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Charles Sanders Santiago Peirce (pronounced purse), (September 10, 1839, Cambridge, Massachusetts – April 19, 1914, Milford, Pennsylvania) was an American polymath. Although educated as a chemist and employed as a scientist for 30 years, he is now mostly seen as a philosopher. He is the greatest American builder of architectonic systems, and his admirers deem him the most important systemat ...

Including:

• Charles Peirce - Life
• Charles Peirce - Reception
• Charles Peirce - Works
• Charles Peirce - Peirce's philosophy
• Charles Peirce - Pragmatism
• Charles Peirce - Scholastic realism
• Charles Peirce - Formal perspective
• Charles Peirce - Dynamics of representation
• Charles Peirce - Normative sciences
• Charles Peirce - Parallels with Leibniz
• Charles Peirce - Bibliography
• Charles Peirce - Primary literature
• Charles Peirce - Secondary literature

Read more here: » Charles Peirce: Encyclopedia - Charles Peirce

Quine's paper Two Dogmas of Empiricism, published 1951, is one of the most celebrated papers of twentieth century philosophy in the analytic tradition. The paper is an attack on two central parts of the logical positivists' philosophy. One is the distinction between analytic truths and synthetic truths, explained by Quine as truths grounded only in meanings and independent of facts, and truths grounded in facts. The other is reductionism, which is the theory that each meaningful statement gets its meaning from some logical construc ...

Including:

• Two Dogmas of Empiricism - Analyticity and circularity
• Two Dogmas of Empiricism - Reductionism and Quine's holism
• Two Dogmas of Empiricism - Critique and influence

Read more here: » Two Dogmas of Empiricism: Encyclopedia - Two Dogmas of Empiricism

Existentialism is a philosophical movement that views human existence as having a set of underlying themes and characteristics, such as anxiety, dread, freedom, awareness of death, and consciousness of existing, that are primary. That is, they cannot be reduced to or be explained by a natural-scientific approach or any approach that attempts to detach itself from or rise above these themes. Human beings are exposed to or, to use the philosopher Martin Heidegger's phrase, "thrown" into, existence. Existentialists consider being ...

Including:

• Existentialism - Overview
• Existentialism - Major concepts in existentialism
• Existentialism - Existentialism before 1970
• Existentialism - Existentialism since 1970
• Existentialism - Criticisms of existentialism
• Existentialism - Existentialism in psychotherapy
• Existentialism - Major thinkers and authors associated with the movement
• Existentialism - Film directors
• Existentialism - Novelists and playwrights
• Existentialism - Philosophers
• Existentialism - Psychologists
• Existentialism - Theologians
• Existentialism - Existentialism in popular culture
• Existentialism - Film
• Existentialism - Humour

Read more here: » Existentialism: Encyclopedia - Existentialism

Falsifiability is an important concept in the philosophy of science that amounts to the apparently paradoxical idea that a proposition or theory cannot be scientific if it does not admit the possibility of being shown false. Falsifiable does not mean false. For a proposition to be falsifiable, it must be at least in principle possible to make an observation that would show the proposition to be false, even if that observation had not been made. For example, the proposition "All crows are black" would be falsified ...

Including:

• Falsifiability - Naïve falsification
• Falsifiability - Falsificationism
• Falsifiability - Popper's swan argument
• Falsifiability - Formal logical arguments
• Falsifiability - The criterion of demarcation
• Falsifiability - Criticism
• Falsifiability - From scientists
• Falsifiability - Some examples
• Falsifiability - Mathematics
• Falsifiability - Ethics
• Falsifiability - Theism
• Falsifiability - Conspiracy theories
• Falsifiability - Economics
• Falsifiability - Historicism
• Falsifiability - Solipsism
• Falsifiability - Physical laws

Read more here: » Falsifiability: Encyclopedia - Falsifiability

Analytic philosophy is the dominant philosophical movement in University philosophy departments in English-speaking countries, although one of its founders, Gottlob Frege, was German, and many of its leading proponents, such as Ludwig Wittgenstein, Rudolf Carnap, Kurt Gödel and Karl Popper, were Austrian. Logic and philosophy of language were central strands of analytic philosophy from the beginning, although this dominance has diminished greatly. Several lines of thought originate from the early, language-and-logic part of th ...

