carbon tetrachloride

Carbon disulfide (CS2) is a colorless liquid with a pleasant odor that is like the smell of chloroform. It has a melting point of -111oC and a boiling point of 46o, and a density of 1250kg/m3 at room temperature. The impure carbon disulfide that is usually used in most industrial processes is a yellowish liquid with an unpleasant odor, like that of rotting radishes, tha ...

Including:

• Carbon disulfide - Health effects

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The chloride ion is formed when the element chlorine picks up one electron to form the anion (negatively-charged ion) Cl−. The salts of hydrochloric acid HCl contain chloride ions and are also called chlorides. An example is table salt, which is sodium chloride with the chemical formula NaCl. In water, it dissolves into Na+ and Cl− ions. The word chloride can also refer to a chemical compound in which one or more chlorine atom ...

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• Chloride - Examples

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Healing is the process whereby the cells in the body regenerate and repair to reduce the size of a damaged or necrotic area. Healing incorporates both the removal of necrotic tissue (demolition), and the replacement of this tissue. The replacement can happen in two ways: by regeneration: the necrotic cells are replaced by the same tissue as was originally there. by repair: injured tissue is replaced with scar tissue. Most organs will heal using a mixture of both mechanisms. ...

Including:

• Healing - Healing by regeneration
• Healing - Example of regeneration
• Healing - Healing by repair
• Healing - Specific examples of healing

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Chlorinated hydrocarbons are a broad class of organic chemicals used mainly as solvents but also with many other uses. A chlorinated hydrocarbon is derived from a hydrocarbon molecule where one or more of the hydrogen atoms has been replaced by a chlorine atom. For the most basic hydrocarbon, methane (CH4), replacement of one hydrogen atom by a chlorine atom produces CH3Cl, known as methyl chloride. Replace another hydrogen atom and you get CH2Cl2 or methylene chloride. Putting in yet another chlorine form CHCl3, chloroform. Replacing the f ...

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The Fullerenes are recently-discovered allotropes of carbon. They are molecules composed entirely of carbon, which take the form of a hollow sphere, ellipsoid, or tube. Spherical fullerenes are sometimes called buckyballs, while cylindrical fullerenes are called buckytubes or nanotubes. Fullerene - Naming. The molecule was named for Richard Buckminster Fuller, a noted architect who popularized the geodesic dome. Since buckminsterfullerenes have a similar shape to that sort of dome, the ...

Including:

• Fullerene - Naming
• Fullerene - Buckminsterfullerene
• Fullerene - Prediction and discovery
• Fullerene - Properties
• Fullerene - Possible dangers
• Fullerene - Fullerene extract mixture C₆₀/C₇₀ solubility
• Fullerene - Diffraction of fullerene
• Fullerene - Notes
• Fullerene - Mathematics of Fullerenes
• Fullerene - Media

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Chlorine (from the Greek language Chloros, meaning "pale green"), is the chemical element with atomic number 17 and symbol Cl. It is a halogen, found in the periodic table in group 17. As the chloride ion, which is part of common salt and other compounds, it is abundant in nature and necessary to most forms of life, including the human body. As chlorine gas, it is greenish yellow, is two and one half times as heavy as air, has an intensely disagreeable suffocating odor, and is exceedingly poisonous. In its liquid and sol ...

Including:

• Chlorine - Notable characteristics
• Chlorine - Applications
• Chlorine - History
• Chlorine - Occurrence
• Chlorine - Isotopes
• Chlorine - Precautions
• Chlorine - The chemical processes for extraction of chlorine gas
• Chlorine - Mercury cell electrolysis
• Chlorine - Diaphragm cell electrolysis
• Chlorine - Membrane cell electrolysis
• Chlorine - Other methods
• Chlorine - Compounds

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N-Bromosuccinimide - Addition to alkenes. NBS will react with alkenes 1 in aqueous solvents to give bromohydrins 2. The preferred conditions are the portionwise addition of NBS to a solution of the alkene in 50% aqueous DMSO, DME, THF, or tert-butanol at 0°C.[1] Formation of a bromonium ion and immediate attack by water gives strong Markovnikov addition and anti stereochemical selectivities.^{See also:}

N-Bromosuccinimide, N-Bromosuccinimide - Reactions of N-Bromosuccinimide, N-Bromosuccinimide - Addition to alkenes, N-Bromosuccinimide - Allylic and benzylic bromination, N-Bromosuccinimide - Bromination of carbonyl derivatives, N-Bromosuccinimide - Bromination of aromatic derivatives, N-Bromosuccinimide - Hoffmann rearrangement, N-Bromosuccinimide - Preparation of NBS, N-Bromosuccinimide - Precautions

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The basic physical and chemical processes that lead to the formation of an ozone layer in the earth's stratosphere were discovered by Sydney Chapman in 1930. These are discussed in the article Ozone-oxygen_cycle - briefly, short-wavelength UV radiation splits an oxygen (O2) molecule into two oxygen (O) atoms, which then combine with other oxygen molecules to form ozone. Ozone is removed when an oxygen atom and an ozone molecule "recombine" to form two oxygen molecules, i.e. O + O3 -> O2. In the 1950's, Dav ...

