As of 2004, the earth's atmosphere is about 0.038% by volume (380 µL/L or ppmv) or 0.057% by weight CO2. This represents about 2.94 × 1012 tonnes of CO2. Because of the greater land area, and therefore greater plant life, in the northern hemisphere as compared to the southern hemisphere, there is an annual fluctuation of about 5 µL/L, peaking in May and reaching a minimum in October at the end of the northern hemisphere growing season, when the q ...

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Carbon dioxide, Carbon dioxide - Chemical and physical properties, Carbon dioxide - Uses, Carbon dioxide - Dry Ice, Carbon dioxide - Uses, Carbon dioxide - Handling, Carbon dioxide - Biology, Carbon dioxide - Atmosphere, Carbon dioxide - Variation in the past, Carbon dioxide - Oceans, Carbon dioxide - History

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Carbon dioxide, Carbon dioxide - Chemical and physical properties, Carbon dioxide - Uses, Carbon dioxide - Dry Ice, Carbon dioxide - Uses, Carbon dioxide - Handling, Carbon dioxide - Biology, Carbon dioxide - Atmosphere, Carbon dioxide - Variation in the past, Carbon dioxide - Oceans, Carbon dioxide - History

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The Earth's oceans contain a huge amount of carbon dioxide in the form of bicarbonate and carbonate ions—much more than the amount in the atmosphere. The bicarbonate is produced in reactions between rock, water, and carbon dioxide. One example is the dissolution of calcium carbonate: CaCO3 + CO2 + H2O ⇌ Ca2+ + 2 HCO3- Reactions like this tend to buffer changes in atmospheric CO2. Reactions between carbon dioxide and non-carbonate rocks also add bic ...

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Carbon dioxide, Carbon dioxide - Chemical and physical properties, Carbon dioxide - Uses, Carbon dioxide - Dry Ice, Carbon dioxide - Uses, Carbon dioxide - Handling, Carbon dioxide - Biology, Carbon dioxide - Atmosphere, Carbon dioxide - Variation in the past, Carbon dioxide - Oceans, Carbon dioxide - History

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Carbon dioxide is an atmospheric gas comprised of one carbon and two oxygen atoms. A very widely known chemical compound, it is frequently called by its formula CO2. In its solid state, it is commonly known as dry ice. Carbon dioxide derives from multiple sources including volcanic outgassing, the combustion of organic matter and respiration processes of living aerobic organisms. It is also produced by various microorganisms from fermentation and cellular respiration. Plants utilize carbon dioxide durin ...

Including:

Carbon dioxide - Chemical and physical properties Carbon dioxide - Uses Carbon dioxide - Dry Ice
Carbon dioxide - Uses Carbon dioxide - Handling
Carbon dioxide - Biology Carbon dioxide - Atmosphere
Carbon dioxide - Variation in the past
Carbon dioxide - Oceans Carbon dioxide - History

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Biofuel is any fuel that derives from biomass — recently living organisms or their metabolic byproducts, such as manure from cows. It is a renewable energy source, unlike other natural resources such as petroleum, coal and nuclear fuels. The carbon in biofuels was recently extracted from atmospheric carbon dioxide by growing plants, so burning it does not result in a net increase of carbon dioxide in the Earth's atmosphere. As a result, biofuels are seen by many as a way to reduce the amount of carbon dioxide released into the atmosphere by using th ...

Including:

Biofuel - Classes of Biofuels
Biofuel - Solid Biofuel - Liquid Biofuel - Gaseous Biofuel - Other
Biofuel - Energy content of Biofuel Biofuel - Problems and solutions Biofuel - International efforts

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Carbon flux is an abbreviated phrase used loosly to refer to the net difference between sequestration and respiration of carbon dioxide. Given the accepted definition of what constitutes a flux, a more appropriate name for the annual difference between carbon sequestration and respiration would be "annual atmospheric carbon accumulation rate" or "annual global integrated surface flux of carbon" or "anual global net carbon flux" . Annual net carbon flux has been grossly calculated to be close to zero.[1] That is, emission and absorptio

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Carbon Sequestering is a process whereby trees and other plants remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and through photosynthesis, turn it into plant material. Recent, some have proposed the sequestering of carbon-dioxide by capturing the exhaust from a fossil fuel combustion and pumping it back into earth. The increase in pressure can be used to enhance the extraction of additional fossil fuel in nearbby wells. This is sometimes referred to as "resequestration". There is much concern however that the carbon will not remain captive, and would leak bac ...

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Carbon monoxide, chemical formula CO, is a colourless, odourless, tasteless, flammable and highly toxic gas. It is a major product of the incomplete combustion of carbon and carbon-containing compounds. It is less dense than air under ordinary conditions. It is very slightly soluble in water and burns in air with a characteristic blue flame, producing carbon dioxide; it is a component of producer gas and water gas, which are widely used artificial fuels. It is a reducing agent, removing oxygen from many compounds and is used in the re ...

