The Carnation Revolution (Portuguese, Revolução dos Cravos) was an almost bloodless left-leaning military-lead revolution started on April 25, 1974, in Lisbon, Portugal, that effectively changed the Portuguese regime from an authoritarian dictatorship to a liberal democracy after a two-year process of a Left-wing semi-military administration. Although government forces killed four people before surrendering, the revolution was unusual in that the revolutionaries did not use direct violence to achieve their goals. The populati ...

Including:

• Carnation Revolution - Context
• Carnation Revolution - Events
• Carnation Revolution - Consequences
• Carnation Revolution - Freedom Day
• Carnation Revolution - External References

Read more here: » Carnation Revolution: Encyclopedia - Carnation Revolution

Salgueiro Maia, a young captain who drilled officers-in-training and sergeants-in-training, was informed about the plans of the Movimento das Forças Armadas (MFA) to bring down the dictatorship. The moment the signal for the uprising was played on the radio (a preconcerted song) Maia and his cadets grabbed their weapons and, against the will and even resistance of several regular officers (among them the commandant who w ...

See also:

Salgueiro Maia, Salgueiro Maia - Carnation Revolution, Salgueiro Maia - After the revolution, Salgueiro Maia - Quotes of Salgueiro Maia, Salgueiro Maia - Weblinks

Read more here: » Salgueiro Maia: Encyclopedia II - Salgueiro Maia - Carnation Revolution

In the beginning of the 1970s, the authoritarian regime of the Estado Novo continued to weigh heavily on the country, after a half-century of rule under António de Oliveira Salazar. After the military coup of May 28, 1926, Portugal implemented an authoritarian regime of fascist inspiration. In 1933, the regime was recast and renamed Estado Novo ("New State"), and Oliveira Salazar came to control the country until 1968, when he was incapacitated. Marcello Caetano replaced him, and led the ...

See also:

Carnation Revolution, Carnation Revolution - Context, Carnation Revolution - Events, Carnation Revolution - Consequences, Carnation Revolution - Freedom Day, Carnation Revolution - External References

Read more here: » Carnation Revolution: Encyclopedia II - Carnation Revolution - Context

Color revolutions or Flower revolutions are the names given collectively to a series of related movements that developed in post-communist societies in Central and Eastern Europe and are possibly spreading elsewhere including some places in the Middle East. Their participants use mostly nonviolent revolutionary change to protest against governments seen as entrenched and authoritarian, and to advocate democracy, liberalism, and national independence. They usually also adopt a specific color or flower as their symbol, and the protests are notable for the important role of NGOs and particularly student activist orga ...

Including:

• Color revolution - Color revolutions
• Color revolution - Post-communist states
• Color revolution - Related usages in the Middle East
• Color revolution - Influencing factors
• Color revolution - Anti-Communist revolutions
• Color revolution - Student movements
• Color revolution - Soros foundation and U.S. influence
• Color revolution - Reactions and connected movements in other countries
• Color revolution - External link

Read more here: » Color revolution: Encyclopedia - Color revolution

Portuguese Communist Party - The Origins and Foundation of the Party. The Portuguese Communist Party was founded on 6 March 1921. At the end of World War I, in 1918, Portugal fell into a serious economic crisis, in part due to the Portuguese military intervention in the war. The military involvement led to an abrupt rise in inflation and unemployment. The Portuguese working classes responded to the deterioration in their living standards with a vast wave of strikes. Supported by an emerging Labour movement, the workers a ...