Including:

• Analytic philosophy - The term analytic philosophy
• Analytic philosophy - Relation to continental philosophy
• Analytic philosophy - Formalism and natural languages
• Analytic philosophy - Formalism
• Analytic philosophy - Logical atomism
• Analytic philosophy - The Tractatus
• Analytic philosophy - Natural language semantics
• Analytic philosophy - Natural language
• Analytic philosophy - Reaction against idealism
• Analytic philosophy - Language as use
• Analytic philosophy - Logical positivism and logical empiricism
• Analytic philosophy - Philosophy of mind cognitive science
• Analytic philosophy - Ethics in analytic philosophy
• Analytic philosophy - Political philosophy
• Analytic philosophy - Analytical Marxism
• Analytic philosophy - Communitarianism

Read more here: » Analytic philosophy: Encyclopedia - Analytic philosophy

It is not sufficiently recognized that Peirce’s career was that of a scientist, not a philosopher; and that during his lifetime he was known and valued chiefly as a scientist, only secondly as a logician, and scarcely at all as a philosopher. Even his work in philosophy and logic will not be understood until this fact becomes a standing premise of Peircian studies. (Max Fisch, in Moore and Robin 1964: 486). Upon this first, and in one sense sole, rule of reason, that in order to learn you must desire to learn, and in so desiring not ...

See also:

Charles Peirce, Charles Peirce - Life, Charles Peirce - Reception, Charles Peirce - Works, Charles Peirce - Major publications, Charles Peirce - Peirce's philosophy, Charles Peirce - Pragmatism, Charles Peirce - Scholastic realism, Charles Peirce - Formal perspective, Charles Peirce - Dynamics of representation, Charles Peirce - Normative sciences, Charles Peirce - Parallels with Leibniz, Charles Peirce - Bibliography, Charles Peirce - Primary literature, Charles Peirce - Secondary literature

Read more here: » Charles Peirce: Encyclopedia II - Charles Peirce - Peirce's philosophy

Existentialism - Film directors. Ingmar Bergman Michel Gondry Eric Rohmer Alain Robbe-Grillet Richard Linklater David O. Russell Michelangelo Antonioni Jean-Luc Godard François Truffaut Mamoru Oshii Existentialism - Novelists and playwrights. Existentialist novelists were generally seen as a mid-1950s phenomenon that continued until the mid- to late 1970s. Most of the major writers we ...

See also:

Existentialism, Existentialism - Overview, Existentialism - Major concepts in existentialism, Existentialism - Existentialism before 1970, Existentialism - Existentialism since 1970, Existentialism - Criticisms of existentialism, Existentialism - Existentialism in psychotherapy, Existentialism - Major thinkers and authors associated with the movement, Existentialism - Film directors, Existentialism - Novelists and playwrights, Existentialism - Philosophers, Existentialism - Psychologists, Existentialism - Theologians, Existentialism - Existentialism in popular culture, Existentialism - Film, Existentialism - Humour

Read more here: » Existentialism: Encyclopedia II - Existentialism - Major thinkers and authors associated with the movement

Most of Quine's argument against analyticity in the first four sections is focused on showing that different explanations of analyticity are circular. The main purpose is to show that no satisfactory explanation of analyticity has been given. Quine begins by making a distinction between two different classes of analytic statements. The first one is called logical true and has the form: (1) No unmarried man is married A sentence with that form is true independent of the interpretation of man and married, so long as ...

See also:

Two Dogmas of Empiricism, Two Dogmas of Empiricism - Analyticity and circularity, Two Dogmas of Empiricism - Reductionism and Quine's holism, Two Dogmas of Empiricism - Critique and influence

Read more here: » Two Dogmas of Empiricism: Encyclopedia II - Two Dogmas of Empiricism - Analyticity and circularity

The term analytic philosophy is slightly ambiguous and generally has three meanings: doctrine, method, and tradition. The doctrines most often called "analytic philosophy" are logical positivism and logical atomism; more loosely, the term can refer to ordinary language philosophy, common sense philosophy, or some amalgam of the above. This usage made some sense until the 1950s, when most prominent "analytic" philosophers were commonly engaged in a few related research programmes and committed to similar basic these ...

