Carolingian

The Carolingians (also known as the "Carlovingians") were a dynasty of rulers that eventually controlled the Frankish realm and its successors from the 8th to the 10th century, officially taking over the kingdoms from the Merovingian dynasty in 751. The name Carolingian itself comes from Charles Martel, who defeated the Moors at Poitiers in 732. The dynasty's most prominent member is Charlemagne (in Latin: Carolus Magnus). The dynasty is usually considered to have been founded by Arnulf of Metz, Bishop of Metz in the lat ...

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Events March 25 - The Inscription of Sukabumi from Eastern Java marks the beginning of the Javanese language. March 30 - Saint Ludger becomes 1st Bishop of Munster. Charlemagne finishes the conquest of Saxony. Births Fujiwara no Yoshifusa, Japanese regent (d. 872) Louis the German, Carolingian King of East Francia (d. 876) Deaths May 19 - Alcuin of York, bisho ...

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The word apanage or appanage stems from the Late Latin apanare meaning “to give bread” (panem, compare the French court title Grand panetier), a pars pro toto for food and other necessities, hence for a "subsistence" income, notably in kind, as from assigned land. The system of appanage has greatly influenced the territorial construction of France and explains the flag of many provinces of France. Appanage - The original appanage: in France. Appan ...

Including:

• Appanage - The original appanage: in France
• Appanage - History of the French appanage
• Appanage - List of French appanages
• Appanage - Equivalents outside France
• Appanage - Sources and References

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Anno Domini Nostri Iesu Christi ("In the Year of Our Lord Jesus Christ"), commonly shortened to Anno Domini ("In the Year of the Lord"), abbreviated as AD or A.D., is the designation used to number years in the Christian Era, conventionally used with the Julian and Gregorian calendars. It defines an epoch based on the traditionally-reckoned year of the birth of Jesus. Years before the epoch used to be denoted a.C.n. (for Ante Christum Natum, "before the birth of Christ"), althoug ...

Including:

• Anno Domini - Numbering of years
• Anno Domini - Earlier calendar epochs
• Anno Domini - Consular dating
• Anno Domini - Dating from the founding of Rome
• Anno Domini - Regnal years of Roman emperors
• Anno Domini - Indiction cycles
• Anno Domini - Other dating systems
• Anno Domini - History of Anno Domini
• Anno Domini - Accuracy
• Anno Domini - Popularization
• Anno Domini - Alternative methods in the modern era

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Bodo (823-876) was the palace deacon and confessor to Louis the Pious. In early 838, he made a pilgrimage to Rome and converted to Judaism. His conversion was regarded as a rejection of the Carolingian culture. Bodo left France for Muslim Spain in 839. He took the Jewish name Eleazar and married a Jewish woman. Bodo later went into military service at Saragossa. He incited the Moorish governmen ...

Including:

• Bishop Bodo - Correspondance with Alvaro

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Bohemia (Czech: Čechy; German: Böhmen, Russian: Bogemiya) is a historical region in central Europe, occupying the western and middle thirds of the Czech Republic. With an area of 52,750 sq. km. and 6.25 million of the country's 10.3 million inhabitants, Bohemia is bounded by Germany to the north-west, west and south-west, Poland to the north-east, the Czech province of Moravia to the east, and Austria to the south. Bohemia's borders are marked with mountain ranges such as the Šumava, the Ore Mountains or Gia ...

Including:

• Bohemia - History of Bohemia

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Saint Boniface (Latin: Bonifacius)(German: Bonifatius), (c. 672 - June 5, 754), the Apostle of the Germans, born Winfrid or Wynfrith at Crediton in Devon, England, was a missionary who propagated Christianity in the Frankish Empire during the 8th century. Saint Boniface - Early Life. Born at Crediton, Devon . He was of good family, and it was somewhat against his father's wishes that he devoted himself at an early age to the monastic life. He received his theological training in the Ben ...

Including:

• Saint Boniface - Early Life
• Saint Boniface - First Mission to Frisia
• Saint Boniface - Thor's Oak and the Conversion of the Northern German Tribes
• Saint Boniface - Boniface and the Carolingians
• Saint Boniface - Last Mission to Frisia
• Saint Boniface - Trivia

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A university is an institution of higher education and of research, which grants academic degrees at all levels (bachelor, master, and doctor) in a variety of subjects. A university provides both tertiary and quaternary education. University is derived from the Latin universitas, meaning corporation (since the first medieval European universities were simply groups of scholars). University - History. Because of the above definition, the oldest universities in the world wer ...

