Carbon dioxide is an atmospheric gas comprised of one carbon and two oxygen atoms. A very widely known chemical compound, it is frequently called by its formula CO2. In its solid state, it is commonly known as dry ice. Carbon dioxide derives from multiple sources including volcanic outgassing, the combustion of organic matter and respiration processes of living aerobic organisms. It is also produced by various microorganisms from fermentation and cellular respiration. Plants utilize carbon dioxide durin ...

Including:

• Carbon dioxide - Chemical and physical properties
• Carbon dioxide - Uses
• Carbon dioxide - Dry Ice
• Carbon dioxide - Uses
• Carbon dioxide - Handling
• Carbon dioxide - Biology
• Carbon dioxide - Atmosphere
• Carbon dioxide - Variation in the past
• Carbon dioxide - Oceans
• Carbon dioxide - History

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See also:

Carbon dioxide, Carbon dioxide - Chemical and physical properties, Carbon dioxide - Uses, Carbon dioxide - Dry Ice, Carbon dioxide - Uses, Carbon dioxide - Handling, Carbon dioxide - Biology, Carbon dioxide - Atmosphere, Carbon dioxide - Variation in the past, Carbon dioxide - Oceans, Carbon dioxide - History

Read more here: » Carbon dioxide: Encyclopedia II - Carbon dioxide - Chemical and physical properties

Carbon dioxide was one of the first gases to be described as a substance distinct from air. In the 17th century, the Flemish chemist Jan Baptist van Helmont observed that when he burned charcoal in a closed vessel, the mass of the resulting ash was much less than that of the original charcoal. His interpretation was that the rest of the charcoal had been transmuted into an invisible substance he termed a "gas" or ...

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Carbon dioxide, Carbon dioxide - Chemical and physical properties, Carbon dioxide - Uses, Carbon dioxide - Dry Ice, Carbon dioxide - Uses, Carbon dioxide - Handling, Carbon dioxide - Biology, Carbon dioxide - Atmosphere, Carbon dioxide - Variation in the past, Carbon dioxide - Oceans, Carbon dioxide - History

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A carbon dioxide sink or CO2 sink is a carbon reservoir that is increasing in size, and is the opposite of a carbon "source". The main sinks are the oceans and growing vegetation. The concept has become more widely known through its application by the Kyoto Protocol. Carbon sequestration is the term describing processes that remove carbon from the biosphere. A variety of means of artificially capturing and storing carbon, as well as of enhancing natural sequestration processes, are being explored. This ...

Including:

• Carbon dioxide sink - Natural sinks
• Carbon dioxide sink - Forests
• Carbon dioxide sink - Oceans
• Carbon dioxide sink - Enhancing natural sequestration
• Carbon dioxide sink - Forests
• Carbon dioxide sink - Oceans
• Carbon dioxide sink - Soils
• Carbon dioxide sink - Artificial sequestration
• Carbon dioxide sink - Carbon capture
• Carbon dioxide sink - Oceans
• Carbon dioxide sink - Geological sequestration
• Carbon dioxide sink - Mineral sequestration
• Carbon dioxide sink - Carbon sinks and the Kyoto Protocol
• Carbon dioxide sink - Notes

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Carbon is a chemical element in the periodic table that has the symbol C and atomic number 6. An abundant nonmetallic, tetravalent element, carbon has several allotropic forms: Diamond (hardest known natural mineral). Structure: each atom is bonded tetrahedrally to four others, making a 3-dimensional network of puckered six-membered rings of atoms. Graphite (one of the softest substances). Structure: each atom is bonded trigonally to three other atoms, making a 2-dimensional network of flat s ...

Including:

• Carbon - Notable characteristics
• Carbon - Applications
• Carbon - Other uses
• Carbon - History and Etymology
• Carbon - Allotropes
• Carbon - Occurrence
• Carbon - Organic compounds
• Carbon - Carbon chains
• Carbon - Carbon cycle
• Carbon - Isotopes
• Carbon - Precautions

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Chemical physics is a subdiscipline of physics that investigates physicochemical phenomena using techniques from atomic and molecular physics and condensed matter physics; it is the branch of physics that studies chemical processes from the point of view of physics. While at the interface of physics and chemistry, chemical physics is distinct from physical chemistry in that it focuses more on the characteristic elements and theories of physics. Meanwhile, physical chemistry studies the physical nature of chemistry. The distinction between the two fields, nonetheless, is vague, and workers often practi ...

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• Chemical physics - Related fields

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Calcium carbonate is a chemical compound, with chemical formula CaCO3. It is commonly used as an antacid, and is the active ingredient in agricultural lime. It is a common substance found as rock in all parts of the world and is the main component of seashells and the shell of snails. Calcium carbonate - Occurrence. Calcium carbonate is found naturally as the following minerals and rocks: Aragonite Calcite Chalk Limestone Marble Tra ...

