Encyclopedia - Carbon-12: Encyclopedia - Carbon-12
Carbon-12 is the more abundant (98.89%) of the two stable isotopes of the element carbon. It contains 6 protons, 6 neutrons and 6 electro...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Carbonization: Encyclopedia - Carbonization
Carbonization is the term for the conversion of an organic substance into carbon or a carbon-containing residue. It is often used in orga...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Carbon-12: Encyclopedia Ii - Carbon-12 - History
Prior to 1959 both the IUPAP and IUPAC tended to use used oxygen to define the mole, the chemists defining the mole as the number of atom...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Carbon: Encyclopedia - Carbon
Carbon is a chemical element in the periodic table that has the symbol C and atomic number 6. An abundant nonmetallic, tetravalent eleme...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Carbonation: Encyclopedia - Carbonation
Carbonation occurs when carbon dioxide is dissolved in water or an aqueous solution. This process is generally represented by the followi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Carbonate: Encyclopedia - Carbonate
Carbonate is an anion with a charge of -2 and an empirical formula of CO32-. For an aqueous solution, carbonate exists in three forms. In...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Carbon Steel: Encyclopedia - Carbon Steel
Austenite (γ-iron; hard) Bainite Martensite Cementite (iron carbide; Fe3C) Ferrite (α-iron; soft) Pearlite (88% ferrite, 12% cementite)...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Allotropes Of Carbon: Encyclopedia - Allotropes Of Carbon
The allotropes of carbon are the different molecular configurations (allotropes) that pure carbon can take. These allotropes include: am...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Carbon Flux: Encyclopedia - Carbon Flux
Carbon flux is an abbreviated phrase used loosly to refer to the net difference between sequestration and respiration of carbon dioxide. ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Carbonate Minerals: Encyclopedia - Carbonate Minerals
Carbonate minerals are those minerals containing the carbonate ion: CO32-. Carbonate minerals - Example carbonates. Carbonate minerals ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Carbon Cycle: Encyclopedia - Carbon Cycle
The carbon cycle is the biogeochemical cycle by which carbon is exchanged between the biosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere and atmosphere of...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Carbon Fixation: Encyclopedia - Carbon Fixation
Carbon fixation is a process found in autotrophs, usually driven by photosynthesis, whereby carbon dioxide is converted into organic comp...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Carbonic Acid: Encyclopedia - Carbonic Acid
Carbonic acid is a carbon-containing acid with the formula H2CO3. It is also a name sometimes given to solutions of carbon dioxide in wat...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Carbon-13: Encyclopedia - Carbon-13
Carbon-13 is a stable isotope of carbon. It makes up about 1.109% of all naturally-occurring carbon on Earth. Carbon-13 - Detection by N...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Carbon Nanofoam: Encyclopedia - Carbon Nanofoam
Carbon nanofoam is the fifth known allotrope of carbon discovered in 1997 by Andrei V. Rode and co-workers at the Australian National Uni...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Copperii Carbonate: Encyclopedia - Copperii Carbonate
Copper(II) carbonate (often called copper carbonate or cupric carbonate) is a blue-green compound (chemical formula CuCO3) forming most o...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Carbon Sequestering: Encyclopedia - Carbon Sequestering
Carbon Sequestering is a process whereby trees and other plants remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and through photosynthesis, tur...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Carbon Fiber: Encyclopedia - Carbon Fiber
Carbon fiber can refer to carbon filament thread, or to felt or woven cloth made from those carbon filaments. By extension, it is also us...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Carbon Monoxide: Encyclopedia - Carbon Monoxide
Carbon monoxide, chemical formula CO, is a colourless, odourless, tasteless, flammable and highly toxic gas. It is a major product of the...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Amorphous Carbon: Encyclopedia - Amorphous Carbon
Amorphous carbon is the name used for carbon that does not have any crystalline structure. As with all glassy materials, some short-range...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Carbon Tetrachloride: Encyclopedia - Carbon Tetrachloride
Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4), also known as tetrachloromethane, is a synthetic chemical compound formerly widely used in fire extinguisher...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Carbon Nanotube: Encyclopedia - Carbon Nanotube
Carbon nanotubes are cylindrical carbon molecules with novel properties that make them potentially useful in a wide variety of applicatio...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Carbon Dioxide: Encyclopedia - Carbon Dioxide
Carbon dioxide is an atmospheric gas comprised of one carbon and two oxygen atoms. A very widely known chemical compound, it is frequentl...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Carbon Disulfide: Encyclopedia - Carbon Disulfide
Carbon disulfide (CS2) is a colorless liquid with a pleasant odor that is like the smell of chloroform. It has a melting point of -111oC ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Calcium Carbonate: Encyclopedia - Calcium Carbonate
Calcium carbonate is a chemical compound, with chemical formula CaCO3. It is commonly used as an antacid, and is the active ingredient in...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Activated Carbon: Encyclopedia - Activated Carbon
Activated carbon (also called activated charcoal) is the more general term which includes carbon material mostly derived from charcoal. I...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Carbon Dioxide Sink: Encyclopedia - Carbon Dioxide Sink
A carbon dioxide sink or CO2 sink is a carbon reservoir that is increasing in size, and is the opposite of a carbon "source". The main si...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Carbon Based Life: Encyclopedia - Carbon Based Life
Carbon forms the backbone of biology for all life on Earth. Complex molecules are made up of carbon bonded with other elements, especiall...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Carbonated Water: Encyclopedia - Carbonated Water
Carbonated water, also known as soda water, sparkling water, or seltzer water, is plain water into which carbon dioxide gas has been diss...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Carbon Paper: Encyclopedia - Carbon Paper
Carbon paper (originally carbonic paper) is paper coated on one side with a layer of a loose ink or pigmented coating, usually bound with...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Carbon-14: Encyclopedia - Carbon-14
Carbon-14, or 14C, is a radioactive isotope of carbon discovered February 27, 1940, by Martin Kamen and Sam Ruben. Its nucleus contains 6...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Beta Carbon Nitride: Encyclopedia - Beta Carbon Nitride
Beta carbon nitride (β-C3N4) is a theoretical material, derived from theories on crystalline structure. The material was first proposed ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Carbon Tax: Encyclopedia - Carbon Tax
A carbon tax is a tax on energy sources which emit carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. It is an example of a pollution tax, which has bee...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Carbon Emissions Trading: Encyclopedia - Carbon Emissions Trading
Carbon emissions trading involves the trading of permits to emit carbon dioxide (and other greenhouse gases, calculated in tonnes of carb...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Carbon Monoxide Poisoning: Encyclopedia - Carbon Monoxide Poisoning
Carbon monoxide poisoning is a form of toxicity due to two main mechanisms: CO binds to hemoglobin and decreases the oxygen content of b...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Carbon: Encyclopedia Ii - Carbon - Isotopes
Carbon has two stable, naturally-occurring isotopes: carbon-12, or 12C, (98.89%) and carbon-13, or 13C, (1.11%), and one unstable, natura...   » Read the article

Dictionary - Carbonate: Oceanography Dictionary - Carbonate
  Definition and meaning of carbonate:   carbonate - a mineral composed mainly of calcium (Ca) and carbonate (CO3) ions. ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Carbon Cycle: Encyclopedia Ii - Carbon Cycle - Carbon In The Atmosphere
Carbon exists in Earth's atmosphere primarily as the gas carbon dioxide (CO2). Although it is a very small part of the atmosphere overall...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Carbon: Encyclopedia Ii - Carbon - Allotropes
The allotropes of carbon are the different molecular configurations (allotropes) that pure carbon can take. The three relatively well-kno...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Carbon: Encyclopedia Ii - Carbon - Precautions
Carbon is relatively safe. Inhalation of fine soot in large quantities can be dangerous. Carbon may catch fire at very high temperatures ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Carbon: Encyclopedia Ii - Carbon - Allotropes
The allotropes of carbon are the different molecular configurations that pure carbon can take. The three relatively well-known allotropes...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Carbon: Encyclopedia Ii - Carbon - Occurrence
