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Carnation Revolution | A Wisdom Archive on Carnation Revolution | | Carnation Revolution A selection of articles related to Carnation Revolution | |
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Carnation Revolution, Carnation Revolution - Consequences, Carnation Revolution - Context, Carnation Revolution - Events, Carnation Revolution - External References, Carnation Revolution - Freedom Day, Estado Novo (Brazil), Portuguese Colonial War
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| ARTICLES RELATED TO Carnation Revolution | | | |  Carnation Revolution: Encyclopedia II - Coup d'état - HistoryCoups have long been part of political tradition. Indeed, Julius Caesar orchestrated a coup and was subsequently the victim of another coup. Many Roman emperors, such as Claudius, came to power in coups, as did King Jehu of Israel.
In the late 20th century coups occurred most commonly in developing countries, particularly in Latin America (e.g. Brazil, Chile, Bolivia, and Argentina), Africa and Asia (Pakistan), but also in the Asia Pacific (Fiji and the Philippines) and in Europe (e.g. Greece, Portugal, Spain, and the Soviet Union). S ...
See also:Coup d'état, Coup d'état - History, Coup d'état - Recent forms of coup, Coup d'état - Types of coups, Coup d'état - Post-military-coup governments, Coup d'état - Important coups in the 19th century, Coup d'état - Important coups in the 20th century, Coup d'état - Recent coups and coup attempts, Coup d'état - Currently-serving leaders who came to power via coups, Coup d'état - Reference Read more here: » Coup d'état: Encyclopedia II - Coup d'état - History |
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| | | | | Carnation Revolution: Encyclopedia II - 1974 - Events
1974 - January.
January 5 - Dungeons & Dragons officially released.
January 6 - In response to the energy crisis, daylight saving time commences nearly four months early in the United States.
January 30 - G. Gordon Liddy found guilty of Watergate charges
1974 - February.
February 1 - Fire in Joelman Bank Building in Sao Paulo, Brazil - 177 dead, 293 injured
February 1 - The Joelma Fire kills 188 in São Paulo.
February ...
See also:1974, 1974 - Events, 1974 - January, 1974 - February, 1974 - March, 1974 - April, 1974 - May, 1974 - June, 1974 - July, 1974 - August, 1974 - September, 1974 - October, 1974 - November, 1974 - December, 1974 - Unknown date, 1974 - Births, 1974 - January, 1974 - February, 1974 - March, 1974 - April, 1974 - May, 1974 - June, 1974 - July, 1974 - August, 1974 - September, 1974 - October, 1974 - November, 1974 - December, 1974 - Unknown date, 1974 - Deaths, 1974 - January, 1974 - February, 1974 - March, 1974 - April, 1974 - May, 1974 - June, 1974 - July, 1974 - August, 1974 - September, 1974 - October, 1974 - November, 1974 - December, 1974 - Nobel Prizes, 1974 - Fields Medalists, 1974 - Templeton Prize Read more here: » 1974: Encyclopedia II - 1974 - Events |
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| | | | | Carnation Revolution: Encyclopedia II - Eurovision Song Contest - Voting Currently, the contest winner is selected by means of a modified version of the Borda count. Each country ranks all the entries and assigns 12 points to their favorite entry, 10 points to their second favorite entry, and 8 through 1 points to their third through tenth favorites. Countries are not allowed to vote for themselves.
The current method for ranking entries is by a telephone vote (televoting) among the viewers. In the past, small demographically balanced juries were used to rank the entries. Juries are still used when televot ...