Including:

• Calcium carbonate - Occurrence
• Calcium carbonate - Preparation
• Calcium carbonate - Chemical properties
• Calcium carbonate - Uses

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Carbonation occurs when carbon dioxide is dissolved in water or an aqueous solution. This process is generally represented by the following reaction, where water and gaseous carbon dioxide react to form a dilute solution of carbonic acid. H2O + CO2 ↔ H2CO3 This process yields the "fizz" to carbonated water and sparkling mineral water, the head to beer, and the cor ...

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Carbon monoxide, chemical formula CO, is a colourless, odourless, tasteless, flammable and highly toxic gas. It is a major product of the incomplete combustion of carbon and carbon-containing compounds. It is less dense than air under ordinary conditions. It is very slightly soluble in water and burns in air with a characteristic blue flame, producing carbon dioxide; it is a component of producer gas and water gas, which are widely used artificial fuels. It is a reducing agent, removing oxygen from many compounds and is used in the re ...

Including:

• Carbon monoxide - Toxicity
• Carbon monoxide - History
• Carbon monoxide - Chemistry
• Carbon monoxide - Carbon monoxide in the atmosphere

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Carbon nanotubes are cylindrical carbon molecules with novel properties that make them potentially useful in a wide variety of applications (e.g., nano-electronics, optics, materials applications, etc.). They exhibit extraordinary strength and unique electrical properties, and are efficient conductors of heat. Inorganic nanotubes have also been synthesized. A nanotube (also known as a buckytube) is a member of the fullerene structural family, which also includes buckyballs. Whereas buckyballs are spherical in shape, a nanotube ...

Including:

• Carbon nanotube - Single-walled nanotubes
• Carbon nanotube - Properties
• Carbon nanotube - Synthesis
• Carbon nanotube - Applications
• Carbon nanotube - Carbon nanotube fiber & film
• Carbon nanotube - Current progress
• Carbon nanotube - Carbon nanotubes in electrical circuits

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Activated carbon (also called activated charcoal) is the more general term which includes carbon material mostly derived from charcoal. It denotes a material which has an exceptionally high surface area, typically determined by nitrogen adsorption, and includes a large amount of microporosity. Sufficient activation for useful applications may come solely from the high surface area, though often further chemical treatment is used to enhance the adsorbing properties of the material. Activated carbon - ProductionIncluding:

• Activated carbon - Production
• Activated carbon - Properties
• Activated carbon - Applications
• Activated carbon - Environmental applications
• Activated carbon - Medical applications
• Activated carbon - Gas purification

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Carbonate is an anion with a charge of -2 and an empirical formula of CO32-. For an aqueous solution, carbonate exists in three forms. In strongly basic conditions, the carbonate ion, CO32-, predominates. In weakly basic conditions, bicarbonate ion, HCO3- is prevalent. In acid conditions, aqueous carbon dioxide, CO2(aq), is the main form. This also contains a minute amount of carbonic acid, H2CO3. Thus sodium carbonate is basic, sodium bicarbonate is weakly ba ...

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Carbonated water, also known as soda water, sparkling water, or seltzer water, is plain water into which carbon dioxide gas has been dissolved. The process of dissolving carbon dioxide gas is called carbonation. It results in the formation of carbonic acid (which has the chemical formula H2CO3). Club soda may be identical to plain carbonated water or it may contain a small amount table salt, sodium citrate, sodium bicarbonate, potassium bicarbonate, potassium s ...

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The carbon cycle is the biogeochemical cycle by which carbon is exchanged between the biosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere and atmosphere of the Earth. (Other bodies may have carbon cycles, but little is known about them.) All of these components are reservoirs of carbon. The cycle is usually thought of as four main reservoirs of carbon interconnected by pathways of exchange. The reservoirs are the atmosphere, terrestrial biosphere (usually includes freshwater systems), oceans, and sediments (includes fossil fuels). The annual mov ...

Including:

• Carbon cycle - Carbon in the atmosphere
• Carbon cycle - Carbon in the biosphere
• Carbon cycle - Carbon cycle modelling

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Calcium carbonate shares the typical properties of other carbonates. Notably: it reacts with strong acids, releasing carbon dioxide. CaCO3 + 2HCl → CaCl2 + CO2 + H2O it releases carbon dioxide on heating (to above 825 °C in the case of CaCO3), to form calcium oxide. CaCO3 → CaO + CO2 Calcium carbonate will react with water that ...

