Isotopes of carbon - Notes. The precision of the isotope abundances and atomic mass is limited through variations. The given ranges should be applicable to any normal terrestrial material. Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from systematic trends. Spins with weak assignment arguments are enclosed in parentheses. Uncertainties are given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits. Uncertainty values denote one standard deviation, except isotopic composition and standard atomic mass from IU ...

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Isotopes of carbon, Isotopes of carbon - Table, Isotopes of carbon - Notes

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Liquid and solid carbon dioxide are important refrigerants, especially in the food industry, where they are employed during the transportation and storage of ice cream and other frozen foods. Solid carbon dioxide is called "dry ice" and is used for small shipments where refrigeration equipment is not practical. Carbon dioxide is used to produce carbonated soft drinks and soda water. Candy called Pop Rocks is pressurized with carbon dioxide gas at about 600 PSI. When you put the candy in your mouth, it melts (just like other hard candy ...

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Carbon dioxide, Carbon dioxide - Chemical and physical properties, Carbon dioxide - Uses, Carbon dioxide - Dry Ice, Carbon dioxide - Uses, Carbon dioxide - Handling, Carbon dioxide - Biology, Carbon dioxide - Atmosphere, Carbon dioxide - Variation in the past, Carbon dioxide - Oceans, Carbon dioxide - History

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One application for nanotubes that is currently being researched is high tensile strength fibers. Two methods are currently being tested for the manufacture of such fibers. A French team has developed a liquid spun system that involves pulling a fiber of nanotubes from a bath which yields a product that is approximately 60% nanotubes. The other method, which is simpler but produces weaker fibers uses traditional melt-drawn polymer fiber techniques with nanotubes mixed in the polymer. After drawing, the fibers can have the polymer burned out o ...

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Carbon nanotube, Carbon nanotube - Single-walled nanotubes, Carbon nanotube - Multiwalled carbon nanotubes, Carbon nanotube - Properties, Carbon nanotube - Mechanical, Carbon nanotube - Electrical, Carbon nanotube - Thermal, Carbon nanotube - Defects, Carbon nanotube - Synthesis, Carbon nanotube - Applications, Carbon nanotube - Carbon nanotube fiber & film, Carbon nanotube - Current progress, Carbon nanotube - Carbon nanotubes in electrical circuits

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Carbon dioxide was one of the first gases to be described as a substance distinct from air. In the 17th century, the Flemish chemist Jan Baptist van Helmont observed that when he burned charcoal in a closed vessel, the mass of the resulting ash was much less than that of the original charcoal. His interpretation was that the rest of the charcoal had been transmuted into an invisible substance he termed a "gas" or ...

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Carbon dioxide, Carbon dioxide - Chemical and physical properties, Carbon dioxide - Uses, Carbon dioxide - Dry Ice, Carbon dioxide - Uses, Carbon dioxide - Handling, Carbon dioxide - Biology, Carbon dioxide - Atmosphere, Carbon dioxide - Variation in the past, Carbon dioxide - Oceans, Carbon dioxide - History

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Activated carbon may have a surface area in excess of 500 m²/g, with 1000 m²/gram being readily achievable. A tennis court is about 260 m². Under an electron microscope, the structure of activated carbon looks something like ribbons of paper which have been crumpled together, with a few wood chips thrown in for good measure. There are a great number of nooks and crannies, and many areas where flat surfaces of graphite-like material run parallel to each other, separated by only a few nanometers or so. These micropores provide superb ...

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Activated carbon, Activated carbon - Production, Activated carbon - Properties, Activated carbon - Applications, Activated carbon - Environmental applications, Activated carbon - Medical applications, Activated carbon - Gas purification

Read more here: » Activated carbon: Encyclopedia II - Activated carbon - Properties

A solution of carbon dioxide in water in equilibrium with the atmosphere (0.033% CO2) has a pH of 5.6. Rain water is normally not quite saturated in CO2, and has a pH of around 6 in the absence of atmospheric pollutants. This effect is separate from the phenomenon of acid rain, where industrial pollutants such as sulfur dioxide dissolve in rain water and lower its pH drastically. However, the acidity of rain water has important geological consequences for carbonate rocks such as chalk and limestone. An equilibrium is es ...