See also:

Portuguese Communist Party, Portuguese Communist Party - Principles and internal organization, Portuguese Communist Party - Fundamental principles, Portuguese Communist Party - Internal organization, Portuguese Communist Party - The History of the Portuguese Communist Party, Portuguese Communist Party - The Origins and Foundation of the Party, Portuguese Communist Party - Outlawing of the Party and the long clandestine struggle, Portuguese Communist Party - The Carnation Revolution of 1974 and the first years of Democracy, Portuguese Communist Party - The end of the Socialist Bloc and the new challenges, Portuguese Communist Party - The Party's electoral results, Portuguese Communist Party - Results in parliamentary elections, Portuguese Communist Party - Results in local elections, Portuguese Communist Party - Results in European Parliament elections, Portuguese Communist Party - Results in presidential elections, Portuguese Communist Party - The media of the Party, Portuguese Communist Party - The Youth Organization, Portuguese Communist Party - Avante! Festival, Portuguese Communist Party - Historical List of PCP's General Secretaries, Portuguese Communist Party - List of some famous PCP members friends and supporters, Portuguese Communist Party - Gallery of posters, Portuguese Communist Party - Notes

Read more here: » Portuguese Communist Party: Encyclopedia II - Portuguese Communist Party - The History of the Portuguese Communist Party

Color revolution - Post-communist states. The demonstrations in Yugoslavia in 2000, which led to the overthrow of Slobodan Milošević. These demonstrations are considered by many to be the first example of the peaceful revolutions that followed. However, the protesters didn't adopt a color or specific symbol, and, despite the commonalities, many others refer to Georgia as the most definite beginning of the series of "color revolutions." The demonstrations were supported by youth movement Otpor. This ...

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Color revolution, Color revolution - Color revolutions, Color revolution - Post-communist states, Color revolution - Related usages in the Middle East, Color revolution - Influencing factors, Color revolution - Anti-Communist revolutions, Color revolution - Student movements, Color revolution - Soros foundation and U.S. influence, Color revolution - Reactions and connected movements in other countries, Color revolution - External link

Read more here: » Color revolution: Encyclopedia II - Color revolution - Color revolutions

A new era is said to have begun in Georgia after the Rose Revolution. While the West considers the Rose Revolution a move towards democracy, its opponents including several Russian and pro-Russian politicians claim the revolution to be a “made-in-America coup” emphasizing the role of the Open Society Institute of George Soros in financing of Georgian opposition. Several reforms were launched by a new government and strong anti-corruption measures were established. Georgia’s foreign policy was proclaimed strongly pro-Western. However, some concerns have been made by Georgian opposition regarding ...

See also:

Rose Revolution, Rose Revolution - Contemporary political situation, Rose Revolution - Elections and protests, Rose Revolution - Change of power, Rose Revolution - In Ajaria, Rose Revolution - Legacy

Read more here: » Rose Revolution: Encyclopedia II - Rose Revolution - Legacy

1974 (MCMLXXIV) is a common year starting on Tuesday (click on link for calendar). 1974 - Events. January 5 - Dungeons & Dragons officially released. January 6 - In response to the energy crisis, daylight saving time commences nearly four months early in the United States. January 30 - G. Gordon Liddy found guilty of Watergate charges 1974 - February. February 1 - Fire in Joelman Bank Building in Sao Paulo, Brazil - ...

Including:

• 1974 - Events
• 1974 - February
• 1974 - March
• 1974 - April
• 1974 - May
• 1974 - June
• 1974 - July
• 1974 - August
• 1974 - September
• 1974 - October
• 1974 - November
• 1974 - December
• 1974 - Unknown date
• 1974 - Births
• 1974 - January
• 1974 - February
• 1974 - March
• 1974 - April
• 1974 - May
• 1974 - June
• 1974 - July
• 1974 - August
• 1974 - September
• 1974 - October
• 1974 - November
• 1974 - December
• 1974 - Unknown date
• 1974 - Deaths
• 1974 - January
• 1974 - February
• 1974 - March
• 1974 - April
• 1974 - May
• 1974 - June
• 1974 - July
• 1974 - August
• 1974 - September
• 1974 - October
• 1974 - November
• 1974 - December
• 1974 - Nobel Prizes
• 1974 - Fields Medalists
• 1974 - Templeton Prize

Read more here: » 1974: Encyclopedia - 1974

A revolution is a relatively sudden, and absolutely drastic change (a "complete turn-around"). This may be a change in the social or political institutions over a relatively short period of time, or a major change in its culture or economy. Some revolutions are led by the majority of the populace of a nation, others by a small band of revolutionaries. Compare rebellion. The word took on this meaning from the 1543 book De revolutionibus orbium coelestium by astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus which so completely changed the way the u ...