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Ozone depletion, Ozone depletion - Ozone cycle overview, Ozone depletion - Ozone creation, Ozone depletion - Ozone destruction, Ozone depletion - Observations, Ozone depletion - Chemicals in the atmosphere, Ozone depletion - Verification of observations, Ozone depletion - The ozone hole and its causes, Ozone depletion - Interest in ozone hole, Ozone depletion - Consequences of ozone depletion, Ozone depletion - Increased UV due to the ozone hole, Ozone depletion - Biological effects of increased UV, Ozone depletion - Public policy in response to the ozone hole, Ozone depletion - The future of ozone depletion, Ozone depletion - History of the research, Ozone depletion - Controversy regarding ozone science and policy, Ozone depletion - Myths about ozone depletion, Ozone depletion - CFC's are too heavy to reach the stratosphere?, Ozone depletion - Natural chlorine sources are far larger than the CFC source?, Ozone depletion - An ozone hole was first observed in 1956?, Ozone depletion - World Ozone Day

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Basic or technical philately, then, is the study of the technical aspects of stamp production and stamp identification. It includes the study of The initial stamp design process Paper (wove, laid, etc, and including watermarks) Printing methods (engraving, typography, etc) Gum Separation (perforation, rouletting) Overprints on existing stamps Forensic philately, e ...

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Philately, Philately - Types of philately, Philately - Organizations

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Principal methane sources are Outgassing from earth's mantle through mud volcanoes. Mud volcanoes are often associated with petroleum deposits and tectonic subduction zones and orogenic belts. Hydrocarbon gases often are erupted. According to geologist Nikolai Kudryavtsev, the eruptions of mud volcanoes have liberated such large quantities of methane that even the most prolific gas field underneath should have been exhausted long ago. Also the quantities of mud deposited in some cases would have required eruptions of much ...

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Methane, Methane - Sources of methane, Methane - Reactions of methane, Methane - Extraterrestrial Methane, Methane - Methane on Earth, Methane - Uses, Methane - Units of measure, Methane - Methane in heraldry

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Iodine (Gr. iodes meaning violet) was discovered by Barnard Courtois in 1811. He was the son of a manufacturer of saltpeter (potassium nitrate, a vital part of gunpowder). At the time France was at war and gunpowder was in great demand. Saltpeter was isolated from seaweed washed up on the coasts of Normandy and Brittany. To isolate the potassium nitrate, seaweed was burned and the ash then washed with water. The remaining waste was destroyed by adding sulfuric acid. One day Courtois added too much sulfuric acid and cloud of purple vap ...

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Iodine, Iodine - Notable characteristics, Iodine - Applications, Iodine - History, Iodine - Occurrence, Iodine - Isotopes, Iodine - Precautions, Iodine - Compounds

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A dry cleaning machine is somewhat similar to combination of a domestic washing machine, and clothes dryer. Garments are placed into a washing/extraction chamber (referred to as the "basket"). This is the core of the dry cleaning machine. The washing chamber contains a horizontal, perforated drum that rotates within an outer shell. The shell holds the solvent while the rotating drum holds the garment load. Depending on the size of the machine the basket capacity w ...

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Dry cleaning, Dry cleaning - History, Dry cleaning - Solvents used, Dry cleaning - Modern, Dry cleaning - Historical, Dry cleaning - Process, Dry cleaning - Solvent processing, Dry cleaning - Dry Cleaning wastes, Dry cleaning - Cooked muck, Dry cleaning - Sludge, Dry cleaning - Environment

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A fire extinguisher may emit a solid, liquid, or gaseous chemical. Fire extinguisher - Water. Water is the most common chemical for class A fires and is quite effective as one would imagine. Water has a great effect on cooling the fuel surfaces and thereby reducing the pyrolysis rate of the fuel. The gaseous effect is minor for extinguishers, but water fog nozzles used by fire brigades creates water droplets small enough to be able to extinguish flaming gases as well. The sma ...

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Fire extinguisher, Fire extinguisher - History, Fire extinguisher - Construction, Fire extinguisher - General, Fire extinguisher - Bottle, Fire extinguisher - Classification, Fire extinguisher - Europe, Fire extinguisher - United States, Fire extinguisher - United States ratings, Fire extinguisher - Markings, Fire extinguisher - Australia, Fire extinguisher - United Kingdom, Fire extinguisher - Continental Europe CEN countries other than UK, Fire extinguisher - United States, Fire extinguisher - Chemistries, Fire extinguisher - Water, Fire extinguisher - Foams, Fire extinguisher - Dry Powder Dry Chemical in the US, Fire extinguisher - Wet potassium salts 'Wet Chemical', Fire extinguisher - Carbon dioxide, Fire extinguisher - Halons, Fire extinguisher - Fluorocarbons, Fire extinguisher - Specialised materials for Class D, Fire extinguisher - Maintenance

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Trihalomethane - Refrigerants. Trifluoromethane and chlorodifluoromethane are both used as refrigerants in some applications. Trihalomethanes released to the environment break down faster than chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), thereby doing less damage to the ozone layer (if they contain chlorine). Chlorodifluoromethane is a refrigerant HCFC, or hydrochlorofluorocarbon, while fluoroform is an HFC, or hyd ...