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Carbonic acid, Carbonic acid - Acidity of carbonic acid, Carbonic acid - Instability of carbonic acid, Carbonic acid - Carbonic acid and rain water

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The structure of the CO molecule is best described using molecular orbital theory. The length of the bond (0.111 nm) indicates that it has a partial triple bond character. The molecule has a small dipole moment and is often represented by three resonance structures: Note that the octet rule is violated for the carbon atom in the two structures on the right. The metal nickel forms a volatile compound with carbon monoxide, known as nickel carbonyl. The carbonyl decomposes readily back to the metal and gas, and this was used as the bas ...

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Carbon monoxide, Carbon monoxide - Toxicity, Carbon monoxide - History, Carbon monoxide - Chemistry, Carbon monoxide - Carbon monoxide in the atmosphere

Read more here: » Carbon monoxide: Encyclopedia II - Carbon monoxide - Chemistry

The covalent bonding undergone in CNTs means they have very high tensile strengths. In 2000, a SWNT was tested to have a tensile strength of 63 GPa. In comparison, high-carbon steel has a tensile strength of approximately 1.2 GPa. CNTs also have very high elastic modulus, in the order of 1 TPa [2]. Under excessive tensile strain, the tubes will undergo plastic deformation, which means the deformation is permanent. This deformation begins at strains of approximately 5% [Qian et al, 2002] and can increase the maximum strain the tube undergo ...

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Carbon nanotube, Carbon nanotube - Single-walled nanotubes, Carbon nanotube - Properties, Carbon nanotube - Synthesis, Carbon nanotube - Applications, Carbon nanotube - Carbon nanotube fiber & film, Carbon nanotube - Current progress, Carbon nanotube - Carbon nanotubes in electrical circuits

Read more here: » Carbon nanotube: Encyclopedia II - Carbon nanotube - Properties

Carbon dioxide is an end product in organisms that obtain energy from breaking down sugars or fats with oxygen as part of their metabolism, in a process known as cellular respiration. This includes all plants, animals, many fungi and some bacteria. In higher animals, the carbon dioxide travels in the blood from the body's tissues to the lungs where it is exhaled. Carbon dioxide content in fresh air is approximately 0.04%, and in exhaled air approximately 4.5%. When inhaled in high concentrations (about 5% by volume), it is toxic to hu ...

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Carbon dioxide, Carbon dioxide - Chemical and physical properties, Carbon dioxide - Uses, Carbon dioxide - Dry Ice, Carbon dioxide - Uses, Carbon dioxide - Handling, Carbon dioxide - Biology, Carbon dioxide - Atmosphere, Carbon dioxide - Variation in the past, Carbon dioxide - Oceans, Carbon dioxide - History

Read more here: » Carbon dioxide: Encyclopedia II - Carbon dioxide - Biology

As of 2004, the earth's atmosphere is about 0.038% by volume (380 µL/L or ppmv) or 0.057% by weight CO2. This represents about 2.94 × 1012 tonnes of CO2. Because of the greater land area, and therefore greater plant life, in the northern hemisphere as compared to the southern hemisphere, there is an annual fluctuation of about 5 µL/L, peaking in May and reaching a minimum in October at the end of the northern hemisphere growing season, when the q ...

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Carbon dioxide, Carbon dioxide - Chemical and physical properties, Carbon dioxide - Uses, Carbon dioxide - Dry Ice, Carbon dioxide - Uses, Carbon dioxide - Handling, Carbon dioxide - Biology, Carbon dioxide - Atmosphere, Carbon dioxide - Variation in the past, Carbon dioxide - Oceans, Carbon dioxide - History

Read more here: » Carbon dioxide: Encyclopedia II - Carbon dioxide - Atmosphere

It is used in the manufacture of: glass, chemicals such as sodium silicates and sodium phosphates, the pulp and paper industries, the manufacture of detergents and as an alkaline agent in many chemical industries. Domestically it is used as a water softener during laundry. It competes with the ions magnesium and calcium in hard water and prevents them from bonding with the detergent being used. Without using washing soda additional detergent is needed t ...