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Carbon monoxide - Toxicity Carbon monoxide - History Carbon monoxide - Chemistry Carbon monoxide - Carbon monoxide in the atmosphere

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A carbon tax is a tax on energy sources which emit carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. It is an example of a pollution tax, which has been proposed by economists as preferable because it taxes a "bad" rather than a "good" (such as income). A carbon tax, because of the link with global warming, is often associated with some kind of internationally administered scheme; however, this is not intrinsic to the principle, and politically improbable. In 2005, New Zealand intended to become the first nation to introduce a (national) car ...

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Carbon tax - Aims Carbon tax - Implementation

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Cerium(IV) oxide, ceric oxide, ceria, or sometimes simply cerium oxide or cerium dioxide, is a pale yellow-white powder, CeO2. It is used in ceramics, to polish glass, and to sensitize photosensitive glass. It is also used in lapidary as "jeweller's rouge" and in the walls of self-cleaning ovens. It is slightly hygroscopic and will also absorb a small amount of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Note that cerium als ...

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CeriumIV oxide - Ceria as a fuel cell electrolyte

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Acid rain is defined as any type of precipitation with a pH of below 5.0. Normal rain has a pH which can range between 4.5 and 5.6 with an average value of 5.0. This natural acidity is caused by dissolved carbon dioxide dissociating to form weak carbonic acid. 'Acid rain' is caused by sulfur from volcanic venting or impurities in fossil fuels, and nitrogen from the air, combining with oxygen to form sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides. These diffuse into the atmosphere and react with water to form sulfuric and nitric acids which are so ...

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Acid rain - Origin Acid rain - Formation Acid rain - History Acid rain - Prevention Methods Acid rain - Effects of acid rain on soil biology

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Whitewash is a type of inexpensive paint made from slaked lime (Calcium hydroxide) and chalk (whiting). Other additives have historically included water glass, glue, salt, soap, milk and flour. Whitewash cures through a reaction with carbon dioxide in the atmosphere to form calcite. It is usually applied externally, as Tom Sawyer was famously made to do to a fence in Mark Twain's The Adventures of Tom Sawyer. Occasionally it is colored and used on interiors, such as the hallways of apartment buildings. Whitewash is especially ...

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Whitewash - Other meanings

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The lung is the essential organ of respiration in air-breathing vertebrates. Its principal function is to transport oxygen from the atmosphere into the bloodstream, and excrete carbon dioxide from the bloodstream into the atmosphere. This it accomplishes with its mosaic of specialized cells that form millions of tiny, exceptionally thin-walled air sacs where gas exchange takes place. Lungs also have nonrespiratory functions. Medical terms related to the lung often begin with pulmo-, from the Latin pulmonarius ("of the lungs"), cogn ...

Including:

Lung - The respiratory function of the lung Lung - Nonrespiratory functions of the lung Lung - Mammalian lungs
Lung - Anatomy
Lung - Avian lungs Lung - Reptilian lungs Lung - Amphibian lungs Lung - Arachnid lungs Lung - Crustacean lungs Lung - Origins

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Climate models use quantitative methods to simulate the interactions of the atmosphere, oceans, land surface, and ice. They are used for a variety of purposes from study of the dynamics of the weather and climate system to projections of future climate. The most talked-about models of recent years have been those relating air temperature to emissions of carbon dioxide (see greenhouse gas). These models predict an upward trend in the surface temperature record, as well as a mor ...

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Climate model - Zero-dimensional models Climate model - Radiative-Convective Models Climate model - Energy Balance Models Climate model - EMIC's Earth-system Models of Intermediate Complexity Climate model - GCM's Global Climate Models or General circulation models Climate model - Climate models on the web

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The Moon as seen from Earth Ammonia Carbon dioxide The Moon is the planet Earth's only natural satellite. It has no formal name other than "The Moon", although in English it is occasionally called Luna (Latin for moon), or Selene, to distinguish it from the generic "moon" (natural satellites of other planets are also called moons). Its symbol is a crescent (Unicode: ☾). The terms lunar, selene/seleno-, and cynthion (from the Lunar deities Selene and Cynthia) refer to the Moon (apo ...

Including:

Moon - The two sides Moon - Orbit Moon - Earth & Moon Moon - Origin and history Moon - Physical characteristics
Moon - Composition Moon - Selenography Moon - Presence of water Moon - Magnetic field Moon - Atmosphere
Moon - Eclipses Moon - Occultation of stars Moon - Observation of the Moon Moon - Exploration of the Moon Moon - Human understanding of the Moon
Moon - Myth and folk culture Moon - The Moon as muse Moon - Astrology Moon - Scientific understanding Moon - Meteor impact on the Moon
Moon - Legal status Moon - Satellites Moon - Surface installations
Moon - Lunar location listings

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Global warming is an increase in the average temperature of the Earth's atmosphere and oceans. The term is also used for the scientific theory of anthropogenic global warming, which attributes much of the recent observed and projected global warming to a human-induced intensification of the greenhouse effect. On this theory, the increased volumes of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases released mainly by the burning of fossil fuels, and, to a lesser extent, land clearing and agriculture, are the primary sources of warming. ...