There are nearly ten million carbon compounds known to science. Many thousands of these are vital to life processes. They are also many o...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Carbon: Encyclopedia Ii - Carbon - Applications
Carbon is a vital component of all known living systems, and without it life as we know it could not exist (see alternative biochemistry)...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Carbon: Encyclopedia Ii - Carbon - Notable Characteristics
Carbon is a remarkable element for many reasons. Its different forms include one of the softest (graphite) and one of the hardest (diamon...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Carbon: Encyclopedia Ii - Carbon - Organic Compounds
The most prominent oxide of carbon is carbon dioxide, CO2. This is a minor component of the Earth's atmosphere, produced and used by livi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Carbon: Encyclopedia Ii - Carbon - Organic Compounds
The most prominent oxide of carbon is carbon dioxide, CO2. This is a minor component of the Earth's atmosphere, produced and used by livi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Carbon: Encyclopedia Ii - Carbon - History And Etymology
Carbon was discovered in prehistory and was known to the ancients, who manufactured it by burning organic material in insufficient oxygen...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Carbonic Acid: Encyclopedia Ii - Carbonic Acid - Acidity Of Carbonic Acid
Carbonic acid has two acidic hydrogens and so two dissociation constants: H2CO3 ⇌ HCO3− + H+ Ka1 = 2.5×10−4 mol/L; pKa1 = 3.60...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Carbon Nanotube: Encyclopedia Ii - Carbon Nanotube - Properties
Carbon nanotube - Mechanical. Carbon nanotubes are one of the strongest materials known to man, both in terms of tensile strength and ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Carbon Nanotube: Encyclopedia Ii - Carbon Nanotube - Defects
As with any material, the existence of defects affect the material properties. Defects can occur in the form of atomic vacancies. High le...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Carbon Monoxide: Encyclopedia Ii - Carbon Monoxide - Toxicity
Carbon monoxide is very dangerous and life-threatening to humans and most forms of life, as inhaling excessively high amounts of it will ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Carbon Nanotube: Encyclopedia Ii - Carbon Nanotube - Applications
The strength and flexibility of carbon nanotubes makes them of potential use in controlling other nanoscale structures, which suggests th...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Carbon Nanotube: Encyclopedia Ii - Carbon Nanotube - Synthesis
Techniques have been developed to produce nanotubes in sizeable quantities, including arc discharge, laser ablation, high pressure carbon...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Carbon In Pulp: Encyclopedia Ii - Carbon In Pulp - Loading Gold Into Carbon
Leached pulp and carbon are transferred in a counter current flow arrangement between a series of tanks, usually numbering 4 to 6. In the...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Carbon Dioxide: Encyclopedia Ii - Carbon Dioxide - Oceans
The Earth's oceans contain a huge amount of carbon dioxide in the form of bicarbonate and carbonate ions—much more than the amount in t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Carbon Nanotube: Encyclopedia Ii - Carbon Nanotube - Applications
The strength and flexibility of carbon nanotubes makes them of potential use in controlling other nanoscale structures, which suggests th...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Carbon Tetrachloride: Encyclopedia Ii - Carbon Tetrachloride - Uses
In the early 20th century, carbon tetrachloride was widely used as a dry cleaning solvent, as a refrigerant, and in fire extinguishers. H...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Carbon Monoxide: Encyclopedia Ii - Carbon Monoxide - Toxicity
Carbon monoxide is very dangerous, as inhaling excessively high amounts of it will lead to hypoxic injury, neurological damage, and possi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Carbon Monoxide: Encyclopedia Ii - Carbon Monoxide - Chemistry
The structure of the CO molecule is best described using molecular orbital theory. The length of the bond (0.111 nm) indicates that it ha...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Carbon Monoxide: Encyclopedia Ii - Carbon Monoxide - History
Carbon monoxide was first prepared by the French chemist de Lassone in 1776 by heating zinc oxide with coke but thought it to be hydrogen...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Carbon Dioxide: Encyclopedia Ii - Carbon Dioxide - Uses
Liquid and solid carbon dioxide are important refrigerants, especially in the food industry, where they are employed during the transport...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Carbon Monoxide: Encyclopedia Ii - Carbon Monoxide - History
