carbon-12

carbon-12: Encyclopedia - Carbon tetrachloride

Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4), also known as tetrachloromethane, is a synthetic chemical compound formerly widely used in fire extinguishers and refrigeration, but now largely abandoned due to its toxicity. At room temperature and pressure, it is a clear, colorless liquid with a "sweet" smell that can be detected at low levels. Both carbon tetrachloride and tetrachloromethane are acceptable names under IUPAC nomenclature, depending on ...

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carbon-12: Encyclopedia - Carbon nanotube

Carbon nanotubes are cylindrical carbon molecules with novel properties that make them potentially useful in a wide variety of applications (e.g., nano-electronics, optics, materials applications, etc.). They exhibit extraordinary strength and unique electrical properties, and are efficient conductors of heat. Inorganic nanotubes have also been synthesized. A nanotube (also known as a buckytube) is a member of the fullerene structural family, which also includes buckyballs. Whereas buckyballs are spherical in shape, a nanotube ...

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carbon-12: Encyclopedia - Carbon dioxide

Carbon dioxide is an atmospheric gas comprised of one carbon and two oxygen atoms. A very widely known chemical compound, it is frequently called by its formula CO2. In its solid state, it is commonly known as dry ice. Carbon dioxide derives from multiple sources including volcanic outgassing, the combustion of organic matter and respiration processes of living aerobic organisms. It is also produced by various microorganisms from fermentation and cellular respiration. Plants utilize carbon dioxide durin ...

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Carbon dioxide - Variation in the past

carbon-12: Encyclopedia - Carbon disulfide

Carbon disulfide (CS2) is a colorless liquid with a pleasant odor that is like the smell of chloroform. It has a melting point of -111oC and a boiling point of 46o, and a density of 1250kg/m3 at room temperature. The impure carbon disulfide that is usually used in most industrial processes is a yellowish liquid with an unpleasant odor, like that of rotting radishes, tha ...

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Carbon disulfide - Health effects

carbon-12: Encyclopedia - Calcium carbonate

Calcium carbonate is a chemical compound, with chemical formula CaCO3. It is commonly used as an antacid, and is the active ingredient in agricultural lime. It is a common substance found as rock in all parts of the world and is the main component of seashells and the shell of snails. Calcium carbonate - Occurrence. Calcium carbonate is found naturally as the following minerals and rocks: Aragonite Calcite Chalk Limestone Marble Tra ...

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carbon-12: Encyclopedia - Activated carbon

Activated carbon (also called activated charcoal) is the more general term which includes carbon material mostly derived from charcoal. It denotes a material which has an exceptionally high surface area, typically determined by nitrogen adsorption, and includes a large amount of microporosity. Sufficient activation for useful applications may come solely from the high surface area, though often further chemical treatment is used to enhance the adsorbing properties of the material. Activated carbon - ProductionIncluding:

carbon-12: Encyclopedia - Carbon dioxide sink

A carbon dioxide sink or CO2 sink is a carbon reservoir that is increasing in size, and is the opposite of a carbon "source". The main sinks are the oceans and growing vegetation. The concept has become more widely known through its application by the Kyoto Protocol. Carbon sequestration is the term describing processes that remove carbon from the biosphere. A variety of means of artificially capturing and storing carbon, as well as of enhancing natural sequestration processes, are being explored. This ...

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Carbon dioxide sink - Natural sinks

Carbon dioxide sink - Enhancing natural sequestration

Carbon dioxide sink - Artificial sequestration

carbon-12: Encyclopedia - Carbon based life

Carbon forms the backbone of biology for all life on Earth. Complex molecules are made up of carbon bonded with other elements, especially oxygen, hydrogen and nitrogen. It is these elements that living organisms need, among others, and carbon is able to bond with all of these because of its four valence electrons. Since no life has been observed that is not carbon-based, it is sometimes assumed in astrobiology that life elsewhere in the universe will also be carbon-based. This assumption is referred to by critics as carbon chauvinism, as it may be possible for ...