See also:

Analytic philosophy, Analytic philosophy - The term analytic philosophy, Analytic philosophy - Relation to continental philosophy, Analytic philosophy - Formalism and natural languages, Analytic philosophy - Formalism, Analytic philosophy - Logical atomism, Analytic philosophy - The Tractatus, Analytic philosophy - Natural language semantics, Analytic philosophy - Natural language, Analytic philosophy - Reaction against idealism, Analytic philosophy - Language as use, Analytic philosophy - Logical positivism and logical empiricism, Analytic philosophy - Philosophy of mind cognitive science, Analytic philosophy - Ethics in analytic philosophy, Analytic philosophy - Political philosophy, Analytic philosophy - Analytical Marxism, Analytic philosophy - Communitarianism

Read more here: » Analytic philosophy: Encyclopedia II - Analytic philosophy - The term analytic philosophy

Claims about verifiability and falsifiability have been used to criticize various controversial views. Examining these examples shows the usefulness of falsifiability by showing us where to look when attempting to criticise a theory. Non-falsifiable theories can usually be reduced to a simple uncircumscribed existential statement, such as there exists a green swan. It is entirely possible to verify that the theory is true, simply by producing the green swan. But since this statement does not specify when or where the green swan exists, it is simply not possible to show that the swan does not exist, and so i ...

See also:

Falsifiability, Falsifiability - Naïve falsification, Falsifiability - Falsificationism, Falsifiability - Popper's swan argument, Falsifiability - Formal logical arguments, Falsifiability - The criterion of demarcation, Falsifiability - Criticism, Falsifiability - From scientists, Falsifiability - Some examples, Falsifiability - Mathematics, Falsifiability - Ethics, Falsifiability - Theism, Falsifiability - Conspiracy theories, Falsifiability - Economics, Falsifiability - Historicism, Falsifiability - Solipsism, Falsifiability - Physical laws

Read more here: » Falsifiability: Encyclopedia II - Falsifiability - Some examples

Existentialism - Film directors. Ingmar Bergman Eric Rohmer Alain Robbe-Grillet Richard Linklater David O. Russell Michelangelo Antonioni Jean-Luc Godard François Truffaut Mamoru Oshii Existentialism - Novelists and playwrights. Existentialist novelists were generally seen as a mid-1950s phenomenon that continued until the mid- to late 1970s. Most of the major writers were either French or fro ...

See also:

Existentialism, Existentialism - Overview, Existentialism - Major concepts in existentialism, Existentialism - Existentialism before 1970, Existentialism - Existentialism since 1970, Existentialism - Criticisms of existentialism, Existentialism - Existentialism in psychotherapy, Existentialism - Major thinkers and authors associated with the movement, Existentialism - Film directors, Existentialism - Novelists and playwrights, Existentialism - Philosophers, Existentialism - Psychologists, Existentialism - Theologians, Existentialism - Existentialism in popular culture, Existentialism - Film, Existentialism - Humour

Read more here: » Existentialism: Encyclopedia II - Existentialism - Major thinkers and authors associated with the movement

It is not sufficiently recognized that Peirce’s career was that of a scientist, not a philosopher; and that during his lifetime he was known and valued chiefly as a scientist, only secondly as a logician, and scarcely at all as a philosopher. Even his work in philosophy and logic will not be understood until this fact becomes a standing premise of Peircian studies. (Max Fisch, in Moore and Robin 1964: 486). Upon this first, and in one sense sole, rule of reason, that in order to learn you must desire to learn, and in so desiring not ...

See also:

Charles Peirce, Charles Peirce - Life, Charles Peirce - Reception, Charles Peirce - Works, Charles Peirce - Peirce's philosophy, Charles Peirce - Pragmatism, Charles Peirce - Scholastic realism, Charles Peirce - Formal perspective, Charles Peirce - Dynamics of representation, Charles Peirce - Normative sciences, Charles Peirce - Parallels with Leibniz, Charles Peirce - Bibliography, Charles Peirce - Primary literature, Charles Peirce - Secondary literature

Read more here: » Charles Peirce: Encyclopedia II - Charles Peirce - Peirce's philosophy

Existentialism - Film directors. Ingmar Bergman Michel Gondry Eric Rohmer Alain Robbe-Grillet Richard Linklater David O. Russell Michelangelo Antonioni Jean-Luc Godard François Truffaut Mamoru Oshii Existentialism - Novelists and playwrights. Existentialist novelists were generally seen as a mid-1950s phenomenon that continued until the mid- to late 1970s. Most of the major writers we ...

