Encyclopedia - Carbon Dioxide: Encyclopedia - Carbon Dioxide
Carbon dioxide is an atmospheric gas comprised of one carbon and two oxygen atoms. A very widely known chemical compound, it is frequentl...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Carbon Dioxide: Encyclopedia Ii - Carbon Dioxide - Chemical And Physical Properties
Carbon dioxide is a colorless gas which, when inhaled at high concentrations (a dangerous activity because of the associated asphyxiation...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Carbon Dioxide: Encyclopedia Ii - Carbon Dioxide - History
Carbon dioxide was one of the first gases to be described as a substance distinct from air. In the 17th century, the Flemish chemist Jan ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Carbon Dioxide Sink: Encyclopedia - Carbon Dioxide Sink
A carbon dioxide sink or CO2 sink is a carbon reservoir that is increasing in size, and is the opposite of a carbon "source". The main si...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Carbon: Encyclopedia - Carbon
Carbon is a chemical element in the periodic table that has the symbol C and atomic number 6. An abundant nonmetallic, tetravalent eleme...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Chemical Physics: Encyclopedia - Chemical Physics
Chemical physics is a subdiscipline of physics that investigates physicochemical phenomena using techniques from atomic and molecular phy...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Calcium Carbonate: Encyclopedia - Calcium Carbonate
Calcium carbonate is a chemical compound, with chemical formula CaCO3. It is commonly used as an antacid, and is the active ingredient in...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Carbonation: Encyclopedia - Carbonation
Carbonation occurs when carbon dioxide is dissolved in water or an aqueous solution. This process is generally represented by the followi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Carbon Monoxide: Encyclopedia - Carbon Monoxide
Carbon monoxide, chemical formula CO, is a colourless, odourless, tasteless, flammable and highly toxic gas. It is a major product of the...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Carbon Nanotube: Encyclopedia - Carbon Nanotube
Carbon nanotubes are cylindrical carbon molecules with novel properties that make them potentially useful in a wide variety of applicatio...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Activated Carbon: Encyclopedia - Activated Carbon
Activated carbon (also called activated charcoal) is the more general term which includes carbon material mostly derived from charcoal. I...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Carbonate: Encyclopedia - Carbonate
Carbonate is an anion with a charge of -2 and an empirical formula of CO32-. For an aqueous solution, carbonate exists in three forms. In...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Carbonated Water: Encyclopedia - Carbonated Water
Carbonated water, also known as soda water, sparkling water, or seltzer water, is plain water into which carbon dioxide gas has been diss...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Carbon Cycle: Encyclopedia - Carbon Cycle
The carbon cycle is the biogeochemical cycle by which carbon is exchanged between the biosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere and atmosphere of...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Calcium Carbonate: Encyclopedia Ii - Calcium Carbonate - Chemical Properties
Calcium carbonate shares the typical properties of other carbonates. Notably: it reacts with strong acids, releasing carbon dioxide. ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Alcohol: Encyclopedia Ii - Alcohol - Physical And Chemical Properties
The hydroxyl group generally makes the alcohol molecule polar. Those groups can form hydrogen bonds to one another and to other compounds...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Carbon Dioxide Sink: Encyclopedia Ii - Carbon Dioxide Sink - Artificial Sequestration
For carbon to be sequestered artificially (i.e. not using the natural processes of the carbon cycle) it must first be captured. Thereafte...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Carbon Dioxide Laser: Encyclopedia Ii - Carbon Dioxide Laser - Amplification
The active laser medium (laser gain/amplification medium) is a gas discharge which is air cooled (water cooled in higher power applicatio...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Carbon Dioxide Sink: Encyclopedia Ii - Carbon Dioxide Sink - Carbon Sinks And The Kyoto Protocol
The protocols hold that, since growing vegetation absorbs carbon dioxide, countries that have large areas of forest (or other vegetation)...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Carbon Dioxide Laser: Encyclopedia Ii - Carbon Dioxide Laser - Construction
Because CO2 lasers operate in the infrared, special materials are necessary for their construction. Typically, the mirrors are made of co...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Polypropylene: Encyclopedia Ii - Polypropylene - Chemical & Physical Properties