Including:

• University - History
• University - Universities around the world
• University - Universities and student life in different countries
• University - Selective admissions
• University - Colloquial usage
• University - Related terms

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Al-Andalus - Conquest and early years. In 711 AD, a Moorish Islamic army from North Africa invaded Visigoth Hispania. Under their leader Tariq ibn-Ziyad, a small force landed at Gibraltar on April 30, 711. After a decisive victory at the Battle of Guadalete on July 19, 711, Tariq ibn-Ziyad brought most of the Iberian Peninsula under Islamic rule in a seven-year campaign. They moved northeast across the Pyrenees but were defeated by the Frank Charles Martel at the Battle of Tours in 732. The Iberian peninsula, exc ...

Including:

• Al-Andalus - History
• Al-Andalus - Conquest and early years
• Al-Andalus - The Emirate and Caliphate of Córdoba
• Al-Andalus - The First Taifa Period
• Al-Andalus - Almoravids Almohads and Marīnids
• Al-Andalus - The Emirate of Granada
• Al-Andalus - Aftermath
• Al-Andalus - Culture
• Al-Andalus - Non-Muslims Dhimmi under the Caliphate
• Al-Andalus - Philosophy
• Al-Andalus - Etymology of al-Andalus
• Al-Andalus - Vandalícia
• Al-Andalus - Atlántida
• Al-Andalus - Landahlauts

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Paris is the capital and largest city of France. Located on the river Seine in the country's north, it is a major cultural and political centre of Europe and the world's most visited city. Nicknamed "the City of Light" (la Ville Lumière) since lighting its main boulevards with gas street lamps in 1828, the city of Paris also has a reputation as a "romantic" city and the "heart of Europe". It is instantly recognised by the 324-metre brown metal Eif ...

Including:

• Paris - Name
• Paris - People
• Paris - Geography
• Paris - Coordinates
• Paris - Area
• Paris - Altitude
• Paris - Temperatures
• Paris - History
• Paris - Origins
• Paris - Middle Ages
• Paris - Nineteenth century
• Paris - World Wars' Years
• Paris - Modern Era
• Paris - The future: muséification?
• Paris - Demographics
• Paris - Density
• Paris - Population Growth
• Paris - Immigration
• Paris - Economy
• Paris - Size
• Paris - Economic sectors
• Paris - Administration
• Paris - Paris as a commune
• Paris - Paris as a département
• Paris - Paris as the prefecture of Île-de-France
• Paris - Transport
• Paris - Cultural Centres and Organisations
• Paris - Monuments and Landmarks
• Paris - Museums
• Paris - Historical Centres
• Paris - Cemeteries
• Paris - Parks and Gardens
• Paris - Districts
• Paris - Boutiques Department Stores and Hotels
• Paris - Nightlife
• Paris - Sports
• Paris - Bibliography
• Paris - History

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1 See Languages section for regional languages 2 Whole territory of the French Republic, including all the overseas departments and territories, but excluding the French territory of Terre Adélie in Antarctica where sovereignty is suspended since the signing of the Antarctic Treaty in 1959 3 Metropolitan (i.e. European) France only 4 French National Geographic Institute data 5 French Land Register data, which exclude lakes, ponds, and glaciers larger than ...

Including:

• France - Geography
• France - History
• France - Government and politics
• France - Military
• France - Administrative divisions
• France - Economy
• France - Demographics
• France - Population
• France - Languages
• France - Cities
• France - Culture
• France - Marianne
• France - Religion
• France - Terminology
• France - Origin of the country's name
• France - Meanings of the name France
• France - Miscellaneous topics
• France - International rankings
• France - Notes and references

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A buffer state is a country lying between two rival or potentially hostile greater powers, which by its sheer existence is thought to prevent conflict between them. Buffer states when authentically independent typically pursue a neutralist foreign policy, which distinguishes them from satellite states. The conception of buffer states is part of the theory of balance of power that entered European strategic and diplomatic thinking in the 17th century. In the 19th century, the manipulation of buffer states like Afghanistan and th ...

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Flaccus Albinus Alcuinus or Ealhwine (c. 735-May 19, 804) was a monk from York, England. He was related to Willibrord, Anglo-Saxon missionary to the Frisians and the first bishop of Utrecht, whose biography he afterwards wrote. Alcuin of York had a long career as a teacher and scholar first at the school at York (now known as St Peters School, York, founded AD 627) and lastly as Charlemagne's leading advisor on ecclesiastical and educational affairs. From 796 until his death he was abbot o ...