See also:

Existentialism, Existentialism - Overview, Existentialism - Major concepts in existentialism, Existentialism - Atheistic Existentialism, Existentialism - Christian Existentialism, Existentialism - Common Threads, Existentialism - Existentialism before 1970, Existentialism - Existentialism since 1970, Existentialism - Criticisms of existentialism, Existentialism - Existentialism in psychotherapy, Existentialism - Major thinkers and authors associated with the movement, Existentialism - Film directors, Existentialism - Novelists and playwrights, Existentialism - Philosophers, Existentialism - Psychologists, Existentialism - Theologians, Existentialism - Existentialism in popular culture, Existentialism - Film, Existentialism - Humour

Read more here: » Existentialism: Encyclopedia II - Existentialism - Major thinkers and authors associated with the movement

Existentialism differentiates itself from the modern Western rationalist tradition extending from Descartes to Husserl by rejecting the idea that the most certain and primary reality is rational consciousness. Descartes argued that humans could think away everything that exists and doubt its reality but that humans could not think away or doubt the thinking consciousness, whose reality is therefore more certain than any other reality. Existentialism decisively rejects this argument, asserting instead that as conscious beings humans always fi ...

See also:

Existentialism, Existentialism - Overview, Existentialism - Major concepts in existentialism, Existentialism - Existentialism before 1970, Existentialism - Existentialism since 1970, Existentialism - Criticisms of existentialism, Existentialism - Existentialism in psychotherapy, Existentialism - Major thinkers and authors associated with the movement, Existentialism - Film directors, Existentialism - Novelists and playwrights, Existentialism - Philosophers, Existentialism - Psychologists, Existentialism - Theologians, Existentialism - Existentialism in popular culture, Existentialism - Film, Existentialism - Humour

Read more here: » Existentialism: Encyclopedia II - Existentialism - Major concepts in existentialism

An early forerunner of existentialism was Blaise Pascal. In 1670, he published the Pensées, in which he described many fundamental themes of existentialism. Pascal argued that without a God, life would be meaningless and miserable. People would only be able to create obstacles and overcome them in an attempt to escape boredom. These token-victories would ultimately become meaningless, since people would eventually die. This was good enough reason not to choose to become an atheist according to Pascal. Sartre takes this idea of avoiding the ...

See also:

Existentialism, Existentialism - Overview, Existentialism - Major concepts in existentialism, Existentialism - Existentialism before 1970, Existentialism - Existentialism since 1970, Existentialism - Criticisms of existentialism, Existentialism - Existentialism in psychotherapy, Existentialism - Major thinkers and authors associated with the movement, Existentialism - Film directors, Existentialism - Novelists and playwrights, Existentialism - Philosophers, Existentialism - Psychologists, Existentialism - Theologians, Existentialism - Existentialism in popular culture, Existentialism - Film, Existentialism - Humour

Read more here: » Existentialism: Encyclopedia II - Existentialism - Existentialism before 1970

Existentialism was inspired by the works of Søren Kierkegaard, Fyodor Dostoyevsky and the German philosophers Friedrich Nietzsche, Edmund Husserl, and Martin Heidegger. It became popular in the mid-20th century through the works of the French writer-philosophers Jean-Paul Sartre and Simone de Beauvoir whose versions of existentialism are set out in a popular form in Sartre's 1946 L'Existentialisme est un humanisme, transla ...

See also:

Existentialism, Existentialism - Overview, Existentialism - Major concepts in existentialism, Existentialism - Existentialism before 1970, Existentialism - Existentialism since 1970, Existentialism - Criticisms of existentialism, Existentialism - Existentialism in psychotherapy, Existentialism - Major thinkers and authors associated with the movement, Existentialism - Film directors, Existentialism - Novelists and playwrights, Existentialism - Philosophers, Existentialism - Psychologists, Existentialism - Theologians, Existentialism - Existentialism in popular culture, Existentialism - Film, Existentialism - Humour

Read more here: » Existentialism: Encyclopedia II - Existentialism - Overview

According to the logical positivists, a statement was given a meaning by its empirical verification. This view can be used to define synonymy. Two terms would be synonymous if and only if they are alike in method of empirical confirmation or infirmation. With the notion of synonymy, analyticity of the second class could be defined, and the problem would be solved. But Quine points out that this view needs an explanation of the methods which are to be compared. Reductionism is one of these methods, where a meaningful statement gets its meanin ...

