carbon dioxide

carbon dioxide: Encyclopedia - Carbon dioxide

Carbon dioxide is an atmospheric gas comprised of one carbon and two oxygen atoms. A very widely known chemical compound, it is frequently called by its formula CO2. In its solid state, it is commonly known as dry ice. Carbon dioxide derives from multiple sources including volcanic outgassing, the combustion of organic matter and respiration processes of living aerobic organisms. It is also produced by various microorganisms from fermentation and cellular respiration. Plants utilize carbon dioxide durin ...

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Carbon dioxide - Variation in the past

carbon dioxide: Encyclopedia II - Carbon dioxide - Oceans The Earth's oceans contain a huge amount of carbon dioxide in the form of bicarbonate and carbonate ions—much more than the amount in the atmosphere. The bicarbonate is produced in reactions between rock, water, and carbon dioxide. One example is the dissolution of calcium carbonate: CaCO3 + CO2 + H2O ⇌ Ca2+ + 2 HCO3- Reactions like this tend to buffer changes in atmospheric CO2. Reactions between carbon dioxide and non-carbonate rocks also add bic ...

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Carbon dioxide sink - Natural sinks

Carbon dioxide sink - Enhancing natural sequestration

Carbon dioxide sink - Artificial sequestration

carbon dioxide: Encyclopedia - Bicarbonate

This refers to the bicarbonate ion, for baking soda, see Sodium bicarbonate. A Bicarbonate or, more properly, a hydrogen carbonate is a polyatomic ion whose formula is HCO3-. It is the intermediate form in the deprotonation of carbonic acid: removing the first proton from carbonic acid forms bicarbonate; removing the second proton leads to the carbonate ion. The salts which contain the bicarbonate ion are also known as bicarbonates, such as sodium bicarbonate (baking soda) NaHCO ...

carbon dioxide: Encyclopedia - Blood

Blood is a circulating tissue composed of fluid plasma and cells (red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets). Medical terms related to blood often begin in hemo- or hemato- (BE: haemo- and haemato-) from the Greek word "haima" for "blood". The main function of blood is to supply nutrients (oxygen, glucose) and constitutional elements to tissues and to remove waste products (such as carbon dioxide and lactic acid). Blood also enables cells (leukocytes, abnormal tumor cells) and different su ...

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Blood - Health and disease

Blood - Mythology and religion

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carbon dioxide: Encyclopedia - Breathing gas

Air is the most common and only natural breathing gas. Other artificial gases, either pure gases or mixtures of gases, are used in enclosed breathing environments such as SCUBA equipment, recompression chambers, submarines, space suits and anaesthetic machines. A safe breathing gas has three essential features: it must contain sufficient oxygen to support the life, consciousness and work rate of the breather. it must not contain harmful gases. Carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide are common poisons in ...

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Breathing gas - Unwelcome components of breathing gases

carbon dioxide: Encyclopedia - Carbonic acid

Carbonic acid is a carbon-containing acid with the formula H2CO3. It is also a name sometimes given to solutions of carbon dioxide in water, which contain small amounts of H2CO3. The salts of carbonic acids are called bicarbonates (or hydrogencarbonates) and carbonates. Carbon dioxide dissolved in water is in equilibrium with carbonic acid: CO2 + H2 ...

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carbon dioxide: Encyclopedia - Carbonation

Carbonation occurs when carbon dioxide is dissolved in water or an aqueous solution. This process is generally represented by the following reaction, where water and gaseous carbon dioxide react to form a dilute solution of carbonic acid. H2O + CO2 ↔ H2CO3 This process yields the "fizz" to carbonated water and sparkling mineral water, the head to beer, and the cor ...

carbon dioxide: Encyclopedia - Carbonate

Carbonate is an anion with a charge of -2 and an empirical formula of CO32-. For an aqueous solution, carbonate exists in three forms. In strongly basic conditions, the carbonate ion, CO32-, predominates. In weakly basic conditions, bicarbonate ion, HCO3- is prevalent. In acid conditions, aqueous carbon dioxide, CO2(aq), is the main form. This also contains a minute amount of carbonic acid, H2CO3. Thus sodium carbonate is basic, sodium bicarbonate is weakly ba ...

carbon dioxide: Encyclopedia - Clean coal

Clean coal is coal chemically washed of minerals and impurities, sometimes gasified, burned and the resulting flue gases treated with steam and reburned so as to make the carbon dioxide in the flue gas economically recoverable. The carbon dioxide will then be sequestered by some means (several are being explored - see Carbon dioxide sink). The primary example of clean coal is the proposed US FutureGen ...