Most commercial polypropylene has a level of crystallinity intermediate between that of low density polyethylene (LDPE) and high density ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Carbon Dioxide Sink: Encyclopedia Ii - Carbon Dioxide Sink - Natural Sinks
Carbon dioxide sink - Forests. The idea of carbon sinks based on growing trees rests on an understanding of the carbon cycle. Enormous ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Carbon Dioxide Sink: Encyclopedia Ii - Carbon Dioxide Sink - Enhancing Natural Sequestration
Carbon dioxide sink - Forests. Forests are carbon dioxide stores, but the sink effect exists only when they grow in size: it is thus na...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cyanuric Acid: Encyclopedia Ii - Cyanuric Acid - Chemical And Physical Properties
Cyanuric acid is odorless, hygroscopic, and commonly used as a crystalline powder. On heating, it decomposes at 320-350°C and above emit...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Resveratrol: Encyclopedia Ii - Resveratrol - Chemical & Physical Properties
Resveratrol - Names/Synonyms. Trans-3,5,4'-trihydroxystilbene; 3,4',5-stilbenetriol; trans-resveratrol and (E)-5-(p-hydroxystyryl)reso...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Carbon Nanotube: Encyclopedia Ii - Carbon Nanotube - Properties
Carbon nanotube - Mechanical. Carbon nanotubes are one of the strongest materials known to man, both in terms of tensile strength and ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Solubility Pump: Encyclopedia Ii - Solubility Pump - Carbon Dioxide Solubility
Carbon dioxide, like other gases, is soluble in water. However, unlike many other gases (oxygen for instance), it reacts with water and f...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Methamphetamine: Encyclopedia Ii - Methamphetamine - Physical And Chemical Properties Of Methamphetamine
Methamphetamine is an alkaloid similar in structure to amphetamine and MDMA (Ecstasy). Compared to most illegal drugs, methamphetamine is...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Methamphetamine: Encyclopedia Ii - Methamphetamine - Physical And Chemical Properties Of Methamphetamine
Methamphetamine is an alkaloid similar in structure to amphetamine and MDMA (Ecstasy). Compared to most illegal drugs, methamphetamine is...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Carbon Nanotube: Encyclopedia Ii - Carbon Nanotube - Properties
The covalent bonding undergone in CNTs means they have very high tensile strengths. In 2000, a SWNT was tested to have a tensile strength...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Sodium Sulfate: Encyclopedia Ii - Sodium Sulfate - Physical And Chemical Properties
Sodium sulfate is chemically very stable- it does not decompose, even if heated, and it does not react with oxidising or reducing agents ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Activated Carbon: Encyclopedia Ii - Activated Carbon - Properties
Activated carbon may have a surface area in excess of 500 m²/g, with 1000 m²/gram being readily achievable. A tennis court is about 260...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Coal Assay: Encyclopedia Ii - Coal Assay - Chemical Properties Of Coal
Coal comes in four main types or ranks: lignite or brown coal, bituminous coal or black coal, anthracite and graphite. Each type of coal ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Calcium Carbonate: Encyclopedia Ii - Calcium Carbonate - Occurrence
Calcium carbonate is found naturally as the following minerals and rocks: Aragonite Calcite Chalk Limestone Marble Travertine Eggshells...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ferrocene: Encyclopedia Ii - Ferrocene - Chemical Properties
Ferrocene undergoes many reactions characteristic of aromatic compounds, notably Friedel-Crafts reactions. In an illustrative undergradua...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Oxide: Encyclopedia Ii - Oxide - Chemical Properties
Oxides are formed in redox reactions through oxidation in which a reducing agent is allowed to react with molecular oxygen (O2) or oxidiz...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ketone: Encyclopedia Ii - Ketone - Physical Properties
A carbonyl group is polar. This makes ketones polar compounds. The carbonyl groups interact with water by hydrogen-bonding. It is a hydro...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Polymer: Encyclopedia Ii - Polymer - Physical Properties Of Polymers
Physical properties of polymers include the degree of polymerization, molar mass distribution, crystallinity, as well as the thermal phas...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Phosphorus Triiodide: Encyclopedia Ii - Phosphorus Triiodide - Chemical Properties
Phosphorus triiodide reacts vigorously with water, producing phosphorous acid (H3PO3) and hydroiodic acid (HI), along with smaller amount...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Iodomethane: Encyclopedia Ii - Iodomethane - Chemical Properties
Methyl iodide is an excellent reagent for SN2 substitution reactions – it is sterically open for attack by nucleophiles, and it has an ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Phosphorus Trifluoride: Encyclopedia Ii - Phosphorus Trifluoride - Chemical Properties