See also:

Two Dogmas of Empiricism, Two Dogmas of Empiricism - Analyticity and circularity, Two Dogmas of Empiricism - Reductionism and Quine's holism, Two Dogmas of Empiricism - Critique and influence

Read more here: » Two Dogmas of Empiricism: Encyclopedia II - Two Dogmas of Empiricism - Reductionism and Quine's holism

With complete freedom to decide and being responsible for the outcome of said decisions comes anxiety--or angst--about the choices made. Anxiety's importance in existentialism makes it a popular topic in psychotherapy. Therapists often use existential philosophy to explain the patient's anxiety. Psychotherapists using an existential approach believe that the patient can harness his or her anxiety and use it constructively. Instead of suppressing anxiety, patients are advised to use it as grounds for change. By embracing anxiety as inevitable, ...

See also:

Existentialism, Existentialism - Overview, Existentialism - Major concepts in existentialism, Existentialism - Existentialism before 1970, Existentialism - Existentialism since 1970, Existentialism - Criticisms of existentialism, Existentialism - Existentialism in psychotherapy, Existentialism - Major thinkers and authors associated with the movement, Existentialism - Film directors, Existentialism - Novelists and playwrights, Existentialism - Philosophers, Existentialism - Psychologists, Existentialism - Theologians, Existentialism - Existentialism in popular culture, Existentialism - Film, Existentialism - Humour

Read more here: » Existentialism: Encyclopedia II - Existentialism - Existentialism in psychotherapy

An early forerunner of existentialism was Blaise Pascal. In 1670, he published the Pensées, in which he described many fundamental themes of existentialism. Pascal argued that without a God, life would be meaningless and miserable. People would only be able to create obstacles and overcome them in an attempt to escape boredom. These token-victories would ultimately become meaningless, since people would eventually die. This was good enough reason not to choose to become an atheist according to Pascal. Sartre takes this idea of avoiding the ...

See also:

Existentialism, Existentialism - Overview, Existentialism - Major concepts in existentialism, Existentialism - Atheistic Existentialism, Existentialism - Christian Existentialism, Existentialism - Common Threads, Existentialism - Existentialism before 1970, Existentialism - Existentialism since 1970, Existentialism - Criticisms of existentialism, Existentialism - Existentialism in psychotherapy, Existentialism - Major thinkers and authors associated with the movement, Existentialism - Film directors, Existentialism - Novelists and playwrights, Existentialism - Philosophers, Existentialism - Psychologists, Existentialism - Theologians, Existentialism - Existentialism in popular culture, Existentialism - Film, Existentialism - Humour

Read more here: » Existentialism: Encyclopedia II - Existentialism - Existentialism before 1970

Herbert Marcuse criticized existentialism, especially in Sartre's Being and Nothingness, for projecting certain features, such as anxiety and meaninglessness, of the modern experience of living in an oppressive society, onto the nature of existence itself: "In so far as Existentialism is a philosophical doctrine, it remains an idealistic doctrine: it hypothesizes specific historical conditions of human existence into ontological and metaphysical characteristics. Existentialism thus becomes part of the very ideology which it attacks, and its radicalism is ...

See also:

Existentialism, Existentialism - Overview, Existentialism - Major concepts in existentialism, Existentialism - Atheistic Existentialism, Existentialism - Christian Existentialism, Existentialism - Common Threads, Existentialism - Existentialism before 1970, Existentialism - Existentialism since 1970, Existentialism - Criticisms of existentialism, Existentialism - Existentialism in psychotherapy, Existentialism - Major thinkers and authors associated with the movement, Existentialism - Film directors, Existentialism - Novelists and playwrights, Existentialism - Philosophers, Existentialism - Psychologists, Existentialism - Theologians, Existentialism - Existentialism in popular culture, Existentialism - Film, Existentialism - Humour

Read more here: » Existentialism: Encyclopedia II - Existentialism - Criticisms of existentialism