See also:Eurovision Song Contest, Eurovision Song Contest - Overview, Eurovision Song Contest - History, Eurovision Song Contest - Debut of Nations, Eurovision Song Contest - Competitors, Eurovision Song Contest - Rules, Eurovision Song Contest - Number of Songs, Eurovision Song Contest - Performers, Eurovision Song Contest - Languages, Eurovision Song Contest - Voting, Eurovision Song Contest - Tie-breakers, Eurovision Song Contest - Nul Points, Eurovision Song Contest - Political and Regional Voting Patterns, Eurovision Song Contest - Hosts, Eurovision Song Contest - Interval Acts, Eurovision Song Contest - Winning Streaks, Eurovision Song Contest - Musical Styles, Eurovision Song Contest - Winners, Eurovision Song Contest - Selection procedures, Eurovision Song Contest - Spinoffs and imitators, Eurovision Song Contest - The Junior Eurovision Song Contest, Eurovision Song Contest - Intervision Song Contest, Eurovision Song Contest - The 50th Anniversary Contest, Eurovision Song Contest - Trivia, Eurovision Song Contest - The Contest in Popular Culture, Eurovision Song Contest - See Also, Eurovision Song Contest - Endnotes Read more here: » Eurovision Song Contest: Encyclopedia II - Eurovision Song Contest - Voting |
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| | | | | Carnation Revolution: Encyclopedia II - History of Portugal - Early history Portugal has been inhabited for at least 500,000 years, first by Neanderthals and then by homo sapiens.
In the early first millennium BCE, several waves of Celts invaded Portugal from central Europe and intermarried with the local Iberian people, forming the Celtiberian ethnic group, with many tribes, such as the Lusitanians, the Calaicians or Gallaeci and the Conii (amongst others less significant tribes such as the Bracari, Celtici, Coelerni, Equaesi, Grovii, Interamici, Leuni, Luanqui, Limici, Narbasi, Nemetati, Paesuri, Quaquerni, Seurbi, Tamagani, Tapoli, Turduli, Tur ...
See also:History of Portugal, History of Portugal - Portugal, History of Portugal - Early history, History of Portugal - Roman Lusitania, History of Portugal - Germanic kingdoms, History of Portugal - Moorish rule and the Reconquista, History of Portugal - Affirmation of Portugal, History of Portugal - Discoveries Odyssey: Glory of the Empire, History of Portugal - Decline of the Empire, History of Portugal - Pombaline Era, History of Portugal - Crises of the Nineteenth Century, History of Portugal - The First Republic, History of Portugal - New State Estado Novo, History of Portugal - The Third Republic, History of Portugal - Timeline Read more here: » History of Portugal: Encyclopedia II - History of Portugal - Early history |
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| | | | | Carnation Revolution: Encyclopedia II - History of Portugal - Roman Lusitania In 219 BCE, the first Roman troops invaded the Iberian Peninsula. Within 200 years, almost the entire peninsula was dominated, becoming part of the Roman Empire. The Carthaginians, Rome's adversary in the Punic Wars, were expelled from their coastal colonies.
In Portuguese territory, the conquest started from the south, where the Romans found friendly natives, the Conii. Within several decades, the Romans had conquered the entire territory. In 194 BCE, a rebellion began in the north. The Lusitanians and other native tribes, under the ...
See also:History of Portugal, History of Portugal - Portugal, History of Portugal - Early history, History of Portugal - Roman Lusitania, History of Portugal - Germanic kingdoms, History of Portugal - Moorish rule and the Reconquista, History of Portugal - Affirmation of Portugal, History of Portugal - Discoveries Odyssey: Glory of the Empire, History of Portugal - Decline of the Empire, History of Portugal - Pombaline Era, History of Portugal - Crises of the Nineteenth Century, History of Portugal - The First Republic, History of Portugal - New State Estado Novo, History of Portugal - The Third Republic, History of Portugal - Timeline Read more here: » History of Portugal: Encyclopedia II - History of Portugal - Roman Lusitania |
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| | | | | | Carnation Revolution: Encyclopedia II - History of Guinea-Bissau - Vieira's presidency From November 1980 to May 1984, power was held by a provisional government responsible to a Revolutionary Council headed by President João Bernardo Vieira. In 1984, the council was dissolved, and the National Popular Assembly (ANP) was reconstituted. The single-party assembly approved a new constitution, elected President Vieira to a new 5-year term, and elected a Council of State, which was the executive agent of the ANP. Under this system, the president presides over the Council of State and serves as head of state and government. The president also w ...