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Sodium carbonate, Sodium carbonate - Uses, Sodium carbonate - Occurrence, Sodium carbonate - Production

Read more here: » Sodium carbonate: Encyclopedia II - Sodium carbonate - Uses

It can generally be produced in two different processes: Chemical activation: Mostly acids are mixed with the source material in order to cauterize the fine pores. This technique can be problematic because, for example, zinc trace residues may remain in the endproduct. Steam activation: The carbonised material is mixed with vapours and|or gases at high temperature to activate it. The source material can be several carbonic materials, e.g. nutshells, wood, coal. Saturat ...

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Activated carbon, Activated carbon - Production, Activated carbon - Properties, Activated carbon - Applications, Activated carbon - Environmental applications, Activated carbon - Medical applications, Activated carbon - Gas purification

Read more here: » Activated carbon: Encyclopedia II - Activated carbon - Production

A mass spectrogram of an organic compound will usually contain a small peak of one mass unit greater than the apparent molecular ion peak (M). This is known as the M+1 peak and originates due to the presence of carbon-13 atoms. A molecule containing one carbon atom will be expected to have an M+1 peak of approximately 1.1% of the size of the M peak as 1.1% of the carbon atoms will be carbon-13 rather than carbon-12. Similarly a molecule containing two carbon atoms will be expected to have an M+1 peak of approximately 2.2% of the size of the M peak, as there is double the previo ...

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Carbon-13, Carbon-13 - Detection by NMR spectroscopy, Carbon-13 - Detection by mass spectroscopy

Read more here: » Carbon-13: Encyclopedia II - Carbon-13 - Detection by mass spectroscopy

Carbon fiber is most notably used to reinforce composite materials, particularly the class of materials known as graphite reinforced plastic. This class of materials is used in high-performance vehicles, sporting equipment, and other demanding mechanical applications; a more thorough discussion of these uses, including composite lay-up techniques, can be found in the carbon fiber composite article. Non-polymer materials can also be used as the matrix for carbon fibres. Due to the formation of metal carbides (i.e., water-soluble AlC) a ...

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Carbon fiber, Carbon fiber - Synthesis, Carbon fiber - Textile, Carbon fiber - Uses, Carbon fiber - Future Directions

Read more here: » Carbon fiber: Encyclopedia II - Carbon fiber - Uses

Carbon fibre is most notably used to reinforce composite materials, particularly the class of materials known as graphite reinforced plastic. This class of materials is used in high-performance vehicles, sporting equipment, and other demanding mechanical applications; a more thorough discussion of these uses, including composite lay-up techniques, can be found in the carbon fiber composite article. Non-polymer materials can also be used as the matrix for carbon fibres. Due to the formation of metal carbides (i.e., water-soluble AlC) a ...

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Carbon fiber, Carbon fiber - Synthesis, Carbon fiber - Textile, Carbon fiber - Uses, Carbon fiber - Future Directions

Read more here: » Carbon fiber: Encyclopedia II - Carbon fiber - Uses

Most carbon tetrachloride is produced by reacting carbon disulfide with chlorine. At 105 to 130 °C, these chemicals react to produce carbon tetrachloride according to the chemical equation CS2 + 3Cl2 → CCl4 + S2Cl2 A smaller quantity of carbon tetrachloride is produced as a byproduct in the synthesis of methylene chloride and chloroform in reaction: CH4 + 4Cl2See also:

Carbon tetrachloride, Carbon tetrachloride - Production, Carbon tetrachloride - Chemistry, Carbon tetrachloride - Uses, Carbon tetrachloride - Safety

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Exposure to high concentrations of carbon tetrachloride (including vapor) can affect the central nervous system, including the brain. Victims may feel intoxicated and experience headaches, dizziness, sleepiness, and nausea and vomiting. These effects may subside if exposure is stopped, but in severe cases, coma and even death can occur. Chronic exposure to carbon tetrachloride can cause liver and kidney damage. When exposed, the liver swells, and its cells can be damaged or destroyed. The risk of liver damage is greater when one is ex ...

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Carbon tetrachloride, Carbon tetrachloride - Production, Carbon tetrachloride - Chemistry, Carbon tetrachloride - Uses, Carbon tetrachloride - Safety

Read more here: » Carbon tetrachloride: Encyclopedia II - Carbon tetrachloride - Safety

As of 2004, the earth's atmosphere is about 0.038% by volume (380 µL/L or ppmv) or 0.053% by weight CO2. This represents about 2.7 × 1012 tonnes of CO2. Because of the greater land area, and therefore greater plant life, in the northern hemisphere as compared to the southern hemisphere, there is an annual fluctuation of about 5 µL/L, peaking in May and reaching a minimum in October at the end of the northern hemisphere growing season, when the q ...