Including:

• Revolution - Social and political revolutions
• Revolution - Ancient revolutions
• Revolution - Liberal revolutions
• Revolution - Socialist and/or Communist revolutions
• Revolution - Eastern European anti-Communist/anti-dictatorship revolutions
• Revolution - Islamist revolutions
• Revolution - Color revolutions
• Revolution - Cultural intellectual and philosophical revolutions
• Revolution - Technological revolutions

Read more here: » Revolution: Encyclopedia - Revolution

The Carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus) is a flowering plant native to the Near East and has been cultivated for the last 2,000 years. Its original natural flower colour was pinkish-hued, but later, cultivars of other colours, including red, white, yellow and greenish, have been developed. Although originally applied to the species Dianthus caryophyllus, the name Carnation is also often applied to some of the other species of Dianthus, and more particularly to garden hybrids between D. ...

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A coup d'état (pronounced /ku de'ta/), or simply a coup, is the sudden overthrow of a government, usually done by a smaller supposedly weaker body that just replaces the top power figures. It may or may not be violent in nature. It is different from a revolution, which is staged by a larger group and radically changes the political system. The term is French for "a (sudden) blow (or stroke) to a state". The term coup can also be used in a casual sense to mean a gain ...

Including:

• Coup d'état - History
• Coup d'état - Recent forms of coup
• Coup d'état - Types of coups
• Coup d'état - Post-military-coup governments
• Coup d'état - Important coups in the 19th century
• Coup d'état - Important coups in the 20th century
• Coup d'état - Recent coups and coup attempts
• Coup d'état - Currently-serving leaders who came to power via coups
• Coup d'état - Reference

Read more here: » Coup d'état: Encyclopedia - Coup d'état

April 25 is the 115th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (116th in leap years). There are 250 days remaining. April 25 - Events. 1607 - Eighty Years' War: Dutch fleet destroys the anchored Spanish fleet at Gibraltar. 1707 - An Allied Austrian army is defeated by Bourbon army at Almansa (Spain) in the War of the Spanish Succession. 1719 - Robinson Crusoe by Daniel Defoe is published. 1792 - Highwayman Nicolas J. Pelletier becomes t ...

Including:

• April 25 - Events
• April 25 - Births
• April 25 - Deaths
• April 25 - Holidays and observances

Read more here: » April 25: Encyclopedia - April 25

Part of the Politics of Portugal series Communist Youth Avante! O Militante Avante! Festival Unitarian Democratic Coalition European United Left List of Portuguese Communists Portugal Politics of Portugal Elections in Portugal Communism Marxism Leninism World Communist Movement Avante! (Forward!) is the official newspaper of the Portuguese Communist Party (PCP). Founded in 1931, it cont ...

Including:

• Avante! - The History
• Avante! - The Early Years
• Avante! - The 1940s and the 1950s
• Avante! - The 1960s
• Avante! - The 1970s
• Avante! - Since the 1980s
• Avante! - Sections
• Avante! - Historical list of Executive editors incomplete
• Avante! - Avante! Festival

Read more here: » Avante!: Encyclopedia - Avante!

Portuguese Communist Party - Fundamental principles. The 1st article of the Portuguese Communist Party statutes define it as: The political party of the proletariat, the party of the working class and of all Portuguese workers. The PCP is the vanguard of the working class and of all working people. The Party's vanguard role results from its class nature and its close and indestructible liaison with the masses, mobilizing them and winning their support. The PC ...