See also:History of Guinea-Bissau, History of Guinea-Bissau - Portuguese rule, History of Guinea-Bissau - 19th and 20th centuries, History of Guinea-Bissau - Struggle for independence, History of Guinea-Bissau - Vieira's presidency, History of Guinea-Bissau - Democracy Read more here: » History of Guinea-Bissau: Encyclopedia II - History of Guinea-Bissau - Vieira's presidency |
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| | | | | Carnation Revolution: Encyclopedia II - East Timor - Geography Main article: Geography of East Timor
Timor is the Malay word for "east". The island of Timor is part of the Malay archipelago and the largest and easternmost of the Lesser Sunda Islands. To the north of the mountainous island are the Ombai Strait and Wetar Strait, to the south the Timor Sea separates the island from Australia, while to the west lies the Indonesian Province of East Nusa Tenggara. The highest point of Ea ...
See also:East Timor, East Timor - History, East Timor - Politics, East Timor - Districts, East Timor - Geography, East Timor - Economy, East Timor - Demographics, East Timor - Languages, East Timor - Culture, East Timor - Public Holidays, East Timor - Miscellaneous topics, East Timor - Trivia Read more here: » East Timor: Encyclopedia II - East Timor - Geography |
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| | | | | Carnation Revolution: Encyclopedia II - History of Portugal - Discoveries Odyssey: Glory of the Empire During the 15th and 16th centuries, Portugal eclipsed most other nations in terms of economic, political, and cultural influence and it had an extensive empire throughout the world.
July 25, 1415 marked the beginning of the Portuguese Empire, when the Portuguese Armada along with King John I and his sons Prince Duarte (future king), Prince Pedro, Prince Henry the Navigator and Prince Afonso, also with the mythical Portuguese hero Nuno Alvares Pereira departed to Ceuta in North Africa, a rich trade Islamic centre. On ...
See also:History of Portugal, History of Portugal - Portugal, History of Portugal - Early history, History of Portugal - Roman Lusitania, History of Portugal - Germanic kingdoms, History of Portugal - Moorish rule and the Reconquista, History of Portugal - Affirmation of Portugal, History of Portugal - Discoveries Odyssey: Glory of the Empire, History of Portugal - Decline of the Empire, History of Portugal - Pombaline Era, History of Portugal - Crises of the Nineteenth Century, History of Portugal - The First Republic, History of Portugal - New State Estado Novo, History of Portugal - The Third Republic, History of Portugal - Timeline Read more here: » History of Portugal: Encyclopedia II - History of Portugal - Discoveries Odyssey: Glory of the Empire |
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| | | | | Carnation Revolution: Encyclopedia II - History of Portugal - Crises of the Nineteenth Century In 1807 Portugal refused Napoleon's demand to accede to the Continental System of embargo against the United Kingdom; a French invasion under Marshal Junot followed, and Lisbon was captured on 1 December 1807. British intervention in the Peninsular War restored Portuguese independence, the last French troops being expelled in 1812. The war cost Portugal the province of Olivença, now governed by Spain. Rio de Janeiro in Brazil, was the Portuguese capital between 1808 and 1821. 1820 saw constitutionalist insurrections at Oporto (August 24 and Lisbon (September 15). When Brazil declared its independence from ...
See also:History of Portugal, History of Portugal - Portugal, History of Portugal - Early history, History of Portugal - Roman Lusitania, History of Portugal - Germanic kingdoms, History of Portugal - Moorish rule and the Reconquista, History of Portugal - Affirmation of Portugal, History of Portugal - Discoveries Odyssey: Glory of the Empire, History of Portugal - Decline of the Empire, History of Portugal - Pombaline Era, History of Portugal - Crises of the Nineteenth Century, History of Portugal - The First Republic, History of Portugal - New State Estado Novo, History of Portugal - The Third Republic, History of Portugal - Timeline Read more here: » History of Portugal: Encyclopedia II - History of Portugal - Crises of the Nineteenth Century |
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| | | | | Carnation Revolution: Encyclopedia II - History of Portugal - The First Republic The First Republic has, over the course of a recent past, lost many historians to the New State. As a result, it's difficult to attempt a global synthesis of the republican period in view of the important gaps that still persist in our knowledge of its political history. As far as the October 1910 Revolution is concerned, a number of valuable studies have been made (Wheeler, 1972), first among which ranks Vasco Pulido Valente’s polemical thesis. This historian posited the Jacobin and urban nature of the revolution carried out by the Portug ...