See also:

Carbon dioxide, Carbon dioxide - Chemical and physical properties, Carbon dioxide - Uses, Carbon dioxide - Dry Ice, Carbon dioxide - Uses, Carbon dioxide - Handling, Carbon dioxide - Biology, Carbon dioxide - Atmosphere, Carbon dioxide - Variation in the past, Carbon dioxide - Oceans, Carbon dioxide - History

Read more here: » Carbon dioxide: Encyclopedia II - Carbon dioxide - Atmosphere

Exposure to high concentrations of carbon tetrachloride (including vapor) can affect the central nervous system, including the brain. Victims may feel intoxicated and experience headaches, dizziness, sleepiness, and nausea and vomiting. These effects may subside if exposure is stopped, but in severe cases, coma and even death can occur. Noted MIT researcher Dr. Makhlook Singh has noted that carbon tetrachloride has been observed to create psychedelic behavior in humans exposed to it in low consentrations for a long period of time. Dr. Singh ...

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Carbon tetrachloride, Carbon tetrachloride - Production, Carbon tetrachloride - Chemistry, Carbon tetrachloride - Uses, Carbon tetrachloride - Safety

Read more here: » Carbon tetrachloride: Encyclopedia II - Carbon tetrachloride - Safety

The protocols hold that, since growing vegetation absorbs carbon dioxide, countries that have large areas of forest (or other vegetation) can deduct a certain amount from their emissions, thus making it easier for them to achieve the desired emission levels. The effectiveness of these provisions is controversial. Some countries want to be able to trade in emission rights in carbon emission markets, to make it possible for one country to buy the benefit of carbon dioxide sinks in another country. It is said that such a market mechanism ...

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Carbon dioxide sink, Carbon dioxide sink - Natural sinks, Carbon dioxide sink - Forests, Carbon dioxide sink - Oceans, Carbon dioxide sink - Enhancing natural sequestration, Carbon dioxide sink - Forests, Carbon dioxide sink - Oceans, Carbon dioxide sink - Soils, Carbon dioxide sink - Artificial sequestration, Carbon dioxide sink - Carbon capture, Carbon dioxide sink - Oceans, Carbon dioxide sink - Geological sequestration, Carbon dioxide sink - Mineral sequestration, Carbon dioxide sink - Carbon sinks and the Kyoto Protocol, Carbon dioxide sink - Notes

Read more here: » Carbon dioxide sink: Encyclopedia II - Carbon dioxide sink - Carbon sinks and the Kyoto Protocol

One application for nanotubes that is currently being researched is high tensile strength fibers. Two methods are currently being tested for the manufacture of such fibers. A French team has developed a liquid spun system that involves pulling a fiber of nanotubes from a bath which yields a product that is approximately 60% nanotubes. The other method, which is simpler but produces weaker fibers uses traditional melt-drawn polymer fiber techniques with nanotubes mixed in the polymer. After drawing, the fibers can have the polymer burned out o ...

See also:

Carbon nanotube, Carbon nanotube - Single-walled nanotubes, Carbon nanotube - Properties, Carbon nanotube - Synthesis, Carbon nanotube - Applications, Carbon nanotube - Carbon nanotube fiber & film, Carbon nanotube - Current progress, Carbon nanotube - Carbon nanotubes in electrical circuits

Read more here: » Carbon nanotube: Encyclopedia II - Carbon nanotube - Carbon nanotube fiber & film

Carbon descends from the Toolbox, and as such, is comprised of "Managers". Each Manager is a functionally-related API, defining sets of data structures and functions to manipulate them. Managers are often interdependent or layered. Newer parts of Carbon tend to be much more object-oriented in their conception, most of them based on Core Foundation. Some Managers, such as the HIView Manager (a superset of the Control Manager), are impl ...

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Carbon API, Carbon API - Architecture, Carbon API - Event handling

Read more here: » Carbon API: Encyclopedia II - Carbon API - Architecture