See also:

Portuguese Communist Party, Portuguese Communist Party - Principles and internal organization, Portuguese Communist Party - Fundamental principles, Portuguese Communist Party - Internal organization, Portuguese Communist Party - The History of the Portuguese Communist Party, Portuguese Communist Party - The Origins and Foundation of the Party, Portuguese Communist Party - Outlawing of the Party and the long clandestine struggle, Portuguese Communist Party - The Carnation Revolution of 1974 and the first years of Democracy, Portuguese Communist Party - The end of the Socialist Bloc and the new challenges, Portuguese Communist Party - The Party's electoral results, Portuguese Communist Party - Results in parliamentary elections, Portuguese Communist Party - Results in local elections, Portuguese Communist Party - Results in European Parliament elections, Portuguese Communist Party - Results in presidential elections, Portuguese Communist Party - The media of the Party, Portuguese Communist Party - The Youth Organization, Portuguese Communist Party - Avante! Festival, Portuguese Communist Party - Historical List of PCP's General Secretaries, Portuguese Communist Party - List of some famous PCP members friends and supporters, Portuguese Communist Party - Gallery of posters, Portuguese Communist Party - Notes

Read more here: » Portuguese Communist Party: Encyclopedia II - Portuguese Communist Party - Principles and internal organization

Portuguese Communist Party - Results in parliamentary elections. (source: Portuguese Electoral Commission) Note: In 1991 the overall number of MPs changed from the original 250 to 230. Portuguese Communist Party - Results in local elections. (source: Portuguese Electoral Commission) Portuguese Communist Party - Results in European Parliament electionsSee also:

Portuguese Communist Party, Portuguese Communist Party - Principles and internal organization, Portuguese Communist Party - Fundamental principles, Portuguese Communist Party - Internal organization, Portuguese Communist Party - The History of the Portuguese Communist Party, Portuguese Communist Party - The Origins and Foundation of the Party, Portuguese Communist Party - Outlawing of the Party and the long clandestine struggle, Portuguese Communist Party - The Carnation Revolution of 1974 and the first years of Democracy, Portuguese Communist Party - The end of the Socialist Bloc and the new challenges, Portuguese Communist Party - The Party's electoral results, Portuguese Communist Party - Results in parliamentary elections, Portuguese Communist Party - Results in local elections, Portuguese Communist Party - Results in European Parliament elections, Portuguese Communist Party - Results in presidential elections, Portuguese Communist Party - The media of the Party, Portuguese Communist Party - The Youth Organization, Portuguese Communist Party - Avante! Festival, Portuguese Communist Party - Historical List of PCP's General Secretaries, Portuguese Communist Party - List of some famous PCP members friends and supporters, Portuguese Communist Party - Gallery of posters, Portuguese Communist Party - Notes

Read more here: » Portuguese Communist Party: Encyclopedia II - Portuguese Communist Party - The Party's electoral results

The Portuguese Communist Party publishes the weekly Avante! (Forward!), widely distributed throughout the country, and also the magazine of theoretical discussion O Militante (The Militant), published each two months. The Party's press also includes the pamphlet Emigração (Emigration), targeted at the large Portuguese diaspora, and the magazine Portugal e a UE (Portugal and the EU), directed by the Party's members elected in the European Parliament, which presents information related to the Europea ...

See also:

Portuguese Communist Party, Portuguese Communist Party - Principles and internal organization, Portuguese Communist Party - Fundamental principles, Portuguese Communist Party - Internal organization, Portuguese Communist Party - The History of the Portuguese Communist Party, Portuguese Communist Party - The Origins and Foundation of the Party, Portuguese Communist Party - Outlawing of the Party and the long clandestine struggle, Portuguese Communist Party - The Carnation Revolution of 1974 and the first years of Democracy, Portuguese Communist Party - The end of the Socialist Bloc and the new challenges, Portuguese Communist Party - The Party's electoral results, Portuguese Communist Party - Results in parliamentary elections, Portuguese Communist Party - Results in local elections, Portuguese Communist Party - Results in European Parliament elections, Portuguese Communist Party - Results in presidential elections, Portuguese Communist Party - The media of the Party, Portuguese Communist Party - The Youth Organization, Portuguese Communist Party - Avante! Festival, Portuguese Communist Party - Historical List of PCP's General Secretaries, Portuguese Communist Party - List of some famous PCP members friends and supporters, Portuguese Communist Party - Gallery of posters, Portuguese Communist Party - Notes

Read more here: » Portuguese Communist Party: Encyclopedia II - Portuguese Communist Party - The media of the Party

The opposition protest reached its peak on November 22, the day of an opening session of a new parliament, which was considered illegitimate. The same day, opposition supporters led by Saakashvili with roses in their hands (hence the name Rose Revolution) seized the parliament building interrupting a speech of President Eduard Shevardnadze and forcing him to escape with his bodyguards. He later declared a state of emergency and began to mobilize troops and police near his residence in Tbilisi. However, the elite military units refused to sup ...