See also:History of Portugal, History of Portugal - Portugal, History of Portugal - Early history, History of Portugal - Roman Lusitania, History of Portugal - Germanic kingdoms, History of Portugal - Moorish rule and the Reconquista, History of Portugal - Affirmation of Portugal, History of Portugal - Discoveries Odyssey: Glory of the Empire, History of Portugal - Decline of the Empire, History of Portugal - Pombaline Era, History of Portugal - Crises of the Nineteenth Century, History of Portugal - The First Republic, History of Portugal - New State Estado Novo, History of Portugal - The Third Republic, History of Portugal - Timeline Read more here: » History of Portugal: Encyclopedia II - History of Portugal - The First Republic |
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| | | | | Carnation Revolution: Encyclopedia II - History of Portugal - New State Estado Novo Political chaos, several strikes, harsh relations with the Church, and considerable economic problems aggravated by a disastrous military intervention in the First World War led to the military 28th May 1926 coup d'état, installing the Second Republic that would later become the Estado Novo in 1933, led by António de Oliveira Salazar, which transformed Portugal into a Fascist leaning state, which later evolved into some mixture of single party corporative regime. India invaded and annexed Portuguese India in 1961. ...
See also:History of Portugal, History of Portugal - Portugal, History of Portugal - Early history, History of Portugal - Roman Lusitania, History of Portugal - Germanic kingdoms, History of Portugal - Moorish rule and the Reconquista, History of Portugal - Affirmation of Portugal, History of Portugal - Discoveries Odyssey: Glory of the Empire, History of Portugal - Decline of the Empire, History of Portugal - Pombaline Era, History of Portugal - Crises of the Nineteenth Century, History of Portugal - The First Republic, History of Portugal - New State Estado Novo, History of Portugal - The Third Republic, History of Portugal - Timeline Read more here: » History of Portugal: Encyclopedia II - History of Portugal - New State Estado Novo |
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| | | | | Carnation Revolution: Encyclopedia II - History of Portugal - Pombaline Era In 1738, Sebastião de Melo, the talented son of a Lisbon squire, began a diplomatic career as the Portuguese Ambassador in London and later in Vienna. The Queen consort of Portugal, Archduchess Maria Anna of Austria, was fond of de Melo; and after his first wife died, she arranged the widowed de Melo's second marriage to the daughter of the Austrian Field Marshal Leopold Josef, Count von Daun. King John V of Portugal, however, was not pleased and recalled de Melo to Portugal in 1749. John V died the following year and his son, Joseph I of P ...
See also:History of Portugal, History of Portugal - Portugal, History of Portugal - Early history, History of Portugal - Roman Lusitania, History of Portugal - Germanic kingdoms, History of Portugal - Moorish rule and the Reconquista, History of Portugal - Affirmation of Portugal, History of Portugal - Discoveries Odyssey: Glory of the Empire, History of Portugal - Decline of the Empire, History of Portugal - Pombaline Era, History of Portugal - Crises of the Nineteenth Century, History of Portugal - The First Republic, History of Portugal - New State Estado Novo, History of Portugal - The Third Republic, History of Portugal - Timeline Read more here: » History of Portugal: Encyclopedia II - History of Portugal - Pombaline Era |
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| | | | | Carnation Revolution: Encyclopedia II - History of Portugal - Decline of the Empire From the 16th century, Portugal gradually saw its wealth decreasing. Even if Portugal was officially an autonomous state, the country was a Spanish puppet and Portuguese colonies were attacked by Spain's opponents, especially the Dutch and English.
At home, life was calm and serene with the first two Spanish kings; they maintained Portugal's status, gave excellent positions to Portuguese nobles in the Spanish courts, and Portugal maintained an independent law, currency and government. It was even proposed to move the Spanish capital t ...