carbon dioxide: Encyclopedia - Carbon emissions trading

Carbon emissions trading involves the trading of permits to emit carbon dioxide (and other greenhouse gases, calculated in tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent, tCO2e). It is one of the ways countries can meet their obligations under the Kyoto Protocol to reduce emissions and thereby mitigate global warming. 107 million metric tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent (tCO2e) have been exchanged through projects in 2004, a 38% increase relative to 2003 (78 mtCO2e).[1] Carbon emissions tra ...

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carbon dioxide: Encyclopedia - Carbonated water

Carbonated water, also known as soda water, sparkling water, or seltzer water, is plain water into which carbon dioxide gas has been dissolved. The process of dissolving carbon dioxide gas is called carbonation. It results in the formation of carbonic acid (which has the chemical formula H2CO3). Club soda may be identical to plain carbonated water or it may contain a small amount table salt, sodium citrate, sodium bicarbonate, potassium bicarbonate, potassium s ...

carbon dioxide: Encyclopedia - Carbon fixation

Carbon fixation is a process found in autotrophs, usually driven by photosynthesis, whereby carbon dioxide is converted into organic compounds. In plants, there are three types: C3 - plant that uses the Calvin Cycle for the initial steps that incorporate CO2 into organic matter, forming a 3-carbon compound as the 1st stable intermediate. C4 - plant that prefaces the Calvin Cycle with reactions that incorporate CO2 into 4-carbon compou

carbon dioxide: Encyclopedia - Carbon flux

Carbon flux is an abbreviated phrase used loosly to refer to the net difference between sequestration and respiration of carbon dioxide. Given the accepted definition of what constitutes a flux, a more appropriate name for the annual difference between carbon sequestration and respiration would be "annual atmospheric carbon accumulation rate" or "annual global integrated surface flux of carbon" or "anual global net carbon flux" . Annual net carbon flux has been grossly calculated to be close to zero.[1] That is, emission and absorptio

carbon dioxide: Encyclopedia - Carbonatation

Carbonatation is the process used in the production of sugar from sugar beet, whereby raw beet juice is mingled with milk of lime and carbon dioxide enriched gas in carbonation tanks. Carbonatation involves the following effects: The increase in alkalinity coagulates proteins in the juice. Calcium carbonate absorbs colourants Alkalinity destroys some monos ...

carbon dioxide: Encyclopedia - Ammonium bicarbonate

Ammonium Bicarbonate also called bicarbonate of ammonia, ammonium hydrogen carbonate, hartshorn, or powdered baking ammonia is the bicarbonate salt of ammonia. Ammonium bicarbonate is formed as shown above and also by passing carbon dioxide through a solution of the normal compound, when it is deposited as a white powder, which has no smell and is only slightly soluble in water. The aqueous solution of this salt liberates carbon dioxide on exposure to air or on heating, and becomes alkaline in ...

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carbon dioxide: Encyclopedia - Carbon monoxide

Carbon monoxide, chemical formula CO, is a colourless, odourless, tasteless, flammable and highly toxic gas. It is a major product of the incomplete combustion of carbon and carbon-containing compounds. It is less dense than air under ordinary conditions. It is very slightly soluble in water and burns in air with a characteristic blue flame, producing carbon dioxide; it is a component of producer gas and water gas, which are widely used artificial fuels. It is a reducing agent, removing oxygen from many compounds and is used in the re ...

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carbon dioxide: Encyclopedia - Carbamoyl phosphate

Carbamoyl phosphate is a molecule that is involved in ridding the body of excess nitrogen in the urea cycle, and also in the synthesis of pyrimidines. It is produced from carbon dioxide, ammonia, and phosphate (from ATP) by the enzyme carbamoyl phosphate synthase. ...

carbon dioxide: Encyclopedia - Carbon sequestering

Carbon Sequestering is a process whereby trees and other plants remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and through photosynthesis, turn it into plant material. Recent, some have proposed the sequestering of carbon-dioxide by capturing the exhaust from a fossil fuel combustion and pumping it back into earth. The increase in pressure can be used to enhance the extraction of additional fossil fuel in nearbby wells. This is sometimes referred to as "resequestration". There is much concern however that the carbon will not remain captive, and would leak bac ...

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