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Calcium carbonate, Calcium carbonate - Occurrence, Calcium carbonate - Preparation, Calcium carbonate - Chemical properties, Calcium carbonate - Uses

Read more here: » Calcium carbonate: Encyclopedia II - Calcium carbonate - Chemical properties

The hydroxyl group generally makes the alcohol molecule polar. Those groups can form hydrogen bonds to one another and to other compounds. Two opposing solubility trends in alcohols are: the tendency of the polar OH to promote solubility in water, and of the carbon chain to resist it. Thus, methanol, ethanol, and propanol are miscible in water because the hydroxyl group wins out over the short carbon chain. Butanol, with a four-carbon chain, is moderately soluble because of a balance between the two trends. Alcohols of five or more carbons (Pentanol and higher) are effecti ...

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Alcohol, Alcohol - Structure, Alcohol - Primary secondary and tertiary alcohols, Alcohol - Methanol & ethanol, Alcohol - Uses, Alcohol - Sources, Alcohol - Nomenclature, Alcohol - Systematic names, Alcohol - Etymology, Alcohol - Physical and chemical properties, Alcohol - Toxicity, Alcohol - Preparation of alcohols, Alcohol - Laboratory, Alcohol - Industrial, Alcohol - Reactions of alcohols, Alcohol - Deprotonation, Alcohol - Nucleophilic substitution, Alcohol - Dehydration, Alcohol - Esterification, Alcohol - Oxidation

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For carbon to be sequestered artificially (i.e. not using the natural processes of the carbon cycle) it must first be captured. Thereafter it can be stored in a variety of ways. Natural gas purification plants often already have to remove carbon dioxide, either to avoid dry ice clogging gas tankers or to prevent carbon dioxide concentrations exceeding the 3% maximum permitted on the natural gas distribution grid. Beyond this, one of the most likely early applications of carbon capture is the capture of carbon dioxide from flue ...

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Carbon dioxide sink, Carbon dioxide sink - Natural sinks, Carbon dioxide sink - Forests, Carbon dioxide sink - Oceans, Carbon dioxide sink - Enhancing natural sequestration, Carbon dioxide sink - Forests, Carbon dioxide sink - Oceans, Carbon dioxide sink - Soils, Carbon dioxide sink - Artificial sequestration, Carbon dioxide sink - Carbon capture, Carbon dioxide sink - Oceans, Carbon dioxide sink - Geological sequestration, Carbon dioxide sink - Mineral sequestration, Carbon dioxide sink - Carbon sinks and the Kyoto Protocol, Carbon dioxide sink - Notes

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The active laser medium (laser gain/amplification medium) is a gas discharge which is air cooled (water cooled in higher power applications). The filling gas within the discharge tube consists primarily of: Carbon dioxide (CO2) (around 10-20 %) CO2 is a molecule with 3 atoms, the middle atom is carbon. Nitrogen (N2) (around 10-20%) Hydrogen (H2) and/or (Xe) (a few percent) Helium (He) (The remainder of the gas mixture) The specif ...

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Carbon dioxide laser, Carbon dioxide laser - Amplification, Carbon dioxide laser - Construction, Carbon dioxide laser - Applications

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The protocols hold that, since growing vegetation absorbs carbon dioxide, countries that have large areas of forest (or other vegetation) can deduct a certain amount from their emissions, thus making it easier for them to achieve the desired emission levels. The effectiveness of these provisions is controversial. Some countries want to be able to trade in emission rights in carbon emission markets, to make it possible for one country to buy the benefit of carbon dioxide sinks in another country. It is said that such a market mechanism ...

See also:

Carbon dioxide sink, Carbon dioxide sink - Natural sinks, Carbon dioxide sink - Forests, Carbon dioxide sink - Oceans, Carbon dioxide sink - Enhancing natural sequestration, Carbon dioxide sink - Forests, Carbon dioxide sink - Oceans, Carbon dioxide sink - Soils, Carbon dioxide sink - Artificial sequestration, Carbon dioxide sink - Carbon capture, Carbon dioxide sink - Oceans, Carbon dioxide sink - Geological sequestration, Carbon dioxide sink - Mineral sequestration, Carbon dioxide sink - Carbon sinks and the Kyoto Protocol, Carbon dioxide sink - Notes

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Because CO2 lasers operate in the infrared, special materials are necessary for their construction. Typically, the mirrors are made of coated silicon, molybdenum, or gold, while windows and lenses are made of either germanium or zinc selenide. For high power applications, gold mirrors and zinc selenide windows and lenses are preferred. The most basic form of a CO2 laser consists of a gas discharge (with a mix close to that specified above) with a total reflector at one end, and an output coupler (usually a semi-r ...

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Carbon dioxide laser, Carbon dioxide laser - Amplification, Carbon dioxide laser - Construction, Carbon dioxide laser - Applications

Read more here: » Carbon dioxide laser: Encyclopedia II - Carbon dioxide laser - Construction