See also:History of Portugal, History of Portugal - Portugal, History of Portugal - Early history, History of Portugal - Roman Lusitania, History of Portugal - Germanic kingdoms, History of Portugal - Moorish rule and the Reconquista, History of Portugal - Affirmation of Portugal, History of Portugal - Discoveries Odyssey: Glory of the Empire, History of Portugal - Decline of the Empire, History of Portugal - Pombaline Era, History of Portugal - Crises of the Nineteenth Century, History of Portugal - The First Republic, History of Portugal - New State Estado Novo, History of Portugal - The Third Republic, History of Portugal - Timeline Read more here: » History of Portugal: Encyclopedia II - History of Portugal - Decline of the Empire |
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| | | | | Carnation Revolution: Encyclopedia II - History of Portugal - Affirmation of Portugal In 1095, Portugal separated almost definitely from the Kingdom of Galicia, both under the rule of the Kingdom of Leon, just like Castile (Burgos). Its territories consisting largely of mountain, moorland and forest, were bounded on the north by the Minho, on the south by the Mondego.
At the end of the 11th century, the Burgundian knight Henry became count of Portugal and defended his independence, ...
See also:History of Portugal, History of Portugal - Portugal, History of Portugal - Early history, History of Portugal - Roman Lusitania, History of Portugal - Germanic kingdoms, History of Portugal - Moorish rule and the Reconquista, History of Portugal - Affirmation of Portugal, History of Portugal - Discoveries Odyssey: Glory of the Empire, History of Portugal - Decline of the Empire, History of Portugal - Pombaline Era, History of Portugal - Crises of the Nineteenth Century, History of Portugal - The First Republic, History of Portugal - New State Estado Novo, History of Portugal - The Third Republic, History of Portugal - Timeline Read more here: » History of Portugal: Encyclopedia II - History of Portugal - Affirmation of Portugal |
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| | | | | Carnation Revolution: Encyclopedia II - History of Guinea-Bissau - Struggle for independence Main article: Guinea-Bissauan Revolution
In 1956, the African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde (PAIGC) was organized clandestinely by Amílcar Cabral and Raphael Barbosa. The PAIGC moved its headquarters to Conakry, Guinea, in 1960 and started an armed rebellion against the Portuguese in 1961 (for a detailed account of this struggle, see the PAIGC page). Despite the presence of Portuguese troops, which grew to more than 35,000, the PAIGC steadily expanded its influence until, by 1968, it controlled most of th ...
See also:History of Guinea-Bissau, History of Guinea-Bissau - Portuguese rule, History of Guinea-Bissau - 19th and 20th centuries, History of Guinea-Bissau - Struggle for independence, History of Guinea-Bissau - Vieira's presidency, History of Guinea-Bissau - Democracy Read more here: » History of Guinea-Bissau: Encyclopedia II - History of Guinea-Bissau - Struggle for independence |
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| | | | | Carnation Revolution: Encyclopedia II - History of Portugal - Moorish rule and the Reconquista In 711, the Islamic Moors (mainly Berber with some Arab) invaded the Iberian Peninsula, destroying the Visigothic Kingdom. Many of the ousted Gothic nobles took refuge in the unconquered north Asturian highlands. From there they aimed to reconquer their lands from the Moors: this war of reconquest is known as the Reconquista.
In 868, Count Vímara Peres reconquered and governed the region between the Minho and Douro rivers. The county was then known as Portucale (i.e. Portugal).
While it had its origins as a dependency of the Kingdom of Leon, Portug ...
