COBOL - Prehistory and specification, COBOL - Defining features, COBOL - Still going strong, COBOL - Hello world, COBOL - Opposing views on COBOL, COBOL - Criticism, COBOL - Defense

Read more here: » COBOL: Encyclopedia II - COBOL - Opposing views on COBOL

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For decades, solving the software crisis was paramount to researchers and companies producing software tools. Seemingly, they trumpeted every new technology and practice from the 1970s to the 1990s as a silver bullet to solve the software crisis. Tools, discipline, formal methods, process, and professionalism were touted as silver bullets: Tools: Especially emphasised were tools. Structured programming, object-oriented programming, CASE tools, Ada, Java, documentation, standards, and Unified Modeling Languag ...

See also:

History of software engineering, History of software engineering - 1945 to 1965: The origins, History of software engineering - 1965 to 1985: The software crisis, History of software engineering - 1985 to present: No silver bullet, History of software engineering - Major developments

Read more here: » History of software engineering: Encyclopedia II - History of software engineering - 1985 to present: No silver bullet

COBOL was initially created in 1959 by The Short Range Committee, one of three committees proposed at a meeting held at the Pentagon in May 1959, organized by Charles Phillips of the United States Department of Defense. The Short Range Committee was formed to recommend a short range approach to a common business language. It was made up of members representing six computer manufacturers and three government agencies. In particular, the six computer manufacturers were Burroughs Corporation, IBM, Minneapolis-Honeywell (Honeywell Labs), RCA, Sp ...

See also:

COBOL, COBOL - Prehistory and specification, COBOL - Defining features, COBOL - Still going strong, COBOL - Hello world, COBOL - Opposing views on COBOL, COBOL - Criticism, COBOL - Defense

Read more here: » COBOL: Encyclopedia II - COBOL - Prehistory and specification

The term software engineering first was used in the late 1950s and early 1960s. Programmers have always known about civil, electrical, and computer engineering and debated what engineering might mean for software. The NATO Science Committee sponsored two conferences on software engineering in 1968 (Garmisch, Germany — see conference report) and 1969, which gave the field its initial boost ...

See also:

History of software engineering, History of software engineering - 1945 to 1965: The origins, History of software engineering - 1965 to 1985: The software crisis, History of software engineering - 1985 to present: No silver bullet, History of software engineering - Major developments

Read more here: » History of software engineering: Encyclopedia II - History of software engineering - 1945 to 1965: The origins

COBOL programs are in use globally in governmental and military agencies, in all major commercial enterprises (even though COBOL was originally proposed simply to achieve governmental programming commonality), and on almost all significant operating systems (desktop and above) including the common ones such as IBM's z/OS, Microsoft's Windows, and the Unix/Linux families. The global code base is vast and from time to time applications are subject to review for enhancement or replacement. The expense of rewriting a COBOL application, that has ...

See also:

COBOL, COBOL - Prehistory and specification, COBOL - Defining features, COBOL - Still going strong, COBOL - Hello world, COBOL - Opposing views on COBOL, COBOL - Criticism, COBOL - Defense

Read more here: » COBOL: Encyclopedia II - COBOL - Still going strong

Integrated development environments (IDEs) combine the features of many tools, into one complete package. They are usually simpler and easier to do simple tasks, such as searching for content only in files in the project. They usually have a much harder time with linking tools together, such as preprocessors and code generators. Integrated development environments are often used for development of enterprise-level applications, especially on Microsoft Windows based machines, however IDEs (as they are also known) also exist on other operating systems. IBM's VisualAge dev ...

See also:

Programming tool, Programming tool - List of tools, Programming tool - IDEs

Read more here: » Programming tool: Encyclopedia II - Programming tool - IDEs

COBOL as defined in the original specification, possessed excellent self-documenting capabilities, good file handling methods, and exceptionally good data typing for the time, owing to its use of the PICTURE clause for detailed field specification. However, until the 1985 Standard, it had serious flaws by modern standards for programming language definition, notably of support for local variables, recursion, dynamic memory allocation, and structured programming. Its perceived lack of explicit support for object-oriented programming is unders ...

See also:

COBOL, COBOL - Prehistory and specification, COBOL - Defining features, COBOL - Still going strong, COBOL - Hello world, COBOL - Opposing views on COBOL, COBOL - Criticism, COBOL - Defense

Read more here: » COBOL: Encyclopedia II - COBOL - Defining features