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The History of Anglo-Saxon England covers the history of early medieval England from the end of Roman Britain and the establishment of Anglo-Saxon kingdoms in the 5th century until the Conquest by the Normans in 1066. The 5th and 6th centuries are known archaeologically as Sub-Roman Britain, or in popular history as the "Dark Ages"; from the 6th century larger distinctive kingdoms are developing, still known to some as the Heptarchy; the arrival of the Vikings at the end of the 8th century brought many changes to Britain, and relation ...

Including:

• History of Anglo-Saxon England - Sources
• History of Anglo-Saxon England - Migration: Fifth to Sixth Centuries
• History of Anglo-Saxon England - Seventh to Eighth Centuries
• History of Anglo-Saxon England - First Viking Age: Ninth Century
• History of Anglo-Saxon England - Formation of England: Tenth Century
• History of Anglo-Saxon England - The Second Viking Age and the Norman Conquest: Eleventh Century

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Zürich ▶ (help·info) (German pronunciation IPA: [ˈtsyrɪç]; in English often Zurich, without the umlaut) is the largest city in Switzerland (population: 366,145 in 2004; population of urban area: 1,091,732) and capital of the canton of Zürich. The city is Switzerland's main commercial centre. It is also home of the Cabaret V ...

Including:

• Zürich - Geography
• Zürich - History
• Zürich - Coat of arms
• Zürich - Industry and commerce
• Zürich - Education and research
• Zürich - Sports
• Zürich - Events
• Zürich - Transportation
• Zürich - Notable people
• Zürich - Hotels

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Saint William of Gellone (755-traditionally May 28, c.812 or 814), in his own day Guilhem, also known as Guillaume d'Orange, Guillaume Fierabrace, and the Marquis au court nez, was the second count of Toulouse from 790 until his replacement in 811. He is the hero of the chanson de geste Roman de Guillaume au court-nez, part of the Languedocian cycle of French ramauce, called by the trouvères the geste of Garin de Monglane. However, there is also a less legend-filled Vita that was written before the 11th century, according to Jean Mabillon, or duri ...

Including:

• William of Gellone - The Historical William
• William of Gellone - The Romantic William

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Consolation of Philosophy (Latin: Consolatio Philosophiae) is a philosophical work by Boethius written in about the year 524 AD. It has been described as the single most important and influential work in the West in medieval and early Renaissance Christianity, and is also the last great work that can be called Classical.1 7 Consolation of Philosophy - Consolation of Philosophy. ...

Including:

• Consolation of Philosophy - Consolation of Philosophy
• Consolation of Philosophy - Influence
• Consolation of Philosophy - Footnotes

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The Aachen Cathedral, frequently referred to as the "Imperial Cathedral" (in German: Kaiserdom) of Aachen, is the oldest cathedral in northern Europe. Charlemagne began the construction of the Palace Chapel in 786. When he died in 814, he was buried in his own cathedral, and his bones are still preserved in a special shrine. The cathedral obtained its present shape in the course of more than a millennium. The core of the Aachen cathedral is the Palace Chapel; being surprisingly small in comparison to the later additions, ...

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843 - Events. Treaty of Verdun divides the Carolingian empire between the 3 sons of Louis the Pious. Namely Charles the Bald, Lothar and Louis the German, thus first creating the Kingdom of France as a distinct state. Kenneth I of Scotland, King of the Scots, also becomes King of the Picts, thus becoming the first monarch of the new, united state, the Kingdom of Scotland. The resulting unified Scottish/Pictish Kingdom is called Alba (the Scottish gaelic word for Scotland). Beginning of the rule of ...

Including:

• 843 - Events

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Charlemagne (c.742 or 747–28 January 814) (also Charles the Great; from Latin, Carolus Magnus or Karolus Magnus) was the king of the Franks from 768 to 814 and king of the Lombards from 774 to 781. He was crowned Imperator Augustus in Rome on Christmas Day, 800 by Pope Leo III and is therefore regarded as the founder of the Holy Roman Empire, a reincarnation of the ancient Western Roman Empire. Through military conquest and defence, he solidified and expanded his realm to cover most of Western Euro ...

Including:

• Charlemagne - Background
• Charlemagne - Date and place of birth
• Charlemagne - Life
• Charlemagne - Early life
• Charlemagne - Joint rule
• Charlemagne - Conquest of Lombardy
• Charlemagne - Saxon campaigns
• Charlemagne - Spanish campaign
• Charlemagne - Imperator
• Charlemagne - Administration
• Charlemagne - Death
• Charlemagne - Cultural significance
• Charlemagne - Charlemagne's personal appearance
• Charlemagne - Family
• Charlemagne - Marriages and Heirs
• Charlemagne - Concubinages and Bastards
• Charlemagne - Sources

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