Carbon monoxide was first prepared by the French chemist de Lassone in 1776 by heating zinc oxide with coke but thought it to be hydrogen...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Calcium Carbonate: Encyclopedia Ii - Calcium Carbonate - Occurrence
Calcium carbonate is found naturally as the following minerals and rocks: Aragonite Calcite Chalk Limestone Marble Travertine Eggshells...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Isotopes Of Carbon: Encyclopedia Ii - Isotopes Of Carbon - Table
Isotopes of carbon - Notes. The precision of the isotope abundances and atomic mass is limited through variations. The given ranges sh...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Carbon Dioxide: Encyclopedia Ii - Carbon Dioxide - Uses
Liquid and solid carbon dioxide are important refrigerants, especially in the food industry, where they are employed during the transport...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Carbon Nanotube: Encyclopedia Ii - Carbon Nanotube - Carbon Nanotube Fiber & Film
One application for nanotubes that is currently being researched is high tensile strength fibers. Two methods are currently being tested ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Carbon Dioxide: Encyclopedia Ii - Carbon Dioxide - History
Carbon dioxide was one of the first gases to be described as a substance distinct from air. In the 17th century, the Flemish chemist Jan ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Activated Carbon: Encyclopedia Ii - Activated Carbon - Properties
Activated carbon may have a surface area in excess of 500 m²/g, with 1000 m²/gram being readily achievable. A tennis court is about 260...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Carbonic Acid: Encyclopedia Ii - Carbonic Acid - Carbonic Acid And Rain Water
A solution of carbon dioxide in water in equilibrium with the atmosphere (0.033% CO2) has a pH of 5.6. Rain water is normally not quite s...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Carbon Monoxide: Encyclopedia Ii - Carbon Monoxide - Chemistry
The structure of the CO molecule is best described using molecular orbital theory. The length of the bond (0.111 nm) indicates that it ha...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Carbon Nanotube: Encyclopedia Ii - Carbon Nanotube - Properties
The covalent bonding undergone in CNTs means they have very high tensile strengths. In 2000, a SWNT was tested to have a tensile strength...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Carbon Dioxide: Encyclopedia Ii - Carbon Dioxide - Biology
Carbon dioxide is an end product in organisms that obtain energy from breaking down sugars or fats with oxygen as part of their metabolis...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Carbon Dioxide: Encyclopedia Ii - Carbon Dioxide - Atmosphere
As of 2004, the earth's atmosphere is about 0.038% by volume (380 µL/L or ppmv) or 0.057% by weight CO2. This represents about 2.94 × 1...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Sodium Carbonate: Encyclopedia Ii - Sodium Carbonate - Uses
It is used in the manufacture of: glass, chemicals such as sodium silicates and sodium phosphates, the pulp and paper industries, the man...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Activated Carbon: Encyclopedia Ii - Activated Carbon - Production
It can generally be produced in two different processes: Chemical activation: Mostly acids are mixed with the source material in order t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Carbon-13: Encyclopedia Ii - Carbon-13 - Detection By Mass Spectroscopy
A mass spectrogram of an organic compound will usually contain a small peak of one mass unit greater than the apparent molecular ion peak...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Carbon Fiber: Encyclopedia Ii - Carbon Fiber - Uses
Carbon fiber is most notably used to reinforce composite materials, particularly the class of materials known as graphite reinforced plas...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Carbon Fiber: Encyclopedia Ii - Carbon Fiber - Uses
Carbon fibre is most notably used to reinforce composite materials, particularly the class of materials known as graphite reinforced plas...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Carbon Tetrachloride: Encyclopedia Ii - Carbon Tetrachloride - Production
Most carbon tetrachloride is produced by reacting carbon disulfide with chlorine. At 105 to 130 °C, these chemicals react to produce car...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Carbon Tetrachloride: Encyclopedia Ii - Carbon Tetrachloride - Safety
Exposure to high concentrations of carbon tetrachloride (including vapor) can affect the central nervous system, including the brain. Vic...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Carbon Dioxide: Encyclopedia Ii - Carbon Dioxide - Atmosphere