Including:

Global warming - Overview Global warming - Warming of the Earth Global warming - Causes of global warming
Global warming - Greenhouse gas emissions Global warming - Alternative theories
Global warming - Climate models Global warming - Issues Global warming - Public controversy Global warming - Effects
Global warming - Effects on ecosystems Global warming - Destabilisation of ocean currents Global warming - Environmental refugees Global warming - Spread of disease Global warming - Financial effects Global warming - Possible beneficial effects
Global warming - Mitigating and adapting to global warming

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Paleoclimatology - Earliest atmosphere. The earliest atmosphere of the Earth was probably stripped away by solar winds early in the history of the planet. These gases were later replaced by an atmosphere derived from outgassing from the Earth. Sometime during the late Archean Era an oxygen atmosphere began to develop from photosynthesizing algae. Paleoclimatology - Carbon dioxide and free oxygen. Free oxygen did not exist until about 1,700 Ma and this can be seen with the devel ...

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Paleoclimatology, Paleoclimatology - Techniques of paleoclimatology, Paleoclimatology - Planet's timeline, Paleoclimatology - History of the atmosphere, Paleoclimatology - Earliest atmosphere, Paleoclimatology - Carbon dioxide and free oxygen, Paleoclimatology - Precambrian climate, Paleoclimatology - Phanerozoic Climate, Paleoclimatology - Quaternary subera, Paleoclimatology - Controlling Factors

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Paleoclimatologists employ a wide variety of skills to arrive at their theories and conclusions. Glaciers are a widely employed instrument in Paleoclimatology. The ice in glaciers has hardened into an identifiable pattern, with each year leaving a distinct layer in an ice core. It is estimated that the polar ice caps have 100,000 of these layers or more. Inside of these layers scientists have found pollen, allowing them to estimate the total amount of plant growth of that year by the pollen count. The thickness of the lay ...

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Paleoclimatology, Paleoclimatology - Techniques of paleoclimatology, Paleoclimatology - Planet's timeline, Paleoclimatology - History of the atmosphere, Paleoclimatology - Earliest atmosphere, Paleoclimatology - Carbon dioxide and free oxygen, Paleoclimatology - Precambrian climate, Paleoclimatology - Phanerozoic Climate, Paleoclimatology - Quaternary subera, Paleoclimatology - Controlling Factors

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Many scientists hold the position that agricultural shifts are likely. The possible effects proposed are listed below: The first direct effect is the composition of the earth atmosphere, such the amount of carbon dioxide and ozone. Gases such as methane, nitrogen dioxide and chloroflourocarbon however, are commonly believed not to have any effect on physiological processes. Some indirect effects are climate parameters resulting from climate change, such as temperature, insolation, rainfall, and humidity. Other indirect effects include ...

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Global warming and agriculture, Global warming and agriculture - Background, Global warming and agriculture - Assessment: global vs local, Global warming and agriculture - IPCC, Global warming and agriculture - Shortage in grain production, Global warming and agriculture - Increases in agricultural production, Global warming and agriculture - Models and scenarios used to estimate global climate change consequences, Global warming and agriculture - Other types of biological models, Global warming and agriculture - Consequences of potential global climate changes on agricultural production, Global warming and agriculture - Temperature potential effect on growing period, Global warming and agriculture - Potential effect of atmospheric carbon dioxide on yield, Global warming and agriculture - Effect on quality, Global warming and agriculture - Global warming and water distribution, Global warming and agriculture - Potential effects of global climate change on pests diseases and weeds, Global warming and agriculture - Ozone and UV-B, Global warming and agriculture - Conclusions

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Global warming and agriculture - Assessment: global vs local. Despite technological advances, such as improved varieties, genetically modified organisms, and irrigation systems, weather is still a key factor in agricultural productivity, as well as soil properties and natural communities. The effect of climate on agriculture is related to variabilities in local climates rather than in global climate patterns. Consequently, agronomists consider an ...

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Global warming and agriculture, Global warming and agriculture - Background, Global warming and agriculture - Assessment: global vs local, Global warming and agriculture - IPCC, Global warming and agriculture - Shortage in grain production, Global warming and agriculture - Increases in agricultural production, Global warming and agriculture - Models and scenarios used to estimate global climate change consequences, Global warming and agriculture - Other types of biological models, Global warming and agriculture - Consequences of potential global climate changes on agricultural production, Global warming and agriculture - Temperature potential effect on growing period, Global warming and agriculture - Potential effect of atmospheric carbon dioxide on yield, Global warming and agriculture - Effect on quality, Global warming and agriculture - Global warming and water distribution, Global warming and agriculture - Potential effects of global climate change on pests diseases and weeds, Global warming and agriculture - Ozone and UV-B, Global warming and agriculture - Conclusions

Read more here: » Global warming and agriculture: Encyclopedia II - Global warming and agriculture - Background