Phosphorus trifluoride hydrolyses fairly rapidly in water, and very rapidly under under alkaline conditions, but PF3 is less reactive in ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Carbon: Encyclopedia Ii - Carbon - Notable Characteristics
Carbon is a remarkable element for many reasons. Its different forms include one of the softest (graphite) and one of the hardest (diamon...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Periodic Table: Encyclopedia Ii - Periodic Table - Periodicity Of Chemical Properties
Elements adjacent to one another within a group have similar physical properties, despite their significant differences in mass. Elements...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Mushroom: Encyclopedia Ii - Mushroom - Chemical Properties
Of central interest with respect to chemical properties of mushrooms is the fact that many species produce secondary metabolites that ren...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Phosphorus Trichloride: Encyclopedia Ii - Phosphorus Trichloride - Chemical Properties
In phosphorus trichloride (PCl3), the phosphorus is in the +3 oxidation state and the chlorines are in the -1 oxidation state. PCl3 react...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Carbon: Encyclopedia Ii - Carbon - Allotropes
The allotropes of carbon are the different molecular configurations (allotropes) that pure carbon can take. The three relatively well-kno...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Carbon: Encyclopedia Ii - Carbon - Allotropes
The allotropes of carbon are the different molecular configurations that pure carbon can take. The three relatively well-known allotropes...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Zinc Chloride: Encyclopedia Ii - Zinc Chloride - Chemical Properties
Zinc chloride is an ionic salt, though some covalent character is indicated by its low melting point (275 °C) and its high solubility in...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Carbon: Encyclopedia Ii - Carbon - Organic Compounds
The most prominent oxide of carbon is carbon dioxide, CO2. This is a minor component of the Earth's atmosphere, produced and used by livi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Carbon: Encyclopedia Ii - Carbon - Organic Compounds
The most prominent oxide of carbon is carbon dioxide, CO2. This is a minor component of the Earth's atmosphere, produced and used by livi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Sulfuric Acid: Encyclopedia Ii - Sulfuric Acid - Physical Properties
Sulfuric acid - Forms of sulfuric acid. Although 100% sulfuric acid can be made, this loses SO3 at the boiling point to produce 98.3% a...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Copperi Chloride: Encyclopedia Ii - Copperi Chloride - Chemical Properties
Copper(I) chloride is a Lewis acid, classified as soft according to the Hard-Soft Acid-Base concept. Thus it tends to form stable complex...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Sodium Hydroxide: Encyclopedia Ii - Sodium Hydroxide - Chemical Properties
Sodium hydroxide is completely ionic, containing sodium ions and hydroxide ions. The hydroxide ion makes sodium hydroxide a strong base w...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Carbon Nanotube: Encyclopedia Ii - Carbon Nanotube - Defects
As with any material, the existence of defects affect the material properties. Defects can occur in the form of atomic vacancies. High le...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Carbon Nanotube: Encyclopedia Ii - Carbon Nanotube - Synthesis
Techniques have been developed to produce nanotubes in sizeable quantities, including arc discharge, laser ablation, high pressure carbon...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Carbon: Encyclopedia Ii - Carbon - Occurrence
There are nearly ten million carbon compounds known to science. Many thousands of these are vital to life processes. They are also many o...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Carbon Nanotube: Encyclopedia Ii - Carbon Nanotube - Applications
The strength and flexibility of carbon nanotubes makes them of potential use in controlling other nanoscale structures, which suggests th...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Sulfuric Acid: Encyclopedia Ii - Sulfuric Acid - Chemical Properties
Sulfuric acid - Forms of sulfuric acid. Although 100% sulfuric acid can be made, this loses SO3 at the boiling point to produce 98.3% a...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Sulfuric Acid: Encyclopedia Ii - Sulfuric Acid - Chemical Properties
Sulfuric acid - Reaction with water. The hydration reaction of sulfuric acid is highly exothermic. If water is added to concentrated su...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Carbon Nanotube: Encyclopedia Ii - Carbon Nanotube - Applications
The strength and flexibility of carbon nanotubes makes them of potential use in controlling other nanoscale structures, which suggests th...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cinnamaldehyde: Encyclopedia Ii - Cinnamaldehyde - Structure And Physical Properties