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Trihalomethane, Trihalomethane - Industrial uses, Trihalomethane - Refrigerants, Trihalomethane - Solvents, Trihalomethane - Water pollutants

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Common uses for halocarbons have been as solvents, pesticides, refrigerants, fire-resistant oils, ingredients of elastomers, adhesives and sealants, electrically insulating coatings, plasticizers, and plastics. Many halocarbons have specialized uses in industry. Before they became strictly regulated, the general public often encountered haloalkanes as paint and cleaning solvents such as trichloroethane (1,1,1-trichloroethane) and carbon tetrachloride (tetrachloromethane), pesticides like ethylene dibromide (EDB, 1,2-dibromoethane), an ...

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Halocarbon, Halocarbon - Chemical families, Halocarbon - Origins, Halocarbon - Uses, Halocarbon - Hazards

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Like many chlorinated hydrocarbons, tetrachloroethylene is a central nervous system depressant, and inhaling its vapors (particularly in closed, poorly ventilated areas) can cause dizziness, headache, sleepiness, confusion, nausea, difficulty in speaking and walking, unconsciousness, and death. After repeated or extended skin contact, tetrachloroethylene may dissolve fats from the skin, resulting in severe skin irritation. These symptoms occur almost entirely in work (or hobby) environments where people have been accidentally exposed to high concentrations or have intention ...

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Tetrachloroethylene, Tetrachloroethylene - Production, Tetrachloroethylene - Uses, Tetrachloroethylene - Safety, Tetrachloroethylene - Testing for PCE

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Liquid-liquid extraction - Solvation mechanism. Using solvent extraction it is possible to extract uranium, plutonium, or thorium from acid solutions. One solvent used for this purpose is the organophosphate tri-n-butyl phosphate. The PUREX process is commonly used in nuclear reprocessing uses a mixture of tri-n-butyl phosphate and an inert hydrocarbon (kerocene), the uranium(VI) are extracted from strong nitric acid and are back-extracted (stripped) using weak nitric acid. An organic soluble uranium complex [UO< ...

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Liquid-liquid extraction, Liquid-liquid extraction - Distribution ratio, Liquid-liquid extraction - One big batch of solvent or several smaller batchs ?, Liquid-liquid extraction - Separation factors, Liquid-liquid extraction - Decontamination factor, Liquid-liquid extraction - Slopes of graphs, Liquid-liquid extraction - Batchwise single stage extractions, Liquid-liquid extraction - Multistage countercurrent continuous processes, Liquid-liquid extraction - Extraction without chemical change, Liquid-liquid extraction - Extraction with chemical change, Liquid-liquid extraction - Solvation mechanism, Liquid-liquid extraction - Ion exchange mechanism, Liquid-liquid extraction - Ion pair extraction, Liquid-liquid extraction - Kinetics of extraction, Liquid-liquid extraction - Aqueous complexing agents, Liquid-liquid extraction - Industrial process design, Liquid-liquid extraction - Equipment, Liquid-liquid extraction - Terms

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The United States investigated ricin for its military potential during the First World War. At that time it was being considered for use either as a toxic dust or coated bullets and shrapnel. The dust cloud concept could not be adequately developed, and researchers believed the coated bullet/shrapnel concept was unethical. The War ended before it was weaponized. During the Second World War the United States and Canada undertook studying ricin in cluster bombs. Though there were plans for mass production and several field trials with d ...

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Ricin, Ricin - Toxicity and manufacture, Ricin - Potential medicinal use, Ricin - Use as a chemical/biological warfare agent, Ricin - Ricin patent, Ricin - Ricin extraction process, Ricin - Ricin-related arrests in Britain in 2003, Ricin - Ricin in Washington D.C., Ricin - Ricin in popular culture

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Industrially, methylene chloride is produced by reacting either methyl chloride or methane with chlorine gas at 400-500°C. At these temperatures, both methane and methyl chloride undergo a series of reactions producing progressively more chlorinated products. CH4 + Cl2 → CH3Cl + HCl CH3Cl + Cl2 → CH2Cl2 + HCl CH2Cl2 +Cl2 → CHCl3 + HCl CHCl3 + C ...

See also:

Dichloromethane, Dichloromethane - Production, Dichloromethane - Uses, Dichloromethane - Safety

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In recent decades, the existence of the atmospheric window has become threatened by the development of highly unreactive gases containing bonds between fluorine and either carbon or sulfur. The "stretching frequencies" of bonds between fluorine and other light nonmetals are such that strong absorption in the atmospheric window will always be characteristic of compounds containing such bonds. This absorption is strengthened because these bonds are highly polar because of the extreme electronegativity of the fluorine atom. Bonds to other halogens also absorb in the ...

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Atmospheric window, Atmospheric window - Causes, Atmospheric window - Threats

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