carbon-12: Encyclopedia - Carbonated water

Carbonated water, also known as soda water, sparkling water, or seltzer water, is plain water into which carbon dioxide gas has been dissolved. The process of dissolving carbon dioxide gas is called carbonation. It results in the formation of carbonic acid (which has the chemical formula H2CO3). Club soda may be identical to plain carbonated water or it may contain a small amount table salt, sodium citrate, sodium bicarbonate, potassium bicarbonate, potassium s ...

carbon-12: Encyclopedia - Carbon paper

Carbon paper (originally carbonic paper) is paper coated on one side with a layer of a loose ink or pigmented coating, usually bound with wax. Manufacture of carbon paper used to be the biggest consumer of montan wax. Carbon paper is placed between the original and a blank sheet to be copied onto. As the user writes or types on the original, the depressions made cause the ink to be deposited on the blank sheet, thus ...

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Carbon paper - External link

carbon-12: Encyclopedia - Carbon-14

Carbon-14, or 14C, is a radioactive isotope of carbon discovered February 27, 1940, by Martin Kamen and Sam Ruben. Its nucleus contains 6 protons and 8 neutrons. Its presence in organic materials is used in radiocarbon dating. It occurs naturally and has a relative abundance up to 0.00000000012%. The half-life of carbon-14 is 5730 years. It decays into nitrogen-14 through beta-decay. Carbon-14 is produced in the upper layers of the troposphere and the stratosphere ...

carbon-12: Encyclopedia - Beta carbon nitride

Beta carbon nitride (β-C3N4) is a theoretical material, derived from theories on crystalline structure. The material was first proposed in 1985 by Marvin Cohen and Amy Liu. Examining the nature of crystalline bonds they theorised that carbon and nitrogen atoms could form a particularly short and strong bond in a stable lattice in a ratio of 1:1.3. That this material would be harder ...

carbon-12: Encyclopedia - Carbon tax

A carbon tax is a tax on energy sources which emit carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. It is an example of a pollution tax, which has been proposed by economists as preferable because it taxes a "bad" rather than a "good" (such as income). A carbon tax, because of the link with global warming, is often associated with some kind of internationally administered scheme; however, this is not intrinsic to the principle, and politically improbable. In 2005, New Zealand intended to become the first nation to introduce a (national) car ...

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carbon-12: Encyclopedia - Carbon emissions trading

Carbon emissions trading involves the trading of permits to emit carbon dioxide (and other greenhouse gases, calculated in tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent, tCO2e). It is one of the ways countries can meet their obligations under the Kyoto Protocol to reduce emissions and thereby mitigate global warming. 107 million metric tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent (tCO2e) have been exchanged through projects in 2004, a 38% increase relative to 2003 (78 mtCO2e).[1] Carbon emissions tra ...

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carbon-12: Encyclopedia - Carbon monoxide poisoning

Carbon monoxide poisoning is a form of toxicity due to two main mechanisms: CO binds to hemoglobin and decreases the oxygen content of blood; this results in acute tissue hypoxic injury CO binds to mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase and impairs oxidative phosphorylation and causes cell damage Carbon monoxide (CO) binds very strongly to the iron atoms in hemoglobin, the principal oxygen-carrying compound in blood. The affinity between CO and hemoglobin is 240 times stronger than the affinity between he ...

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carbon-12: Encyclopedia II - Carbon - Isotopes

Carbon has two stable, naturally-occurring isotopes: carbon-12, or 12C, (98.89%) and carbon-13, or 13C, (1.11%), and one unstable, naturally-occurring, radioisotope; carbon-14 or 14C. There are 15 known isotopes of carbon and the shortest-lived of these is 8C which decays through proton emission and alpha decay. It has a half-life of 1.98739x10-21 s. In 1961 the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry adopted the isotope carbon-12 as the basis for atomic weights. Carbon-14 has a half-life of 5730 y and has been used extensively for radioca ...

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