A yellow oily liquid more viscous than water, cinnamaldehyde smells strongly of cinnamon. Concentrated cinnamaldehyde is a skin irritant,...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cadmium Telluride: Encyclopedia Ii - Cadmium Telluride - Physical Properties
Cadmium telluride - Thermal Properties. Melting Point: 1314 K Thermal conductivity: 6.2 W.m-1.K-1 at 293 K Specific heat capacity: 210...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Nitrate: Encyclopedia Ii - Nitrate - Chemical Properties
The nitrate ion is the polyatomic ion with empirical formula NO3− and has a molecular mass of 62.01 daltons; it is the conjugate base o...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Acetic Acid: Encyclopedia Ii - Acetic Acid - Chemical Properties
The hydrogen (H) atom in the carboxyl group (−COOH) in carboxylic acids such as acetic acid can be given off as an H+ ion (proton), giv...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Carbon: Encyclopedia Ii - Carbon - Precautions
Carbon is relatively safe. Inhalation of fine soot in large quantities can be dangerous. Carbon may catch fire at very high temperatures ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Toluene: Encyclopedia Ii - Toluene - Chemical Properties
Toluene reacts as a normal aromatic hydrocarbon towards electrophilic aromatic substitution. The methyl group makes it around 25 times mo...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hydrogen Peroxide: Encyclopedia Ii - Hydrogen Peroxide - Physical Properties
Hydrogen peroxide adopts a "skewed" shape, due to repulsion between the lone pairs on the oxygen atoms. Despite the fact that the O-O bo...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Carvone: Encyclopedia Ii - Carvone - Chemical Properties
Carvone - Reduction. There are three double bonds in carvone capable of reduction; the product of reduction depends on the reagents and...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Calcium Chloride: Encyclopedia Ii - Calcium Chloride - Chemical Properties
Calcium chloride can serve as a source of calcium ions in solution, for instance for precipitation because many calcium compounds are ins...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Carbon: Encyclopedia Ii - Carbon - Isotopes
Carbon has two stable, naturally-occurring isotopes: carbon-12, or 12C, (98.89%) and carbon-13, or 13C, (1.11%), and one unstable, natura...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Carbon: Encyclopedia Ii - Carbon - Applications
Carbon is a vital component of all known living systems, and without it life as we know it could not exist (see alternative biochemistry)...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Barium Chloride: Encyclopedia Ii - Barium Chloride - Chemical Properties
Since barium chloride is soluble in water, it can react with sulfate ion to produce a thick white precipitate of barium sulfate. BaCl2(aq...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Manganeseii Chloride: Encyclopedia Ii - Manganeseii Chloride - Chemical Properties
Since manganese(II) chloride is soluble in water, it can be used to prepare a variety of manganese salts, e.g., MnCl2(aq) + K2CO3(aq) →...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Phosphorus Tribromide: Encyclopedia Ii - Phosphorus Tribromide - Chemical Properties
Phosphorus tribromide, like PCl3 and PF3, has both properties of a Lewis base and a Lewis acid. For example, with a Lewis acid such as bo...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Alkane: Encyclopedia Ii - Alkane - Properties
Alkane - Physical properties. The molecular structure, particularly the surface area of the molecule, determines the boiling point of t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Potassium Bromide: Encyclopedia Ii - Potassium Bromide - Chemical Properties
Potassium bromide is a typical ionic salt which is fully dissociated and pH7 in aqueous solution. It reacts as a source of bromide ions- ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Lithium Chloride: Encyclopedia Ii - Lithium Chloride - Chemical Properties
Lithium chloride can react as a source of chloride ion. As with any other soluble ionic chloride, it will precipitate insoluble chlorides...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Aluminium Chloride: Encyclopedia Ii - Aluminium Chloride - Chemical Properties
Aluminium chloride is a powerful Lewis acid, capable of forming stable Lewis acid-base adducts with even weak Lewis bases such as benzoph...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Chromiumiii Chloride: Encyclopedia Ii - Chromiumiii Chloride - Chemical Properties
Chromium(III) chloride is a Lewis acid, classified as "hard" according to the Hard-Soft Acid-Base theory. However it is also a chloro com...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Chemical Shift: Encyclopedia Ii - Chemical Shift - Magnetic Properties Of Most Common Nuclei
1H and 13C aren't the only nuclei susceptible to NMR experiments. A number of different nuclei can also be detected, although the use of ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Uranium Dioxide: Encyclopedia Ii - Uranium Dioxide - Uses