See also:

Rose Revolution, Rose Revolution - Contemporary political situation, Rose Revolution - Elections and protests, Rose Revolution - Change of power, Rose Revolution - In Ajaria, Rose Revolution - Legacy

Read more here: » Rose Revolution: Encyclopedia II - Rose Revolution - Change of power

Georgia held parliamentary elections on November 2, 2003 which were denounced by local and international observers as being grossly rigged. Mikhail Saakashvilli claimed that he had won the elections (a claim supported by independent exit polls), and urged Georgians to demonstrate against Shevardnadze's government and engage in nonviolent civil disobedience against the authorities. The main democratic opposition parties united to demand ...

See also:

Rose Revolution, Rose Revolution - Contemporary political situation, Rose Revolution - Elections and protests, Rose Revolution - Change of power, Rose Revolution - In Ajaria, Rose Revolution - Legacy

Read more here: » Rose Revolution: Encyclopedia II - Rose Revolution - Elections and protests

Every year, in the first weekend of September (since 1976) the party carries a gigantic festival, the Avante! Festival (Portuguese: Festa do Avante!) named after the Party's official newspaper. After taking part in different locations around Lisbon, like the Lisbon International Fair, Ajuda or Loures, it is now carried out in Amora, a town near Seixal in a ground bought by the Party after a massive fundraising campaign in the early 1990s. The campaign was considered by the Party as the only way to avoid the boycott organised by the ow ...

See also:

Portuguese Communist Party, Portuguese Communist Party - Principles and internal organization, Portuguese Communist Party - Fundamental principles, Portuguese Communist Party - Internal organization, Portuguese Communist Party - The History of the Portuguese Communist Party, Portuguese Communist Party - The Origins and Foundation of the Party, Portuguese Communist Party - Outlawing of the Party and the long clandestine struggle, Portuguese Communist Party - The Carnation Revolution of 1974 and the first years of Democracy, Portuguese Communist Party - The end of the Socialist Bloc and the new challenges, Portuguese Communist Party - The Party's electoral results, Portuguese Communist Party - Results in parliamentary elections, Portuguese Communist Party - Results in local elections, Portuguese Communist Party - Results in European Parliament elections, Portuguese Communist Party - Results in presidential elections, Portuguese Communist Party - The media of the Party, Portuguese Communist Party - The Youth Organization, Portuguese Communist Party - Avante! Festival, Portuguese Communist Party - Historical List of PCP's General Secretaries, Portuguese Communist Party - List of some famous PCP members friends and supporters, Portuguese Communist Party - Gallery of posters, Portuguese Communist Party - Notes

Read more here: » Portuguese Communist Party: Encyclopedia II - Portuguese Communist Party - Avante! Festival

Color revolution - Anti-Communist revolutions. Many have cited the influence of the series of revolutions which occurred in Central and Eastern Europe in the late 1980s and early 1990s, particularly the Velvet Revolution in Prague (Czechoslovakia) in 1989. A peaceful demonstration by students (mostly from Charles University) was attacked by the police - and in time contributed to the collapse of the communist regime in Czechoslovakia.

Color revolution, Color revolution - Color revolutions, Color revolution - Post-communist states, Color revolution - Related usages in the Middle East, Color revolution - Influencing factors, Color revolution - Anti-Communist revolutions, Color revolution - Student movements, Color revolution - Soros foundation and U.S. influence, Color revolution - Reactions and connected movements in other countries, Color revolution - External link

Read more here: » Color revolution: Encyclopedia II - Color revolution - Influencing factors