See also:History of Portugal, History of Portugal - Portugal, History of Portugal - Early history, History of Portugal - Roman Lusitania, History of Portugal - Germanic kingdoms, History of Portugal - Moorish rule and the Reconquista, History of Portugal - Affirmation of Portugal, History of Portugal - Discoveries Odyssey: Glory of the Empire, History of Portugal - Decline of the Empire, History of Portugal - Pombaline Era, History of Portugal - Crises of the Nineteenth Century, History of Portugal - The First Republic, History of Portugal - New State Estado Novo, History of Portugal - The Third Republic, History of Portugal - Timeline Read more here: » History of Portugal: Encyclopedia II - History of Portugal - Moorish rule and the Reconquista |
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| | | | | Carnation Revolution: Encyclopedia II - Goa - Geography and climate Image:India Goa Anjuna Beach.jpg Goa encompasses an area of 3,702 km² (1,430 sq mile). It lies between the latitudes 14°53'54" N and 15°40'00" N and longitudes 73°40'33" E and 74°20'13" E. Most of Goa is a part of the coastal country known as the Konkan, which is an escarpment rising up to the Western Ghats range of mountains, which separate it from the Deccan Plateau. The highest point is the Sonsogor, with an altitude of 1,167 metres (3,827 feet). Goa has ...
See also:Goa, Goa - Origin of name, Goa - History, Goa - Geography and climate, Goa - Subdivisions, Goa - Flora and fauna, Goa - Economy, Goa - Transport, Goa - Demographics, Goa - Culture, Goa - Sports, Goa - Government and politics, Goa - Media and Communication, Goa - Education Read more here: » Goa: Encyclopedia II - Goa - Geography and climate |
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| | | | | Carnation Revolution: Encyclopedia II - East Timor - Languages Main article: Languages of East Timor
East Timor's two official languages are Portuguese and Tetum, a local Austronesian language. Indonesian and English are defined as working languages under the Constitution in the Final and Transitional Provisions without setting a final date. Although the country has only about 1 million inhabitants, another fourteen indigenous languages are spoken: Bekais, Bunak, Dawan, Fataluku, Galoli, Habun, Idalaka, Kawaimina, Kairui, Kemak, Lovaia, Makalero, Makasai, Mam ...
See also:East Timor, East Timor - History, East Timor - Politics, East Timor - Districts, East Timor - Geography, East Timor - Economy, East Timor - Demographics, East Timor - Languages, East Timor - Culture, East Timor - Public Holidays, East Timor - Miscellaneous topics, East Timor - Trivia Read more here: » East Timor: Encyclopedia II - East Timor - Languages |
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| | | | | Carnation Revolution: Encyclopedia II - East Timor - Demographics Main article: Demographics of East Timor
The Timorese are known collectively as Maubere, an originally derogatory name turned into a name of pride by the resistance movement. They consist of a number of distinct ethnic groups, most of whom are of mixed Malayo-Polynesian descent and Melanesian/Papuan stock. The largest Malayo-Polynesian ethnic groups are the Tetun (or Tetum) (100,000), primarily living in the north coast and around Dili, the Mambae (80,000), living in the mountains of central East Timor, the Tukudede (63, ...
See also:East Timor, East Timor - History, East Timor - Politics, East Timor - Districts, East Timor - Geography, East Timor - Economy, East Timor - Demographics, East Timor - Languages, East Timor - Culture, East Timor - Public Holidays, East Timor - Miscellaneous topics, East Timor - Trivia Read more here: » East Timor: Encyclopedia II - East Timor - Demographics |
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| | | | | Carnation Revolution: Encyclopedia II - Goa - Geography and climate Goa encompasses an area of 3,702 km² (1,430 sq mile). It lies between the latitudes 14°53'54" N and 15°40'00" N and longitudes 73°40'33" E and 74°20'13" E. Most of Goa is a part of the coastal country known as the Konkan, which is an escarpment rising up to the Western Ghats range of mountains, which separate it from the Deccan Plateau. The highest point is the Sonsogor, with an altitude of 1,167 metres (3,827 feet). Goa has ...
See also:Goa, Goa - Origin of name, Goa - History, Goa - Geography and climate, Goa - Subdivisions, Goa - Flora and fauna, Goa - Economy, Goa - Transport, Goa - Demographics, Goa - Culture, Goa - Sports, Goa - Government and politics, Goa - Media and Communication, Goa - Education Read more here: » Goa: Encyclopedia II - Goa - Geography and climate |
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