Enriched UO2 is used mainly as nuclear fuel, specifically in the fuel rods. Depleted UO2 (DUO2) can be used as a material for radiation s...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Magnesium Chloride: Encyclopedia Ii - Magnesium Chloride - Chemical Properties
Magnesium chloride can serve as a source of magnesium compounds, for example by precipitation: MgCl2(aq) + Ca(OH)2(aq) → Mg(OH)2(s) + C...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Potassium Iodide: Encyclopedia Ii - Potassium Iodide - Chemical Properties
Potassium iodide behaves as a simple ionic salt, K+I-. Since iodide ion is a mild reducing agent, KI is easily oxidised to iodine by oxid...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Carbon: Encyclopedia Ii - Carbon - History And Etymology
Carbon was discovered in prehistory and was known to the ancients, who manufactured it by burning organic material in insufficient oxygen...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Sulfur Dioxide: Encyclopedia Ii - Sulfur Dioxide - Uses
Sulfur dioxide is sometimes used as a preservative in alcoholic drinks, or dried apricots and other dried fruits. The preservative is use...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Coal Assay: Encyclopedia Ii - Coal Assay - Physical And Mechanical Properties
Relative density Relative density or specific gravity of the coal depends on the rank of the coal and degree of mineral impurity. Knowled...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Activated Carbon: Encyclopedia Ii - Activated Carbon - Production
It can generally be produced in two different processes: Chemical activation: Mostly acids are mixed with the source material in order t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Potassium Chloride: Encyclopedia Ii - Potassium Chloride - Chemical Properties
Potassium chloride can react as a source of chloride ion. As with any other soluble ionic chloride, it will precipitate insoluble chlorid...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Carbon Nanotube: Encyclopedia Ii - Carbon Nanotube - Carbon Nanotube Fiber & Film
One application for nanotubes that is currently being researched is high tensile strength fibers. Two methods are currently being tested ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Galinstan: Encyclopedia Ii - Galinstan - Physical Properties
Galinstan tends to wet and adhere to many materials, including glass, which limits its use compared to mercury. Galinstan thermometers ca...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Coenzyme Q: Encyclopedia Ii - Coenzyme Q - Chemical Properties
The oxidized structure of CoQ, or Q, is given here: The various kinds of Coenzyme Q can be distinguished by the number of isoprenoid sid...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Goldiii Chloride: Encyclopedia Ii - Goldiii Chloride - Chemical Properties
Anhydrous AuCl3 begins to decompose to AuCl at around 160 °C; however at this will in turn undergo disproportionation at higher temperat...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Caesium Fluoride: Encyclopedia Ii - Caesium Fluoride - Chemical Properties
Caesium fluoride reacts usually as a source of fluoride ion, F-. It therefore undergoes all of the usually reactions associated with solu...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Carbon Dioxide: Encyclopedia Ii - Carbon Dioxide - Biology
Carbon dioxide is an end product in organisms that obtain energy from breaking down sugars or fats with oxygen as part of their metabolis...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Carbon Dioxide: Encyclopedia Ii - Carbon Dioxide - Oceans
The Earth's oceans contain a huge amount of carbon dioxide in the form of bicarbonate and carbonate ions—much more than the amount in t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Carbon Dioxide: Encyclopedia Ii - Carbon Dioxide - Uses
Liquid and solid carbon dioxide are important refrigerants, especially in the food industry, where they are employed during the transport...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Carbon Dioxide: Encyclopedia Ii - Carbon Dioxide - Uses
Liquid and solid carbon dioxide are important refrigerants, especially in the food industry, where they are employed during the transport...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Carbon Dioxide: Encyclopedia Ii - Carbon Dioxide - Atmosphere
As of 2004, the earth's atmosphere is about 0.038% by volume (380 µL/L or ppmv) or 0.057% by weight CO2. This represents about 2.94 × 1...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Carbon Dioxide: Encyclopedia Ii - Carbon Dioxide - Atmosphere
As of 2004, the earth's atmosphere is about 0.038% by volume (380 µL/L or ppmv) or 0.053% by weight CO2. This represents about 2.7 × 10...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Carbon Dioxide: Encyclopedia Ii - Carbon Dioxide - Dry Ice
Dry ice is a genericized trademark for solid ("frozen") carbon dioxide. The term was coined in 1925 by Prest Air Devices, a company forme...   » Read the article