As of 2004, the earth's atmosphere is about 0.038% by volume (380 µL/L or ppmv) or 0.053% by weight CO2. This represents about 2.7 × 10...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Carbon Tetrachloride: Encyclopedia Ii - Carbon Tetrachloride - Safety
Exposure to high concentrations of carbon tetrachloride (including vapor) can affect the central nervous system, including the brain. Vic...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Carbon Dioxide Sink: Encyclopedia Ii - Carbon Dioxide Sink - Carbon Sinks And The Kyoto Protocol
The protocols hold that, since growing vegetation absorbs carbon dioxide, countries that have large areas of forest (or other vegetation)...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Carbon Nanotube: Encyclopedia Ii - Carbon Nanotube - Carbon Nanotube Fiber & Film
One application for nanotubes that is currently being researched is high tensile strength fibers. Two methods are currently being tested ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Carbon Api: Encyclopedia Ii - Carbon Api - Architecture
Carbon descends from the Toolbox, and as such, is comprised of "Managers". Each Manager is a functionally-related API, defining sets of d...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Carbon Tax: Encyclopedia Ii - Carbon Tax - Aims
The purpose of a carbon tax is both financial (like all taxes) and environmental. It can be implemented by taxes on gasoline and on certa...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Carbon Steel: Encyclopedia Ii - Carbon Steel - Metallurgy
Heat-treatment is an important aspect of carbon steel processing and involves the hypoeutectoid reaction between almost pure iron (ferrit...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Carbon Steel: Encyclopedia Ii - Carbon Steel - Metallurgy
Heat-treatment is an important aspect of carbon steel processing and involves the hypoeutectoid reaction between almost pure iron (ferrit...   » Read the article

Dictionary - Carbon Fixation: Oceanography Dictionary - Carbon Fixation
  Definition and meaning of carbon fixation:   carbon fixation - the conversion of inorganic carbon into organic carbon, ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Calcium Carbonate: Encyclopedia Ii - Calcium Carbonate - Chemical Properties
Calcium carbonate shares the typical properties of other carbonates. Notably: it reacts with strong acids, releasing carbon dioxide. ...   » Read the article

Dictionary - Carbon Cycle: Oceanography Dictionary - Carbon Cycle
  Definition and meaning of carbon cycle:   carbon cycle - the cycling of carbon in the form of carbon dioxide, carbonate...   » Read the article

Dictionary - Carbonate Mound: Oceanography Dictionary - Carbonate Mound
  Definition and meaning of carbonate mound:   carbonate mound - a seabed feature usually constructed from carbonate-prod...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Carbon Dioxide: Encyclopedia Ii - Carbon Dioxide - Dry Ice
Dry ice is a genericized trademark for solid ("frozen") carbon dioxide. The term was coined in 1925 by Prest Air Devices, a company forme...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Carbon Emissions Trading: Encyclopedia Ii - Carbon Emissions Trading - Current Carbon Trading Schemes
The European Union Greenhouse Gas Emission Trading Scheme (EU ETS) is the largest multi-national, greenhouse gas emissions trading scheme...   » Read the article

Dictionary - Carbonate Bank: Oceanography Dictionary - Carbonate Bank
  Definition and meaning of carbonate bank:   carbonate bank - a narrow, fairly flat, shallow, submarine plateau (measure...   » Read the article

Dictionary - Carbonate Platform: Oceanography Dictionary - Carbonate Platform
  Definition and meaning of carbonate platform:   carbonate platform - a broad, flat, shallow, submarine expanse of carbo...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Carbon Tax: Encyclopedia Ii - Carbon Tax - Implementation
On January 1, 1991, Sweden enacted a carbon tax, placing a tax of .25 SEK/kg ($100 per ton) on the use of oil, coal, natural gas, liquefi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Carbon County Pennsylvania: Encyclopedia Ii - Carbon County Pennsylvania - History
Carbon County was created on March 29, 1860 from parts of Northampton and Monroe Counties and was named for the extensive deposits of coa...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Carbon Nanotube: Encyclopedia Ii - Carbon Nanotube - Single-walled Nanotubes
Most SWNTs have a diameter of close to 1nm, with a tube length that can be many thousands of times larger. SWNTs with length up to orders...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Carbon Dioxide Laser: Encyclopedia Ii - Carbon Dioxide Laser - Amplification
The active laser medium (laser gain/amplification medium) is a gas discharge which is air cooled (water cooled in higher power applicatio...   » Read the article